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1、1,Lecture of Writing,2,Lecture Arrangement,考核要求大学英语四级作文评分原则及标准英语写作困境与对策四级写作中如何选词四级写作中如何造句四级作文常用句型四级写作如何组段历年作文题型分析写作小结四级作文模拟,3,一、考核要求,四六级大学英语写作考试时间均为30分钟，分值占总分的15%。四级要求考生写出一篇不少于120词的短文，试卷上可能给出题目，或规定情景，或要求看图作文，或给出段首句要求续写;或给出关键词要求写成短文。要求能够正确表达思想，意义连贯，无重大语法错误。写作的内容包括日常生活和一般常识。短文写作部分的目的是测试学生运用英语书面表达思想的初步
2、能力。,4,二、大学英语四级作文评分原则及标准,首先，卷面一定要清晰、干净、整洁。不要乱涂乱画，若有删节，在文字的中间画道横线第二，段落按要求写，要求写几段就写几段。一般情况下，中间一段长，开首段和结尾段较短，让人第一感觉就是内容充实。第三，开好头，结好尾。第四，按要求的字数写，可以比要求的字数稍微多一点。字数少了给人的感觉是缺乏内容，字数太多了，文章显得繁琐，阅卷老师心理会烦，你的分数会受影响。,5,具体评分标准：,2分条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，但多数为严重错误。5分基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。8分基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，
3、文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。11分切题。表达思想清楚、文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。14分切题。表达思想清楚、文字通顺，连贯性较好，基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错误。只写一段者：04分；只写两段者：09分(按规定写三段的作文),6,三、英语写作困境与对策,一、滔滔不绝“意识流”,有一部分考生在考试时一见到作文题，便感到很对自己的胃口，觉得有很多内容要写。于是乎千言万语涌上心头，写着前一句想着后一句。往往前句尚未写完便接上了后一句，辛辛苦苦写了一大堆（甚至有写11个自然段的）犹觉余意未尽。结果令判卷的老师头疼不己，无法继续往下看。意识流创作有两种表现：自由分段语言杂乱,8,
4、我们不妨把作文的要求量化到每一个段落：一篇120词左右的作文一般不会超过12句话，把这12句话根据题目要求分配到各段中去，每一段大约只说那么几句话，绝不多说。事实上往往是说得越多，错误越多。因此，跟着提纲走，每一段不要写得太多，点到为止，见好就收，这才是最稳妥的对策。,对策:,9,二、真情流露没必要,考试时，监考老师通常发现有的考生坐在那里根本就是在玩深沉，他在那里思考人生的伟大哲理；他在那里要想出一个观点，想出一个理由，想出一个措施，非要显得与众不同。陷入这种境地的考生，显然犯了一个根本性的错误。参考时间为40分钟的作文，一般应该在35分钟之内完成，再用几分钟的时间检查语言错误。不管原因也好
5、，措施也好，某一考生想到的任何一点，很可能命题人早已料到，而且肯定会被成千上万的考生重复无数遍。因而曾经令自己激动一时的想法，在判卷的老师看来全无感觉。规定式作文的拓展空间本来就非常有限，所以“真情流露”是没有必要的。,10,对策：,写作的三个角度：语言第一位；结构第二位；内容第三位要求：结构简单，语言卓越，内容只要相关即可,11,三、用词贫乏，句式单一,许多考生的作文错误倒不多，相当符合语法要求，但用词贫乏，过多使用如more and more,I think,as you know等表达，并且句子结构过于简单。统计结果表明，差的作文中简单句多，而好的作文简单句少；差的作文从句、连词、分词结
6、构出现的频率大大低于好的作文；差的作文中关键词和同义表达出现的频率低于好的作文。用词的丰富和句式的多样应该主要通过多看好文章，仔细琢磨好文章中的用词和句子来提高。换句话说，也就是要从阅读中学习写作。,12,四级写作中如何选词,13,Compare the Following Sentences,We should use different ways to get to know the society.We ought to make use of various methods to get to know the society.We are supposed to take advan
7、tage of diverse means to get to know the society.,14,选词的基本原则,尽量用四级范围内的积极的,活跃的，常用的词或词组。尽量用表达最贴切,最生动,最有力的词或短语。尽量用最符合所写话题,所用文体的词或表达。,15,四级考生在措词方面存在的问题：,1、可供“调遣”的词汇量贫乏，用词大部分局限于中学词汇。比如，我们一提到“重要的”，大多数同学首先会想到“important”这个单词，那么提升一下的话就可以想到它的如下同义词：significant,vital,crucial,critical，etc,16,2、表达相近意义时，常重复用一个词，用词
8、单调。Eg.Big=great,large,huge,vast,titanic,enormous etc.,17,策略,1、调动大学期间学过的更生动，更丰富的词汇表达意思。Eg.引起、导致 Cause,lead to,result in,bring about,give rise/birth to,18,2、用具体，生动，有针对性的词语。Eg.利用 Use,make use of,make(good,effective,wide,wise,full)use of sth,take(full)advantage of,19,3、文中如需要多次表达同一词义时，以同义词，近义词等避免重复使用同一词。
9、Eg.适应Adapt to,adjust to,makefit,get used to,be accustomed to,20,实例赏析,21,Computer and I I never forget the very exciting day when my mother bought me a computer as birthday present,which interested me so that I indulged myself in searching a lot of useful information I had expected,and enjoyed a lot
10、of pleasing classic music.That night I was sleepless,feeling that the whole world belonged to me.,22,Computer and I I never forget the exceedingly thrilling day when my mother bought me a computer as birthday present,which exerted a tremendous fascination on me so that I indulged myself in googling
11、an army of useful information I had expected,and enjoy a sea of melodious classic music.That night I was sleepless,feeling that the whole world belonged to me.,23,exceedingly替换very thrilling替换exciting sth.exert a tremendous fascination on sb替换sb.be interested in sth.google替换search an army of替换a lot
12、of,24,For a start,we can,freely,search desired information at any moment.Little by little,our knowledge will be well enriched,and our horizons will be greatly broadened.Additionally,we can get huge recreations online by chatting,playing games,or delivering email.,25,For a start 替换To begin with We ca
13、n,freely,search用了插入语的写作手法 our knowledge will be well enriched,and our horizons will be greatly broadened.用了非常精彩的被动 Additionally替换In addition/Besides Deliver 替换 send,26,There is no denying that,however,computers can function in the disservice of human beings,in a way,especially the growing violence,*
14、,porn pictures,AV-films emerging on the screen,which leads quiet a few net citizens to copying.,27,There is no denying that,however,computers can function in the disservice of human beings,这个句子有三个精彩之处，首先There is no denying that这个句型，还有however 作为插入语，function in the disservice of替换 do harm to Emerging代
15、替appearing(fading代替disappearing)Net citizen网民，属于精彩用词,28,As a classic proverb goes that no garden has no weeds.Computers do play a positive role in the development of people lives,despite a slice of unfavorable impacts.We should,therefore,take advantage of the fruits and avoid the opposite facet.,29,
16、No garden has no weeds替换Every coin has two sides Computers do play，do强调 Positive 替换 important/good等 A slice of 替换 a part of Unfavorable 替换 bad Impacts 替换 effects/influences We should,therefore,take advantage of使用插入语 Fruits(而且fruits用的非常形象，merits/virtues)替换advantage(defects替换disadvantage)Facet替换aspect
17、,30,29个最经典的替换词,31,1.individuals,characters,folks 代替(people,persons)2.positive,favorable,rosy(美好的)，promising(有希望的)，perfect,pleasurable,excellent,outstanding 代替 good 3.dreadful,unfavorable,poor,adverse(有害的)代替bad 如果 bad 做表语，可以有 be less impressive 代替 eg.An army of college students indulge themselves in
18、playing games,enjoying romance with girls/boys or killing time passively in their dorms.When it approaches to graduation,as a result,they find their academic records are less impressive.,32,4.(an army of,an ocean of,a sea of,a multitude of,many,if not most)代替 many.注：用many,if not most一定要小心，many后一定要有词
19、。Eg.Many individuals,if not most,harbor the idea that.同理用most,if not all,代替most.5:a slice of,quiet a few,several代替some,33,6:harbor the idea that,take the attitude that,hold the view that,it is widely shared that,it is universally acknowledged that)替think(因为是书面语，所以要加that)7:affair,business,matter 代替 t
20、hing 8:shared 代 common 9.reap huge fruits代替get much benefit10:for my part,from my own perspective 代替 in my opinion,34,11:Increasingly),growing 代替more and more。所以当修饰名词时用 increasing/growing.修饰形容词，副词用 increasingly(注意没有growingly 这种形式.Eg.sth has gained growing popularity.Sth is increasingly popular with
21、the advancement of sth.12.little if anything,或 little or nothing 代替 hardly 13.benefitial rewarding代替helpful14.shopper,client,consumer,purchaser,代替customer 15.exceedingly,extremely代替very,35,16.hardly unnecessary,hardly inevitable.代替necessary,inevitable 17.sth appeals to sb,sth exerts a tremendous fas
22、cination on sb 代替 sb take interest in 18.capture ones attention 代替 attract ones attention.19.facet,dimension,sphere 代 aspect 20.be indicative of,be suggestive of,be fearful of 代indicate,suggest,fear,36,21.give rise to,lead to,result in,trigger代替cause.22.There are several reasons behind sth代替.reasons
23、 for sth 23.desire 代替 want.24.pour attention into 代替 pay attention to 25.bear in mind that 代替 remember,37,26.enjoy,possess 代替 have(注意process是过程的意思)27.interaction 代替 communication 28.frown on sth 代替 be against,disagree with sth 29.to name only a few,as an example 代替 for example,38,四级写作中如何造句,39,善用词组,如
24、果我们能够在单词的基础上，进一步想到与之同义的词组，那么文章就会显得与众不同，更具有英语的味道。比如上面所说的“重要的”这个单词，当我们想到important的时候，如果从语法角度再稍加考虑一下，我们会想到“be of importance”。因为，语法中规定：形容词等于of加这个形容词的名词形式。如果再提升一步，我们还学过一个常用的词组叫做“play an important role in-”。,40,句型多样,简单句，并列句和复合句交替使用，灵活使用各种句子结构如：插入语，倒装句，强调句，非谓语动词，疑问句等。若要写好作文，要写好句子，首先要掌握句子结构和句式变化及句子类型，可通过对泛读
25、课文经典句子的背诵提高应用语言基本句型的能力。要善于模仿。Imitation is a good way to learn.,41,适当用代替主动，这样能更客观的反映事实,句子开头不要总是用we/I(比如写结尾时不用 we should pay attention to 而用 Attention should be paid to.)举个经典结尾2004年六月四级作文的最后一段：It is,therefore,high time that some applicable approaches were implemented by the service industry like that.
26、Thus，its competitive edge will be sharpened effectively.,被动句,42,插入语,一种是有两个逗号之间引起的成分称之为插入语第二种是有两个半破折号引起的成分称之为插入语。Jinan,the Spring City,is a famous tourist city.Other people may give us instrumental supportfinancial aid,material resources,and needed servicesthat reduces stress by helping us resolve an
27、d cope with our problems.,43,比如说把副词、连接词等，作插入语放在中间，一般放在主语后、动词或者助动词前，两边分别加上逗号。如however/therefore/for example/I believe做插入语放在中间，一般放在动词，助动词前，两边分别加上逗号。比如说：Other individuals,however,take the attitude that,44,倒装,倒装是我们写作中需要用到的。虽然略显俗套，但是却是很能满足阅卷人的主观感受的。常用的倒装形式有以下几种：,45,Only+时间状语 Ex:Only when all of us join i
28、n the efforts of eliminating cheating at all levels can we expect to have a cleaner society and a more beautiful future.Only+介词词组 Ex:Only by planning his time carefully can he improve efficiency and make achievements,46,否定词位于句首（hardly when;never;not only-,but also-;seldom，scarcely,rarely）在我一生当中很难遇到这
29、样的人 Ex:Seldom in my life have I met such a kind-hearted man.地点方位名词位于句首 Ex:In no other place in the world can one find such enthusiasm for applying for hosting the 2008 Olympic Games.,47,修辞,无论是汉语写作还是英语写作，修辞其实非常的重要。它是作者写作功底具体事例地展现。所谓修辞包括比喻、拟人、排比等等。这里仅举一个比喻例子，还是拿“重要的”来举例。当你用完词组之后，如果你用上下面比喻句子，则文章就会显得神采飞
30、扬，试比较：,48,The bicycle is important for us.The bicycle is of importance for us.The bicycle plays an important role in our life.The bicycle,environmental friendly vehicle,plays an important role in our life.The bicycle is like the air,water,and sunshine and cannot be parted with a moment in our life.,
31、49,四级作文常用句型,50,没有比更的,Nothing is+more+形容词+than to+V例句：没有比接受教育更重要的事。Nothing is more important than to receive education.,51,再怎么强调.的重要性也不为过。,cannot emphasize the importance of too much.例句：我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.,52,不可否认的.,There is no denyi
32、ng that+S+V.例句：不可否认的，我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.,53,全世界都知道.,It is universally acknowledged that+句子 例句：全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us.,54,毫无疑问的.,There is no doubt that+句子 例句：毫无疑问的我
33、们的教育制度令人不满意。There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired.,55,.的原因是.,The reason why+句子 is that+句子例句：我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air.The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh
34、 air for us.,56,虽然.,Adj+as+Subject（主词）+be,S+V 例句：虽然我们的国家富有，我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意。Rich as our country is,the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory.by no means=in no way=on no account 一点也不,57,愈.愈.,The+er+S+V,the+er+S+V More and more=an increasing number of例句：你愈努力，你愈进步。The harder you work,the m
35、ore progress you make.,58,我们绝对不能.,On no account can we+V 例句：我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值。On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge.,59,该是.的时候了,It is time+S+过去式 例句：该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems.,60,没有人不.,There is no one but 例句：
36、没有人不渴望上大学。There is no one but longs to go to college.,61,不得不.,be+forced/compelled/obliged+to+V 例句：既然考试迫在眉睫，我不得不放弃做运动。Since the examination is around the corner,I am compelled to give up doing sports.,62,可想而知的、明显的、显然的,It is conceivable that+句子 It is obvious that+句子 It is apparent that+句子 例句：可想而知，知识在我
37、们的一生中扮演一个重要的角色。It is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life.,63,过去.年来，.一直.,For the past+时间，S+现在完成式.例句：过去两年来，我一直忙着准备考试。For the past two years,I have been busy preparing for the examination.,64,.是值得的,It pays to+V 例句：帮助别人是值得的。It pays to help others.,65,不遗余力的,Spare no effort to+V
38、 我们应该不遗余力的美化我们的环境。We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.,66,让.明白.事,bring home to+人+事 例句：我们应该让人们明白努力的价值。We should bring home to people the value of working hard.,67,与.息息相关,be closely related to 例句：做运动与健康息息相关。Taking exercise is closely related to health.,68,养成.的习惯,Get into the habit of
39、+Ving；make it a rule to+V 我们应该养成早睡早起的习惯。We should get into the habit of keeping good hours.,69,因为.,Due to/Owing to/Thanks to+N/Ving,例句：因为他的鼓励，我终于实现我的梦想。Thanks to his encouragement,I finally realized my dream.,70,令人不满意,Leave much to be desired 例句：我们的交通状况令人不满意。The condition of our traffic leaves much
40、to be desired.,71,对.造成一大威胁,Pose a great threat to 例句：污染对我们的生存造成一大威胁。Pollution poses a great threat to our existence.,72,尽全力去.,do ones utmost to+V=do ones best例句：我们应尽全力去达成我们的人生目标。We should do our utmost to achieve our goal in life.,73,四级写作如何组段,74,一篇完整的作文包括三部分：引言，正文和结论。又称：三段论。一个完整的段落包括三部分：主题句，推展句和结论句。
41、因此，可以说，文章是段落的扩展，段落是文章的压缩。,75,第一段：1.现象/现状说明段 2.图画/图表描述段 第二段：3.对立观点陈诉段 4.利弊说明段 5.意义阐述段 6.原因列军段 7.举例段 第三段：8.归纳结论段 9.趋势预测段 10建议措施段,新东方10大功能段落,四级作文的三段式结构,第一句话：现象 宽泛的扣题,第一句话通式 状语 引入 主体 时间、地点 大家/越来越多的人 sth.很怎样/越来越 条件 认为有一个现象1.状语：a 时间+地点 currently/previously in China/in our highly civilized and industrializ
42、ed society b 条件和伴随 eg：随着社会的发展 With the development of our societyWith our society developing increasingly faster,2.引入：a 大家都认为 It is generally acknowledged that b 越来越多的人认为 an increasing number of people maintain/deem/reckon that 有一个广泛的现象 a wide-spread phenomenon in the contemporary society is that3.主
43、体：a 语法变难 be+adj.=be of+n.is of great/increasing significance、necessity、popularity、help/use/value b 词变难 用以下牛词进行修饰：adv.veryextremely extraordinarily tremendously significantly adj.importantvital essential prevalent indispensable,第二句话 引入“由远及近”,1.描述身边事实 可排比或细分至不同情况；2.过去对比现在（问题解决型文章专用）in the past however
44、，now；3.举个例；4.名人名言（可编造）my professor once told us that as a famous proverb goes that,(3)第三句话 中心 简短、强调,1.关于这个问题，不同的人有不同的看法 concerning this question,peoples viewpoints differ dramatically 2.因此，如何解决这个问题成了大家关心的事 therefore,how to has become a matter of concern for many 3.为什么会有这个现象呢？大家都关心其原因 why does/is?Eve
45、ryone expresses serious concerns for the reasons,二段中心句,（1）万能二段开头 A.There are several possible solutions that can address this difficulty 或reasons that can be account for this phenomenon或 factors that may give rise to/contribute to this consequenceB.The acknowledged by most people are as follows,（2）二
46、段拓展法（虚实结合）eg：To begin with,university can provide us with knowledgeA针对词的拓展：a 主语名词-并列同功能主语 as well as other+主语的属性或类别 eg：university as well as some other academic institutions；parents as well as some other relatives of us；airplane as well as some other advanced transportations b 谓语前加表示“极其、很”等程度深的adv.如
47、considerably、dramatically等 c 宾语前加双adj.如not only adj.but also adj.,B 插入句中的拓展：a 主语后加同位语 1.大家认为它是 eg：university,which people consider as 2.属性+功能 eg：university,the place for educate the talented peopleb 实义动词前的万能插入语：to a large extend（很大程度上）；directly or indirectly（直接或间接地）；as a matter of fact（事实上）如：compute
48、rs，to a large extend，influence our life c 宾语后用非限定性定语从句 which can/may/willeg：knowledge,which may assist us in finding a suitable job.,结尾段：1.我的看法/总结 2.双原因,1)我的看法I think 替换为 in my point of view；when it comes to me；as far as I am concernedIn conclusion 替换为 to conclude；to wrap up 2）双原因（要说出具体的、有说服力的原因）1.n
49、ot only第一个原因 but also第二个原因；2.第一个原因，meanwhile，第二个原因，consequently，3.this is largely due to the fact that第一个原因，but also because第二个原因,85,作文题型分析,1999年:Reading Selectively or Extensively 2000年:Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary?2001年:How to Succeed in a Job Interview?2002年、Student Use of Computers（图表作文
50、）2003年、It Pays to Be Honest 2004年:A Letter in Reply to a Friend（书信）2005年、A Campaign Speech(应用文)2006年:An announcement for a voluntary program（应用文）2007年：Welcome to Our Club（应用文）2008年：The Problems of Plastic Bags2009年：Free Admissions to Museums,87,05真题透析,88,Parents and Children As can be seen from the
