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1、研究历年真题，熟悉常考的语法难点,四级辅导,四级语法的要求：巩固和加深基本语法知识，提高在语篇水平上运用语法知识的能力。,返回,语法结构,语法结构,四级辅导,1,理解文中的所指:,例1,(95.6)The student was just about to the question,when suddenly he found the answer.A,arrive at B,submit to C,give up D,work out,例2,(95.6)All flights _ because of the snowstorm,many passengers could do nothin
2、g but take the train。A,had been cancelled B,have been cancelled C,were cancelled D,having been cancelled,2,确认逻辑关系:,前言：,3,语法考点:,语法重点:虚拟语气,主谓一致,倒装结构,非谓语动词,状语从句,定语从句,独立主格,情态动词。另外重点复习以上项目中的特殊用法。,着重复习能引起虚拟语气的某些介词,介词短语和连词。,lest,in case,otherwise 等。,一部分表示建议,主张,命令,紧要等概念的词语,由于本身隐含说话人的主观愿望,其后的主语从句,宾语从句,同位语从句往
3、往采用,(should)+动词原形,1,虚拟倒装句；,在 would rather,wish,as if,its time that 等句型中使用适当形式表达主观愿望：,四级辅导,I.虚拟语气:,2,用虚拟的句型：,虚拟语气常见并在复习中特别要加以注意的：,语法结构,It is vital(重要的,生死攸关的,致命的)It is necessaryIt is importantIt is urgent It is imperative(必要的事,势在必行的,急需的)It is desirable+that+动词原形It is advisable(明智的,适当的)It is naturalIt
4、is essentialIt is proposalIt is suggestionIt is lest+that+should+动词原形If only+that+would+动词原形,It is timeIt is about time+that+一般过去时It is high time,would rather+that 从句+一般过去时,四级辅导,语法结构,2.1 重点 essential,important 等词后的虚拟语气,例3,It was essential that the application forms_ back before the deadline(90,1)A,m
5、ust be sent B,would be sent C,be sent D,were sent 例4,It is important that enough money _ to fund the project.(97,1)A)be collected B)must be collected C)was collected D)can be collected,3,if only,wish 等词后的虚拟语气,例5,Look at the terrible situation I am in!If I _ your advice.(93,6)A follow B had followed
6、would follow have followed,例6,I wish I _ longer this morning,but I had to get up and come to class.(95,6)A have slept B slept C might have slept D could have slept,5 条件从句中的虚拟语气,例7,He must have had an accident,or he _ then(90,1)A would have been hereB should be here C had to be hereD would be here,四级
7、辅导,语法结构,II.主谓一致三条原则,1)语法一致原则,例8,My friend has no intention of going shopping with me.例9,My friends have no intention of going shopping with me.,2)意义一致原则,例10,The class are busying writing English passages.例11,The United States is a developed country which has advanced science and technology.,3)就近原则,例
8、12,Neither my friends nor I was able to persuade him to accept our advice.例13,Either he or she has broken the window,for there is no one else there.例14,There is a teacher and fifty students in the classroom.,由either.or,neither.nor,not only.but also 连接或由here,there等引导的句子，谓语动词遵循这一原则,四级辅导,语法结构,四级辅导,1.动词
9、单复数,1.2,用 and 连接的成份一般用复数。,例18,your problem and mine are similar.例19,Bread and butter is my favourite breakfast.例20,Two hundred and fifty pounds_ too unreasonable a price for a second-hand car.A)is B)are C)were D)be例21,My best friend and adviser has changed his mind again.,cattle(家畜,牛),people,poultry
10、(家禽),militia(义勇军,民兵组织),police,faculty,flock,machinery,personnel,vermin(害虫,歹徒)等,动词要用复数。,1.1,复数名词。,例15,The police have caught the murder.例16,Our personnel are very highly trained.例17,The vermin(害虫,歹徒)are very dangerous.,语法结构,四级辅导,1.3,主语中含有某些连词(as well as,besides,in addition to 等)时，谓语动词的数同第一个主语保持一致,例22
11、,Bread and butter_ what Americans usually have for breakfast.A)are B)is C)was D)were例23,Two hundred and fifty pounds_ too unreasonable a price for a second-hand car.A)is B)are C)were D)be,1.4,动词常用单数的情况,1.4.1,名词性从句及不定式、动名词作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式,例24,To finish the work in advance is what he wants.例25,Smoking
12、 cigarettes is dangerous to your health例26,What seems easy in theory is difficult in practice.例27,What caused the accident is a complete mystery.,语法结构,四级辅导,1.4.2 what 引导名词从句作主语时，其表语是复数形式时，系动词也可以是复数形式,例28,What we badly need here are qualified teachers.,1.4.3,当主语是单数,后面跟着由 including,with,together with,
13、along with,like,in addition to,as well as,rather than,but,except,more than,accompanied by 等连接的短语时,谓语动词用单数。,例29,the factory,with all its equipment,has been burned.例30,Mary as well as her sister likes listening to music.例31,Doctor Richards,together with his wife and three children,is to arrive on the
14、afternoon flight.例32,My best friend rather than anyone else has got the first prize in the speech contest.,语法结构,四级辅导,1.4.4,one,one of,every,everyone,everybody,each,many a,either,neither,no one,nobody,anyone,anybody,someone,somebody 用作主语或修饰主语时，动词用单数形式,例33,Each man,woman and child has the same right.例
15、34,Many a student doesnt like to do their homework.(many a studentmany students)例35,Either of students is going to compete for the president of the students union.例36,More than one person was involved in the case.例37,every boy and girl is treated in the same way.例38,Neither of the young men who had
16、applied for a position in the university.A)has been accepted B)have been accepted C)was accepted D)were accepted,1,neither 用作主语或修饰主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。2,定语从句用过去完成时，主句应用一般过去时。,语法结构,四级辅导,1.4.5,表示时间,距离,重量,体积,钱的复数名词,作主语时作为整体来看待,动词通常用单数。,例39,Five thousands dollars is quite a large sum of money to me.例40,Fifty m
17、iles is too long a distance for one to walk on foot.例41,Ten years has passed but he didnt change at all.,1.4.6,a portion of,a series of,a kind of,a body of,a species of,a pair of+名词 作主语时，其动词一般用单数形式,例42,A series of accidents has occurred recently in America.例43,A pair of new glasses is quite expensiv
18、e.,语法结构,四级辅导,1.4.8,事件、机构、国名、作品等专有名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数,例46,The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was written by Mark Twain and it is an interesting book.例47,The United Nations is an organization to defend world peace.,1.4.7,表示数量的短语 a lot of,any of,most of,half of,two thirds of,20 percent of part of some of,no
19、ne of,all of+名词时,动词取决 于名词的单复数而定。,例44,Most of the book is interesting.例45,Most of the books are informative though a little dull.,语法结构,四级辅导,2,集体名词作主语时,2.1,可以单数也可以复数的名词 凡是有复数词尾变化形式的集合名词都属于此类。,a class/classes;a family/families;a government/governments;an army/armies;a people/peoples;a group/groups;a cr
20、owd/crowds;a crew/crews 等,例48,A big crowd often gathers on the square every morning.例49,The government has decided to pass the bill.例50,There are huge crowds in the streets on Sunday.例51,There are many English-speaking peoples in the world.,注意，这类集合名词有时以单数形式表示复数的概念，这时动词也用复数。,语法结构,四级辅导,2.2,单数名词,这类名词常见
21、的有：humanity(博爱,人性,人类),mankind,proletariat(无产阶级)等,例52,The proletariat is the greatest class in the history of mankind.In the fields of production and scientific experiment,mankind makes constant progress.,2.3,单复同形,例53,The school teaching staff are(is)excellent.例54,The public is(are)requested not to l
22、itter in the park.例55,The teaching profession claim(s)to be badly paid.,class,family,team,crew,board,herd,committee,party,jury,enemy,audience 等,这类名词常见的有：,语法结构,四级辅导,比较：,例56,The football team is playing well.那个足球队打得非常漂亮。例57,The football team are having bath and are then coming back here for tea.足球队员们正
23、在洗澡，然后来这里吃茶点。例58,The family is a very happy one.那个家庭是一个非常幸福的家庭。例59,That family are very pleased about the news of Williams success.全家人对威廉的成功都感到很高兴。,2.3,单复同形,语法结构,四级辅导,III.倒装结构,1,否定意义的词位于句首引起的倒装 never(从不),seldom(很少),few(很少),little(很少),rarely(很少),barely(很少),hardly(很少),scarcely(很少),nowhere(任何地方都不)等。106
24、,a machine been so efficient and accurate as the electronic computer.A.More than ever before B.Never before has C.In the past,there never has D.Formerly there never was107,Never as bad as it is now in this city.A.air pollution has been B.has been air pollution C.has air pollution been D.air has poll
25、ution been108,Little when I embarked on this quest where it would leas me.A.have I known B.had I known C.do I know D.did I know,语法结构,四级辅导,否定意义的短语位于句首引起的倒装 at no time(决不,任何时候也不),by no means(决不),in no case(决不),under no circumstances(无论如何也不),in no sense(决不),in vain(徒劳),in no way(决不),on no account(决不),n
26、o longer(不再),no more(不再),not until(直到才),not for a moment(从不)等。一些短语性连词,not onlybut also(不但而且),no soonerthan(一就),hardly(scarcely)when(一就)也引起倒装。109,At no time,and under no circumstances the first to use nuclear weapon.A.China will be B.will be China C.will China be D.shall China be 110,“On no account t
27、o feed animals”,the warning can be seen on the signboard in front of every cage.A.allow visitors B.visitors are allowed C.allow visitors D.are allowed visitors111,Hardly home when the telephone rang.A.I got B.did I got C.I had got D.had I got,语法结构,四级辅导,2,以only或so引导状语或表语位于句首引起的倒装only+状语+谓语一部分+主语+谓语的另
28、一部分+当构成关联从属连词 so.that 的 so 位于句首时,往往要使用倒装结构。so+状语+V+S+V+that引导的状语从句so+表语(形容词)+be+S+V+that引导的状语从句,112,Only when you have acquired a good knowledge of grammar correctly.A.you will write B.can you write C.you can write D.you could write113,Only under special circumstances from freshman composition and l
29、iterature examination.A.freshman excused B.freshman are excused C.are freshman excused D.are excused freshman 114,So little about mathematics that the lecture was completely beyond me.A.I know B.I knew C.do I know D.did I know115,So loudly did the students read that people could hear them out in the
30、 street.116,So small were the words that he could hardly see them.117,In fact,so powerful that it paved the way for a whole new era in construction and engineering.A.was the new explosion B.the new explosive was C.was new explosive D.new explosive was,语法结构,四级辅导,强调性倒装 118,dense was the jungle there t
31、hat we had to rely on our ears instead of our eyes.A.How B.Extremely C.Very D.So119,that the pilot couldnt fly through it.A.The storm so severe was B.So severe was the storm C.So the storm was severe D.Such was the storm severe So,nor,neither引起的倒装在并列分句中,如果第二部分所表达的内容与第一部分相同,习惯上用So,nor,neither引起一个省略的倒
32、装句。肯定式用So,否定式用 nor或 neither。120,Surroundings have changed and in them.A.so have the people B.the people have so C.have the people so D.the people so have121,For a long time we hardly saw any lights,we see the shore.A.nor did B.did nor C.nor D.nor do,语法结构,四级辅导,让步状语从句的倒装 由as引起的让步状语从句由以下两个句型结构 1)动词原形+a
33、s+主语+助动词(情态动词)+主句2)形容词(副词,名词)+as+主语+动词+主句,122,I couldnt lift the box.A.As I might try B.As try I might C.Try as I might D Try though I might123,he does get irritated with her sometimes.A.As he likes her much B.Much as he likes her C.As much he likes her D.He likes her so much124,Young as he is,he kn
34、ows some of the family secrets.(表语+as+代词作主语+系动词be)125,Difficult as the work was,it was finished in time.或:Difficult as was the work,it was finished in time.(表语+as+名词作主语+系动词be;或:表语+as+系动词be+名词作主语),语法结构,四级辅导,注:1)用 as 引导的让步状语从句,表语应放在 as 之前(例124和例125);如果主语是代词,主语就要放在系动词 be 之前,例124;如果主语是名词,则主语可以放在系动词 be 之
35、前或后,例125。2)用 as 引导的让步状语从句中,如果谓语是“助动词+主要动词原形”,应把主要动词原形放在 as 之前,语序为:主要动词原形as主语助动词。Say as you could,124,Young as he is,he knows some of the family secrets.(表语+as+代词作主语+系动词be)125,Difficult as the work was,it was finished in time.或:Difficult as was the work,it was finished in time.(表语+as+名词作主语+系动词be;或:表语
36、+as+系动词be+名词作主语),语法结构,四级辅导,3,省略连词if的虚拟条件句中的倒装若虚拟条件句中含有were或had，should,could等助动词或情态动词时，连词可以省略。省略后，主句不变，从句要用倒装，将were之类的动词提到句首。,126,to the doctor right away,he might have been alive today.A.If he went B.should he have gone C.Were he gone D.Had he gone127,you were coming today,Id have met you at the air
37、port.A.Have I known B.I have known C.Had I known D.I had known,语法结构,四级辅导,4,以副词 here,there,off,out,away 等开头的句子,主要是表示感叹语气的句子，当其主语为名词时，通常要使用倒装。128,Here comes our teacher!你们的老师来了！129,Away went the boy to the school!那男孩子到学校里去了！130,Off goes the woman!那个女人走了！5,当平时一般不放在句首的状语,为了强调而放在句首时,使用倒装结构。131,Near the b
38、ridge was an old cottage.132,Well do I remember the day I saw a wild tiger.,6,某些让步状语从句往往把表语提到主语前面或放在句首,以构成倒装结构。133,No matter how interesting the book is,he doesnt like to read it.(语序:No matter how表语十主语十系动词be)134,However hard a solid may be,we can change its shape.(语序:However+表语+主语+系动词be),语法结构,四级辅导,7
39、,以引导词 there 开头的句子,须使用倒装结构。1)表示“有”之概念的“There be 主语”结构 134,There are three books on the desk.135,There were something in the box.2)用于正式文体,特别是文学作品中的“there 不及物动词十主语”结构,当主语不明确而又是一个很长的名词短语时,往往使用这种结构：136,There entered a strange little man.137,Once there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea.3)在叙述性
40、和描绘性的书面语中,这种结构若带有地点状语,而且把这种状语放在句首时,可以用省略there的倒装结构。138,In the cottage lives a family of six.,语法结构,四级辅导,8,当直接引语的一部分或者全部位于句首时,引语分句的主语又是名词或名词短语,该引语分句常用倒装结构。139,What shall we do?said the teacher.。140,Great!said my father.Ill go there.9,有些表示“感叹、祝愿”等语气的句子,也可使用倒装结构。141,Isnt it cold!天气真冷！142,Was I surprised
41、!我真感到惊奇！143,May both be happy!祝你们两位幸福！10,疑问句(略),语法结构,四级辅导,这是词汇与结构考试中语法部分的重中之重，答题时可以从三个方面人手：,1),根据非谓语动词同其所修饰的名词或逻辑主语的一致关系，确定使用主动语态或被动语态，然后考虑采用现在分词、现在分词被动式或过去分词；非谓语动同同主句谓语动词动作发生的先后关系。动作正在进行的用现在分词进行式，同时发生或不分先后发生的用现在分词一般式或过去分词；在主句谓语动词之前发生的用现在分词完成式、不定式完成式；发生在主句谓语动词之后的多用不定式一般式；表状态多用分词，表目的多用不定式。,2),V 非谓语动词
42、,3),语法结构,四级辅导,1 名词(代词)+分词,144,(90,1)A new technique _,the yields as a whole increased by 20 per cent.A)working out B)having worked out C)having been worked D)to have been worked out,2 With+名词(代词)+Ved 或 Ving,例145,(97,1)After the Arab states won independence,great emphasis was laid on expanding educat
43、ion,with girls as well as boys _ to go to school.A)to be courage B)being encouraged C)been encouraged D)be encouraged,3 动名词短语做宾语,例146,(89,1)They are considering _ before the prices go up.A)of buying the house C)buying the house B)with buying the house D)to buy the house,语法结构,四级辅导,4 分词短语做状语,例147,(92,
44、6)_with the picture,Mary tore it to pieces.A)Dissatisfying thoroughly C)Being thoroughly dissatisfied B)to dissatisfy thoroughly D)To be thoroughly dissatisfied,5 分词短语做定语,例148,(96,6)If I correct someone,I will do it with as much good humor and self restraint as if I were the one _.A)to correct B)cor
45、recting C)having corrected D)being corrected,6 分词短语做补语,例149,(97,1)When I caught him _ me I stopped buying things there and started dealing with another shop.A)cheat B)cheating C)to cheat D)to be cheating,语法结构,四级辅导,7 分词作状语,现在分词和过去分词主要差别在于:现在分词表示“主动和进行”,过去分词表示“被动和完成”(不及物动词的过去分词不表示被动,只表示完成)。分词可以有自己的状语,
46、宾语或逻辑主语等。,7.1 可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、伴随等,分词做状语时，它的逻辑主语与句子的主语一致。作状语的分词相当于一个状语从句。,例150,Hearing the news,they all jumped with joy.例151,Using what you know of word stems and word formations,you can make a guess at the meaning of a new word.例152,The students went out of the classroom,laughing and talking.例15
47、3,Accompanied by his friend,he went to the railway station.例154,Given better attention,the plants could grow better.例155,He looked tired and depressed,visibly disturbed by the news of his mothers illness.,语法结构,四级辅导,分词在句子中作状语，使用何种分词，要取决于分词与句子主语的关系：主谓关系用现在分词，动宾或被动关系用过去分词。,例156,Not having enough hands,
48、we turned to them for help.(we dont have enough hands).例157,Taught by mistakes and setbacks,we have become wiser and handled our affairs better.(we are taught/teach us)例158,Inspired by the International,the working people of all countries have been fighting for their final liberation.(the working pe
49、ople were inspired/inspire the working people),语法结构,四级辅导,例159,(96,6)_the earth to be flat,many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge.A)having believed B)Believing C)Believed D)Being believed例160,(95,6)No matter how frequently _,the works of Beethoven always attract large audiences.A)performin
50、g B)performed C)to be performed D)being performed例161,(96,1)_as it was at such a time,his work attracted much attention.A)Being published B)Published C)Publishing D)To be published,语法结构,四级辅导,7.2“while(when,once,until,if,though 等连词)分词”结构,例162,When leaving the airport,she waved again and again to us.例
