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1、Australia,Government and society,01,02,03,04,Government,People,Economy,Education,1.Government,The Commonwealth of Australia,formed in 1901,is comprised of 6 states and 2 mainland territories.The commonwealth of Australia is a constitutional monarchy,a federation and a parliamentary democracy.The Kin
2、g or Queen of Britain is the head of Australia,represented by the Governor General.In terms of its governmental system,Australia follows the federal model of the United States.The federal government has a three-tier system(三级体制):the federal government,governments at the state and territory level and
3、 local governments.The federal government is based on Parliament with 2 chambers:the House of Representatives,and the Senate.The party with a majority in the House of Representatives forms the government,with ministers appointed from both chambers to serve in the Cabinet.The government is responsibl
4、e to the Parliament.The division of powers between the federal government and state governments is defined in the Constitution.The powers exercised by the federal Parliament and government include the responsibilities for foreign relations and trade,defense and immigration,while the governments of s
5、tates and territories are responsible for allmatters not assigned to the Commomwealth.,The Legislature,TThe Parliament of the Commonwealth is the federal legilature of Austrslia.The Austraian Parliament consists of the Queen and 2 Houses.The Senate consists of 76 Senators who are elected by the prop
6、ortional representation system比例代表制for a term of 6 years.The Senate has virtually equal power to make laws with the House of Representatives.The Senate has a highly developed committee system to inquire into policy issues in depth and scrutinize the way laws and policies are adminstered.Thus The Sen
7、ate is called the House of review.The House of Representatives has 150 members who are elected for a term of up to 3 years by the preferential votingsystem名次投票制.The main function of it is the considerationand passing of new laws and amendments or changes to exsitinglaws.Another function is to determ
8、ine the government,so itsalso called the House of government.,The Executive Executive authority is vested in the Governor General,(总督)who is appointed by the British monach on the advice of the Prime Minister.The King or Queen of Britain has no real power in the government.The Governor General is Hi
9、s or Her Majestys representative and can only act on the advice of the Federal Council or the Cabinet.Federal policy is determined by the Cabinet,which is chaired by the Prime Minister.”,Please enter your text here.Please enter your text here,。,The Judiciary,The Judiciary is absolutely separate from
10、 the executive branch and the legislature.The Australian judiciary includes the High Court,the Federal Court,the Family Court,the Federal Magistrates Court and state and territory courts The High Court is the superior court in Australia,Political Parties,Please enter your text here.Please enter your
11、 text here.,Australia has a two-party system.There are 3 major political parties in Australia:1.The Australian Labor Party,nominally representing thetrade unions,is Australias oldest political party,formed in the 1890s.Its the only party to have been in continousoperation since 1901.2.The Liberal Pa
12、rty,nominally represents urban business-related groups,formed in 1944.3.The Nationals is the 2nd oldest political party in Australia,founded in 1920 as the Australian CountryParty.But its name changed to the National Party of Australia in 1982 and then the Nationals in 2006.,Election,Australia is on
13、e of the few nations that have compulsory voting.Of all the elections,the general election is the most important,the result of which determines which party leader will rule the country as the Prime Minister.A general election can be called before the parliament has served its full term.There are 3 m
14、ain electional system,namely the simple majority system,the preferential voting system and the proportional representation system.,2.People,The population has more than doubled because of the post-war immigration program since World War II.The oboriginal population has become more urbanized.Australi
15、a is the most sparsely populated of the inhabited continents.Multiculturalism was a policy in Australia.;1)Diversity of Population:Australia is a country of immigration.There are 3 major contributors toAustralians diverse population:the indigenous peoples,the British colonial past and extensive immi
16、gration from different countries and cultures.2)Diversity of Language:while English is the dominant language in Australia,Australians speak over 200 languages collectively.3)Diversity of Religion:The major religion in Australia is Christianity.The non-Christian religions include Judaism犹太教，Hinduism印
17、度教，Buddhism佛教and Islam伊斯兰教.,3.Economy,prosperous Werstern-style capitalist economyhigh economic performance stems from effective economic management and ongoing structural reformself-sufficient in food:sheep cattle and grain have long been the countrys major occupations industrialized countryforeign
18、 trade:chief export commodities are metals,minerals,wool,beef,mutton,cereals,and manufactured product.leading imports:machinery,trasportation and telecommunications equipment,computers and office machines,chemicals and petroleum productsaround 27,700 different plantsleading supplier of mineral resou
19、rces to international marketalmost all the ore production is exportedone of the worlds leading exporters of angricultural products,Manufacturing:developed in the late 19th century in 1908,take measures to promote the development of manufacturing,mainly through tariffs.by the end of World War II，cont
20、ribute more than one-fourth of GDP,peaking about one-third from 1959 to 1960.now employs about10%of the labor and contributes about 9%of GDP.Foreign trade:played an essential role in Australias economic growth,largely dominated by the countrys rich natural resources and comparatively small populatio
21、n.Today to be the best-performing industry in Australia largest trading partners are China,Japan,theUnited States,New Zealand,the Republic of Korea,Britain and Germany.a country of foreign investment,with its foreign capital coming maily from Britain and the United States.,Tourism:one of the largest
22、 and fastest-growing industries,Factors contribute to its special appeal as one of the worlds most popular tourist destinations:spectacular natural environment multicultural communities,food and wine,the friendliness of its people,its weather and lifestyle main visitors are the British,American,New
23、Zealanders,the Japanese and the Chinese.main tourist attractions:the Great Barrier Reef,the Gold Coast,Uluru,the Sydeny Opera House and the Sydeny Harbor Bridge.,the Great Barrier Reefthe largest coral reef in the world and is one of the natural structures that can be seen from the moonIt stretches
24、more than 2,000 kilometers along the northest coast of Australiapossesses an abundance of various coral types,and is home to many thousands of species of plant and animals,the majority of which have not yet been properly named and identified,located in the southeast corner of Queensland,to the south
25、 of Brisbanewith about 57 kilometers of coastline,it possesses some of the most famous beaches in Australiaregarded as a paradise by people from all over the world who holiday there.,The Gold Coast,Uluru,also known as Ayers Rock,is located in Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park in the south of the Northe
26、rn Territory.the largest monolith in the world,it measures 9.4 kilometers around its base and rises to348 meters above the surrounding flat land.It is notable for appearing to change colors as different light strikes it at different times of the day and yearregared as a sacred place by the Australia
27、n Aborigines,situated on Sydney Harbor,New South Wales,and is regarded as an Australisan icon.Designed by a Danish architect Jorn Utzon,it is one of the most recognizable images of the mordern world and one of the most famous performing arts venues in the worldIt has about 1,000 rooms,including five
28、 theaters,five rehearsal studios,two main halls,four restaurants,six bars and numerous souvenir shops.In 2007,it was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site,The Sydney Opera House,The sydney Harbor Bridge,formally opended in 1932connects the Sydney central business district with the North Shore comm
29、ercial and residential areas,4.Education,The Australian educational system si divided into five areas:preschool,primary school,secondary/high school,vocational training institutions,and university and other tertiary institutionsElementary and Secondary Education:when children are 2 and 5years old,th
30、ey can go to kindergartens,day care centers and playgrounds for schooling.preschool attendence is usually part-timeeducation is compulsory between the ages of 6 and15 in all states except Tasmania,where the upper age threshold is16Most children start their primary school education at the age of 5 an
31、d finish at 12.The majority of private schools are Catholic.Enter the secondary school at around 12,usually last six yearsP235 para2The Australian Broadcasting Corporation provides a variety of primary and early education programs for children living in isolated areas.,Higher Education,provided thro
32、ugh universities,vocational training institutions,and adult and community educational institutionsthe Commonwealth government maintains a number of specialized learning institutions,notably the Australian Film,Television and Radio School（澳洲广播电视电影学校）,the Australian Maritime College（澳大利亚海事学院）and the N
33、ational Institute of Dramatic Art(国立戏剧艺术学校）,Major Universities,I.The University of Sydneyestablished in 1850a member of Australias Group of Eight and remains one of the countrys largest and most prestigious educational institutionIt has an international reputation for outstanding research and teachi
34、ng,II.The University of Melbourneestabished in 1853 by Hugh Childrensthe second oldest university in AustraliaIt ranks among the top universities in Australia and is highly regarded in fields of arts,humanities and biomedicineaims to consolidate its three core activities-research,learning and teachi
35、ng and engagement-in order to becomeone of the worlds finest universities,III.The University of Adelaidea public university located in Adelaide,established in 1874a member of the Group of EightIt has a ruputation for acdemic excellence,having produced a large number of Nobel laureatesthe first unive
36、rsity in Australia to admit women to acdemic courses and to grant degrees in science.,1.Who were the natives of Australia before the arrival of the British settlers?A.The Aborigines B.The Maori C.The Indians D.The Eskimos澳大利亚最早的土著居民被统称为The Aborigines2、Which of the following cities is located on the
37、eastern coast of Australia?A.PerthB.AdelaideC.SydneyD.Melbourne,3.Australia was originally one colony of.A.America B.Canada C.EnglandD.New ZealandIn May.1788,the First Fleet of 11 ships under the command of Capitain Arthur Phillip sailed from Portsmouth,Britain arrived in Sydney and established Brit
38、ains first colony.4.Which of following country is located in the Southern Hemisphere?A.Australia B.AmericaC.EnglandD.Canada,5.Today,_,the date of the first European settlement in 1788,is still celebrated as Australias National Day.A.January 26 B.February 26C.July 4D.December 25,6.The largest city in
39、 Australia is.A.Canberra B.SydneyC.MelbourneD.Perth7.The sharp increase in Australian population after W.W.II was partly because _.A.Australian soldiers came back from the warB.more British convicts were transported to AustraliaC.a large postwar immigration program was carried outD.the Aboriginal people and the Torres Strait Islanders were not included in the census,THANK YOU,
