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1、英语词性的分类及用法,词性的分类,词类又叫词性，英语单词根据其在句子中的功用，可以分十个大类。,名词的概念,名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词.专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China,the United States,UN,WTO,Jane 等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。(普通名词包括可数名词和不可数名词)普通名词又可分为下面四类：,1）个体名词：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：person,policeman.2）集体名词：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如:family,people,police.(以上两类
2、属于可数名词)可数名词（要么带复数词尾，要么前面带a/an/the/指示代词/物主代词,3）物质名词：表示无法分为个体的实物，如:air,water,coffee,rain.但表示“一种、一阵、一场、一份”时可用a/an，如：a heavy rain一场大雨,a coffee一份/杯咖啡 4）抽象名词：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概 念，如：work,happiness,education,knowledge,health.(以上两类属于不可数名词),代词,代词是代替名词的一种词类。英语中的代词，按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为：人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、
3、关系代词和不定代词八种。,一、人称代词是表示“我”、“你”、“他”、“她”、“它”、“我们”、“你们”、“他们”的词。人称代词有人称、数和格的变化,通常，主格作主语,宾格作宾语通常，当单数的主格作主语时，谓语动词用单数；复数的的主格作主语时，谓语动词用复数。Eg.He is my friend.Its me.They are from China.She lent me a book.I love it.Are you interested in them?,二、物主代词表示所有关系的代词，也可叫做代词所有格。物主代词分形容性物主代词和名词性物主代词二种，其人物和数的变化见下表,通常，形容词性
4、物主代词相当形容词的用法，应该位于名词的前面；名词性物主代词相当于形容词性物主代词+名词，之后不接名词。Eg.I like his car.Our school is here and theirs is there.This is your picture.And that is mine.,三、指示代词表示那个、这个、这些、那些等指示概念的代词。,Eg.That is a good idea.I love those book in blue.These people are my friends.,四、自身代词，也称为反身代词表示我自己、你自己、他自己、我们自己、你们自己和他们自己等的代
5、词。,反身代词的用法,1.用作同位语(加强被修饰词的语气，紧放在被修饰名词后,或句末)：The box itself is not so heavy.You said it yourself.2.用作宾语(动词或介词的宾语)：Take good care of yourself.3.用作表语The poor boy was myself.,五、表示相互关系的代词叫相互代词，有each other 和one another两组，但在运用中，这两组词没什么区别。,We should love each other.Tom and Betty are friends,so they always h
6、elp each other.Our students learn one another.,eg.I want something hot.Do you need some coffee?There is nothing good.All of you are students.,六、不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词。常见的不定代词有all，both，each，every等，以及含有some-，any-，every-，no-加上body，one，thing的合成代词，如anybody，something，no one。这些不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词，在句中作主语、宾语、表语和
7、定语,七、疑问代词有who，whom，whose，what和which等。在句子中用来构成特殊疑问句。疑问代词都可用作连接代词，引导名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句）,What are you?Who is his coat?Whose bag is this?Which do you prefer?The blue one or the white one?Could you tell me what is his name?Mother asked which one I wanted.,八、关系代词有who，whom，whose，that，which，as等，可用作引导定语从句的
8、关联词。它们在定语从句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语等；另一方面它们又代表主句中为定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词（通称为先行词）。,He is the man whom you have been looking for.I hope I can find a job that I can devote myself to.This is the book whose covering is old.That is the same food as you want.,1.He shouted louder to the runners,but he still couldnt make _ h
9、eard.A.him B.himself C.them D.themselves 2.There are flowers and trees on _ sides of the river.A.every B.both C.either D.all 3.She has three good friends.One is a doctor;_ are teachers of Chinese.A.another B.the other two C.other D.others 4.Before handing in your compositions,please correct the mist
10、akes in each line if_.A.so B.no C.any D.some,Exercises,B,B,B,C,形容词,用来表示人或事物的性质、状态和特征的词称为形容词。,注意：形容词用来修饰something,anything,nothing,everything等不定代词，要放在这些词的后面。Youd better tell us something interesting.,形容词在句子中的位置,作定语时放在名词的前面,且音节少的词放在音节多的词前。a big yellow wooden wheel.,作表语时放在连系动词之后。The price sounds reason
11、able.,作宾语补足语时放在宾语之后。We must try our best to keep our environment clean.,后置的情况：修饰复合不定代词时放在代词之后。Something serious has happened to him.与表示“长、宽、高、重、老、远离”的词连用时形容词后置。Hes 1.8 metres tall.,注意：,一.以-ly结尾的形容词 1）friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，ugly，brotherly，仍为形容词。2）有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词，也为副词。daily，weekly，
12、monthly，yearly，early The Times is a daily paper.The Times is published daily.二.用形容词表示类别和整体 某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人，与谓语动词的复数连接。如：the dead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind，the hungry The rich and the poor live in different parts of the city.The English like to be with their families.,三.多个形容词修饰名词的顺序 限定
13、词-数词-描绘词-(大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色)-出处-材料性质，类别-名词 a small round table；a tall gray building；a dirty old brown shirt；a famous German medical school,“美小圆旧黄，中国木书房”,一个旧的很漂亮的黑色的日本式的方形木制小写字桌,A pretty little square old black Japanese wooden writing desk.一件崭新漂亮的中式短款红羊毛外套,A beautiful short new red Chinese woollen coat.
14、,形容词的比较级和最高级,（1）规则形式一般说来，单音节词及少数双音节词在后加-er;-est 来构成比较级和最高级；其他双音节词及多音节词在前加more,most.如：great-greater-greatestbusy-busier-busiestimportant-more important-(the)most important（2）不规则形式good(well)-better-bestbad(ill)-worse-worstmany(much)-more-mostlittle-less-least,no more than同样不；仅仅，只有 He is no more than a
15、 worker.他仅仅是个工人。not more than不比更，不如；至多 He is not more diligent than you are.他不象你那样勤奋。no less than不亚于，竟达之多 The audience was no less than five thousand.听众有五千人之多。not less than不比差，至少 Ill stay here not less than three days.我将待在这里至少三天。,副词,副词是用来修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词、连词等单词或短语,例如：not（不），here（这里），now（现在），well（很好地），f
16、ast（快速地），happily（快乐地），carefully小心地,一、副词的位置 在许多情况下，副词都放在所修饰的动词后面或句末。The girl dances very well.2.有时也放在主语后面，谓语动词前面(对动作加以强调)。He angrily closed the door.3.句中的副词如碰上助动词，be动词，则通常放在助动词，be动词之后，实义动词之前 We have already read the book.,二.副词的分类,1、时间和频度副词:now,then,often,always,usually,early,today,lately,next,last,al
17、ready,generally,frequently,seldom,ever,never,yet,soon,too,immediately,hardly,finally,shortly,before,ago,sometimes,yesterday.,2、地点副词:here,there,everywhere,anywhere,in,out,inside,outside,above,below,down,back,forward,home,upstairs,downstairs,across,along,round,around,near,off,past,up,away,on.3、方式副词:ca
18、refully,properly,anxiously,suddenly,normally,fast,well,calmly,politely,proudly,softly,warmly,4、程度副词，放在被修饰词之前:much,little,very,rather,so,too,still,quite,perfectly,enough,extremely,entirely,almost,slightly.5、疑问副词：how,when,where,why.6、关系副词：when,where,why.（用来引导定语从句）7、连接副词:how,when,where,why,whether.,注意：
19、1 副词very 可以修饰形容词，但不能修饰动词。改错：(错)I very like English.(对)I like English very much.注意：2副词enough要放在形容词的后面，形容词enough放在名词前后都可。I dont know him well enough.There is enough food for everyone to eat.There is food enough for everyone to eat.,3hard,hardlyhardly意为几乎与hard在词义上完全不同。如：I work hard every day.I can hard
20、ly remember that.late,latelylately意为最近、近来，late意为晚、迟。如：He never comes late.Have you been to the museum lately?4 副词比较等级的用法 其用法与形容词相似，只是副词最高级前可省略定冠词。如：Of all the boys he sings(the)most beautifully.We must work harder.,功能：主要作状语，修饰以下词：A、修饰动词：Mary reads very well.My teacher always speaks slowly but clearl
21、y.B、修饰形容词：She looks very happy today.C、修饰副词：Thank you very much.D、修饰句子：Luckily,his stepmother was kind to him.,例1 Toms father thinks he is already _ A high enough B tall enoughC enough high C enough tall 例2 _ the worse I seem to be.A When I take more medicineB The more medicine I takeC Taking more o
22、f the medicineD More medicine taken 例3I havent been to London yet.I havent been there _.A too B also C either D neither 例4 Mr Smith was _ moved at the news.A deep B deeply C very deep D quite deeply,B,D,C,B,动词动词就是表示动作或者是状态的词。例如：run；work；sleep，等,动词的分类1 根据其在句中的功能，动词可分为行为动词（实义动词）、系动词、助动词和情态动词四类，有些动词是兼类
23、词。如：,We have lunch at 12.I am hungry.She didnt know him.You can swim.,系动词系动词亦称联系动词（Link Verb），作为系动词。有些不具词义；有些具有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语（亦称补语），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。,1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，2）持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep,rest,remain,stay,lie,stand,3）表像系动词用来表示看起来像这一概念，主要有seem,appear,look4）感官系动词感官系动词主要有
24、feel,smell,sound,taste 5）变化系动词这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run 6）终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove,turn out,表达证实，变成之意,助动词最常用的助动词有：be,have,do,shall,will,should,would,1)助动词自身没有词义，不可单独使用 2)助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用，a.表示时态，He has got married.b.表示语态，He was sent to England.c.构成疑问句，Do you like coll
25、ege life?d.与否定副词not合用，构成否定句，I dont like him.e.加强语气，He did know that.,情态动词情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义，但要与动词原形一起使用，给谓语动词增添情态色彩，表示说话人对有关行为或事物的态度和看法，认为其可能、应该或必要等。,只做情态动词：must,can(could),may(might),shall(should),will(would)可做情态动词又可做实义动词：need,dare具有情态动词特征：have(had,has)to,used to,实义动词实义动词意思完全，能独立用作谓语。实义动词有及物动词和不及物动词（及
26、物动词是指后面要求有直接宾语的动词；不及物动词指后面不需要跟宾语的动词）,How long can I keep the book?”Harry asked.She spoke at the meeting yesterday evening.,数词(表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词，数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词；表示顺序的数词叫序数词。),一、基数词 基数词写法和读法二、序数词 序数词的缩写形式：first1stsecond2ndthirty-first31st,基数词一般是单数形式，但下列情况，常用复数：a.与of 短语连用，表示概数，不能与具体数目连 用，如scor
27、es of people 指许多人；b.在一些表示一排或一组的词组里；如：They arrived in twos and threes.他们三三两两的到达了。c.表示几十岁；d.表示年代，用 in+the+数词复数；e.在乘法运算的一种表示法里，如：3 x 5=15 Three fives is(are)fifteen.,数词的用法,1）表示倍数 once，twice，three times2）表示分数构成：基数词代表分子，序数词代表分母。分子大于1时，分子的序数词用单数，分母序数词用复数：1/3 one-third；3/37 three and three-sevenths.,介 词,介词
28、是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间的关系的虚词，在句中不能单独作句子成分。介词置于名词或名词同等语之前组成一个短语，一般用以说明该名词或名词同等语与句子中其他词的关系。介词可以分为时间介词、地点介词、方式介词、原因介词和其他介词，,介词分类,按结构英语介词可分为2类：1简单介词（约有70个），如：in，at，on，by，with，down，for，beside，along，across等。2短语介词，指多个单词构成的介词，如，in front of,out of,instead of,far from,apart from 等。,1.表示地点位置的介词 at,in,on,to,above,ove
29、r,below,under,in front of,in the front of,beside，behind 2.表示时间的介词in,on，at,after,from,since,时间名词前介词用法口诀 年前周前要用in,具体日子要用on,遇到几号也用on,上午下午得是in,要说某日上下午 用on换in记清楚,午夜黄昏用at,黎明用它也不错,at用在时分前,说“差”可要用上to,说过要用past,表示运动方向的介词：across,through 4.表示“在之间”的介词：表示“在之间”的介词在英语中属于方位介词，如in front of，behind，on，in，near，under，up
30、between,among,介词后通常带名词、代词、动词的-ing形式作宾语。“介词+宾语”组成的短语叫介词短语：by accident 偶然hand in hand 手拉手，携手be/get/become used to doingfeel like doing,连词(是一种虚词，它不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词，短语与短语以及句与句的作用。)连词主要可分为两类：并列连词和从属连词。1.并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。如：and,but,or,nor,so,as well as,bothand,not onlybut also,eitheror,neithernor,(and)t
31、hen等等。2.从属连词经常引导一个从句,如:when,where,because,if,as,等,什么叫从句：由句子充当主句的某成分，本身不能独立表达完整的意思，处于从属地位的句子叫做从句。已学过的有定语从句、宾语从句、状语从句：I know that he is a very good student.（know的宾语从句）People who use free time well are usually healthy and happy.（定语从句，修饰people）,英语词性解析-连词连词不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词，短语与短语以及句与句的作用。连词主要可分为两类：并列连词和
32、从属连词。并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。如：and,but,or,nor,so,therefore,yet,however,for,hence,as well as,bothand,not onlybut also,eitheror,neithernor,（and）then等等。,1.There is great _ finding the mountain village./The mountain village is very_ to find.(困难)2.Please keep it a secret between _(你我).3.The doctors and nurses
33、 are taking _ care of the injured.=The doctors and nurses are looking after the injured _.(好)4.The young man looks _.He is looking _ at his parents photo.(sad)5.You shouldnt have left without _(say)goodbye.,6.I was late in getting to the station,but l_(幸运的是)the train was late too.7.To everyones s_,the teacher didnt punish the naughty boy.Instead,she told him to sit down.8._(possible),it will rain this afternoon.9.Would you please lend me _(钢笔)to write with?10.Britain is _ European country.11.They stopped working _(因为)it began to rain _(大).=They stopped working _(因为)the _(的)rain.,
