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1、英语语法基础,第一章 名词名词是表示人、事物、抽象概念等名称的词分类：1）专有名词，表示人、地方、机构、组织等的专有名称。包括人名、地名、月份、星期、节日、书名、电影名等等以及某些抽象名词，如Jim 吉姆（人名）China 中国 July七月 注：专有名词首字母常需大写，若是专有名词词组则每个单词首字母均需大写,若是缩略词则每个字母均需大写2)普通名词，具体分为个体名词、集合名词、物质名词、和抽象名词。其中个体名词表示某类人或东西中的个体，如girl；集合名词表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如student；物质名词表示无法分为个体的实物，如water；抽象名词表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念
2、，如work，happiness注：专有名词和普通名词中的物质名词和抽象名词为不可数名词，集体名词和个体名词是可数名词,名词的数,名词复数的规则变化：1）一般情况下加-s如，books,desks等2）以s,x,z,sh,ch等结尾的名词，通常加-es，busbuses,boxboxes，dishdishes等3）以y结尾的名词，其复数构成要分两种情况：以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词，将y改为i再加-es：citycities;以“元音字母+y”结尾的名词，直接加词尾-s：toytoys，holidayholidays.注：以ch结尾的名词，若ch读音为【tf】时，则加-es，若为【k】时就直接
3、加-s，如stomachs；以y结尾的专有名词，直接加-s变复数；以o结尾的名词，有些加-es，有些加-s，加-es主要有以下4个，tomato,potato,hero,Negro黑人；zero则皆可；以f或fe结尾的名词，有两种可能，即有些直接加-s，有些则把f改为v再加es，如，roofs，knives，后者现有有10个，wife，life，knife,leaf,thief,half,self,shelf,loaf,wolf,单数复数同形的名词,Sheep fish(加-es时表示种类）deer Chinese mesas works 名词复数的不规则变化manmen womanwomen
4、 childchildren toothteeth footfeet gooesgeese Mousemice oxoxen复数形式的固定结构consider ones feelingsmake friends with 与某人交朋友take measures to do sth 采取措施做某事make repairs 修理make matters better使情况好转,第二章冠词,分类：不定冠词，定冠词，零冠词冠词的位置：1、不定冠词的位置A）若遇上such,what,many,half等词，不定冠词位于其后，如：He is not such a fool as he looks.He p
5、ublished many a novel.B)若修饰名词的形容词受as,so,too,how,however,enough等副词的修饰，则不定冠词放在形容词之后，如：She is as good a cook as her mother.It is too difficult a test for us beginners.He didnt kown how great a mistake he had made.C)quite,rather与单数名词连用，冠词位于其后，但若rather,quite前有形容词修饰，则不定冠词置于前后均可，如：,It was rather a disaster
6、.He is rather an unplearant person.=He is a rather unpleasant person.,2,定冠词的位置通常位于名词或名词修饰语之前，但若遇上all,both,double,half,twice,three times等词的时候，定冠词置于其中。如：All the invitations must be sent out today.They are twice the size of eggs.I bought double the amout of milk.不定冠词的用法A）表示泛指或类别即泛指某类人或物中的任何一个，或笼统指某类中的某
7、一个，但又不具体说哪一个。如：,A plane is a machine that can fly.,B）表示数量一C）表示序数的增加，即用于序数前表示序数的递增。Soon we saw a second plane.Then a third and a forth.D)用于不可数名词前，使得其具体化A coffee,please.It is a pleasure to talk with you.A Mr Smith wants to see you.F）用于动作名词前，表示“一次”“一番”等意，如I must have a wish first.He agreed to give it a
8、 try.G）其他用法，用于most前表“很，非常”；用于本身不带冠词但由于受形容词修饰而带冠词的情形，如She is a most mysterious person.He left after a quick breakfast.,定冠词的用法,A）表示特指或确指，B)表示类别或整体，强调整体，而不定冠词表类别则强调的是个体。the rich the poor the oldC)用于专有名词前D）其他用法，如用于最高级前，用于独一无二的事物前，用于方向等等,零冠词的用法,A）用于物质名词、抽象名词、专有名词、复数名词前，表示泛指或一般概念，如：Man can not live with o
9、ut water.Mr Smith is eager for success.Teachers should be kind to students.B)用于普通的单数可数名词前，如用作呼语是、表示家庭成员时、用于表示“变成”的连系动词turn,go之后做表语时、用于倒装时的让步状语从句中时等。如：It is serious,doctor?He was a taxi driver before he turned writer.Teacher though he is,he cant kown everything.,C)用于抽象化的可数名词前,The man was more animal
10、than man.Are you man enough for this dangerous job?D)用于节假日、星期、月份、季节等名词前。National Day is coming.Today is Monday.F)用于球类运动、三餐、语言等名词前。(若特指时则可用冠词）He hurt his leg while playing football.Breakfast is on form 8 to 10.It is not easy to learn English very well.G）用于某些由介词by构成的方式状语中。如：by bus(bike,plane,ship,etc)
11、by phone(post,letter,radio)H)用于正式或独一无二的头衔或职位前。如：Look,he is president.,i)用于某些习语make ues of keep in touch within order to take place注：1，不要遗漏单数可数名词前必用冠词，在通常情况下，单数可数名词前应有冠词，泛指，用不定冠词；特指，用定冠词。2，用不同放入冠词有时会导致不同的含义,习题,1、I keep medicines on the top shelf,out of the childrens _A,reach B,hand C,hold D,place2、Il
12、l look into the matter as soon as possble.Just have a little _A,wait B,time C,patience D,rest3、We all know that _speak louder than words.A,movements B,performancesC,operations D,actions,4,For a long time they walked without saying_word.Jim was the first to break _silence.A,the;a B,a;the C,a;/D,the;/
13、When you finish reading this book,you will have _better understanding of _life.A,a;the B,the;a C,/;the D,a;/Our neighbor has _ours.A,as a big house as B,as big a house asC,the same big house asD,a house the same big as,第三章 代词,代词是代替名词以及相当语名词短语或句子的词，可分为人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、连接代词、关系代词、不定代词。1）人称
14、代词A）主格（I,you,he,she,we,they等)和宾格（me,you,him,her,them等),原则上主格用作主语，宾格用作宾语。如：If I were her,I would leave.注：单独使用的人称代词通常用宾格。如：“I want to leave.”“Me too.”“Who did this?”“Me.”B)人称代词的排列顺序。对于单数人称代词，其排列通常为“二、三、一”即you,he and me.而对于复数人称代词，则其排列通常为“一、二、三”即we,you and they.如：You,he and I are all senior students.We,
15、you and they should all help each other.注：但要表示承认错误时，通常要把第一人称摆在前面。It is I and Jack who are to blame.,C）人称代词的指代问题,指代人的不定代词anybody,everybody,nobody,anyone,someone,everyone,no one可用单数he,him或复数they,them;而指代事的不定代词something,nothing,anything,everything等则只能用单数it.如：Nobody saw it,did he?指代动物常用it 或they,有时也用he或t
16、hey，以示亲切。如：Give the cat some food.He is hungry.指代车、船、国家等，可用it，若表示感情色彩则用she.如：England has done what she promised to do.代词we,you,they有时可用于泛指一般人。如：They dont allow us to smoke here.,2)物质代词,A）名词性物主代词(mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,yours,theirs)与形容词性物主代词（my,your,his,her,its,our,their)。形容词性物主代词在句中只能做定语；名词性物主
17、代词则不能用作定语，但可以用作主语、宾语、表语、连用of作定语等。如：Our office is larger than yours.Your parents are rich,and so are his.B)形容词性物主代词与own连用，表示“自己的”或“亲自”。如：The machine is his own invention.I saw it with my own eyes.C)不要混淆its和its,前者为物主代词，后者为it is 的缩写,3）反身代词,A)反身代词主要用作同位语（加强被修饰词的语气，紧放在被修饰名词后，或句尾）和宾语。Youd better go and se
18、e him yourself.You should learn to take care of yourself.注：反身代词有时用作表语。如：The poor boy was myself.有时用于be,feel,seem,look等后作表语表示身体或精神处于正常状态，如：Im not quite myself these days.B）含反身代词的常见短语和习语。,dress oneself enioy oneselfby oneself for oneselfto oneself express oneself4)相互代词A）形式each other,one another.前者表示两者
19、间，后者表示三者或三者以上。B）只用作宾语，不用做主语或状语，如：We have known each other for many years.They live in good neighborhood with one another.C)相互代词的所有格形式为each others,one anothers.It was so dark that they couldt see each others faces.,5)指示代词,A）指示代词分单数（this,that)和复数（these，those)两种形式，在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语等，在具体使用时注意：用作主语和定语时，可指
20、人或物；用作宾语和表语时，只指物。如在This is my father.中this指人，作主语，但在Do you know this?中，this作宾语，且其代表的含义为一种情况，此句只能理解为“你知道这个情况吗?”而不能理解为“你认识这个人吗？”that和those可作定语从句的先行词，但this和these通常不能。另外，在作先行词时those可指人，但that不能。如：What is that which you have just put in your bag?Those who have not bought insurance are now regretting.,B）thi
21、s,that 用法区别,当要回指上文提到的内容时，this,that均可，但若要指下文叙述的事情，通常要用this。He was late again,and this(that）was what surprise me most.We all want to know this:Is it big enough？C)that和those可用于替代前面提到过的名词，以避免重复。如：The population of Japan is much larger than that of Canada.D)this,that除用作代词外，有时可用作副词，用以修饰其他形容词或副词，其意相当于so，表示
22、“这么”、“那么”。如：We cant get there this(that)early.Is he always this(that)busy?,6)疑问代词,A）主要用于构成特殊疑问句，其结构形式通常为“疑问代词+一般疑问句”。有的疑问代词指人，如who,whom,whose;有的疑问代词指人又指物，如which；在以上疑问代词中，who和whom只用作主语、宾语和表语，不用做定语；而what,which,whose则既可用作主语、宾语和表语，也可用作定语。如：What is it you want me to do?Which is your room?Whose fault is i
23、t?,B）what和which的用法区别,若选择的范围比较小或比较明确，则用which；若选择的范围比较大或不明确，则用 what，如：Which dictionaries do you like?What dictionaries do you like?你喜欢哪本字典？你喜欢什么样的字典？注：表示不明确范围的what后可接else,表示其他的人或物，但不接表明确范围的of短语；而表示明确范围的which后一般不接else。但通常可接表明确范围的of短语，如：What else do you need？Which of the books is the cheapest?,C)who,who
24、m的用法区别,Whom是who的宾格形式，用作动词或介词的宾语，但在口语中用作宾语的whom通常可用who代替，不过在介词后只能用whom。如：Who(m)are you waiting for?For whom are you waiting?7）连接代词A）连接代词的形式与用法疑问代词引导从句时为连接代词，连接代词主要引导主语从句，宾语从句和表语从句，同时连接代词在从句中用作主语、宾语、表语、定语等（但who和whom不能作名词前的定语。如：We dont know who will come.Tell me whose wallet this is.,B)含有-ever的连接代词,wha
25、tever,however,wherever,whenever等可用于引导主语从句、宾语从句、状语从句等。Ill take whichever books you dont want.I dont believe in letting children do whatever they like.Whoever you are,you cant enter this building.,8)不定代词,A）不定代词的形式主要包括由body,one,thing构成的复合不定代词(somebody,anybody,everybody,nobody,someone,anyone,everyone,no
26、 one,something,anything,everything,nothing)以及用作限定词的代词（all,another,any,both,each,either,few,little,many,much,neither,none,other,some,no,every).B）some和any的用法区别Some用于肯定句中，any用于否定句、疑问句和条件句中。但是，在表示请求、邀请、征求意见、反问的句子中，通常要用some而不用any。如：Why not buy some fruit?“lend me some money.”“Didnt your parents give you
27、some?”Any有时也用于肯定句中，表示任何（一个）。如：Any dictionary will do.,注：按英语的习惯，any总是放在否定词not之后而不是之前，即notany，所以类似以下否定句中不能改为any。如：,Some students havent read it.又当要否定整体中的部分时，用some不用any，如I dont know some of them.I dont know any of them.C)复合不定代词的用法修饰复合不定代词的定语应置于其后。如：I have nothing further to say.Did you notice anything
28、unusal?指人的复合不定代词作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数，而相应人称代词和物主代词却可用单数也可用复数，如：If anyone telephones,tell him(them)Im out.指事的复合不定代词用作主语时，谓语动词只能用单数相应的人称代词也只能用it，而不能用they。如：Everything is going well,isnt it?,anyone,everyone后通常不接of短语，但分开的any one，every one却可以接of短语，如：,Every one of us want to see the film.D)指两者和三者或三者以上的不定代词，both，
29、either，neither只能用于两者；all，any，none，every用于指代三者或三者以上；each可以用于两者，也可用于三者或三者以上。The old man is blind in both eyes.All the students are sitting in the claaroom.注：both，all修饰可数名词时，名词要用复数；either，neither，every只能修饰单数可数名词（不修饰复数名词）；any根据情况可修饰单数名词（可数或不可数）或复数名词。E）不定代词与否定用法：表示否定意义的不定代词，通常不再用于否定句。,按英语习惯，表示非肯定意义的any，a
30、nyone，anything，anybody，either等总是放在否定词not之后，而不能置于否定词之前。如：I dont know either of them.,不定代词all，both，every等表示总括意义的不定代词与not连用时构成的是部分的否定，即not all=并非所有，not both=并非两者，not every=并非每一个。若要表示完全否定则需要改用none，neither，no one等。F）many和much，两者都表示许多，many后接复数可数名词，much后接不可数名词。如：Many students hate to do too much homework o
31、n Sundays.G)none 与no one，none后可接of短语，既可指人也可指物，而no one后通常不接of短语，且只能指人；回答how many或how much的提问时，通常用，none，而在回答who的提问时，通常用no one或nobody；none作主语时，谓语动词单复数均可，而no one作主语时，谓语动词只能用单数，如：None of the telephones are(is)working.No one has the same bike to his.,H)every和each，every强调整体，each强调个体；every指三者或三者以上“每一个”，而eac
32、h指两者的每一个；every只能用作定语，不可单独使用，而each可用作定语也可单独使用；every可受almost，nearly等副词的修饰，但each不能；every后可接“数词（或few）+复数名词”表示反复、重复的意思，但each不能。如：,We each had a bedroom.She visits her parents every few days.Almost every student has seen the film.I)（a）few与（a）little：（a）few后可接可数名词（复数），（a）little后接不可数名词；带有不定冠词的（a）few和（a）littl
33、e表示肯定含义，不带不定冠词的few和little表示否定含义。如：Now I have little spare time.Can you give me a few minutes?,注意以下习语的特殊意思：,what little 仅有的一点 a little=a little bit少许，少量的not a little=very much 不少的，相当多的not a few=quite a few=a good few许多，相当多Theres a little bit of time left.It has given me not a little trouble.I spent w
34、hat little time I had with her.J)other,the other,another与others，指单数时，若泛指用another，若特指用the other；指复数时，若泛指用other（后接复数名词）或others（后不接名词),若特指用the other（后接复数名词）或the others（后不接名词），具体的说有可以有以下的理解：一定范围内的两个，一个用one，另一个用the other；一定范围的三者，一个用one，另一个用one或another，第三个用the other；一定范围内多者，一个用one，一些用some，其余的用the others；泛
35、指另一个用another，泛指的其他用others。如：,Have another drink!There are 3 books.One is Shen Jing,and another is Chun Qiu.the other is Yi Jing.,注意以下几个短语的特殊意思：every other 每隔一，其他的都none other than不是别的，正是no other than不是别的，正是one after another 一个接一个地，相继地other than 不同于，除了the other day早几天，几天前注：another一般只能表单数，后接名词也只能接单数形式。
36、但其后若有数词或few修饰时，则可接复数名词。如：Youd better stay at hospital for another few days.,习题,I invited Joe and Linda to dinner,but _of them came.A,neither B,either C,none D,bothPlaying tricks on others is _we should never do.A,anything B,somethingC,everything D,nothingDo you want tea or coffee?_,I really dont min
37、d.A,Both B,None C,Either D,Neither,-Susan,go and join your sister cleaning the yard.-Why _?John is sitting there doing nothing.A,him B,he C,I D,me-Why dont we take a little break?-Didnt we just have_?A,it B,that C,one D,hisThe mother didnt know _to blame for the broken glass.A,who B,when C,how D,wha
38、t,-Excuse me,I want have my bike repaired,but I cant find a repair shop.-I know _nearby.Come on,I ll show you.A,one B,it C,some D,that-Excuse me,but can you tell me which road I should take to the post office?-_of the three roads will do.A,Any B,Neither C,Both D,EveryHe comes to see his parents_.A,e
39、ach two days B,every two daysC,each of two days D,every of two days,I dont think he failed to come because of this.I think there was _reason.A,the other B,one another C,one other D,oneI have never heard a worse voice than hers.She is _but a good singer.A,something B,everything C,nothing D anythingAl
40、ice is one of the students who I am sure always do _best in most difficult situations.A,her B,his C,ones D,their,第四章 形容词和副词,形容词是修饰名词或代词，说明事物或人的性质或特征。在通常情况下也可作定语。副词主要用于修饰动词，也可用于修饰形容词、副词、介词短语以及句子等，有时甚至修饰名词。1）表语形容词和定语形容词A）表语形容词指只用于连系动词后作表语的形容词，不能用于名词前作定语的形容词。这类形容词主要包括某些以a-开头的形容词，如afraid，alike，alive，alo
41、ne，awake等。如：He was asleep.You are lucky to be alive.The twins look very much alike.其他的表语形容词有：fine,ill,poorly,well,glad,pleased,sorry,upset,content.certain,sure,fond,ready等,注：如语境需要，表语形容词可用于名词后作后置定语或宾语补足语，因为从某种意义上说，后置定语和宾语补足语在本质上相当于表语。如：,a girl afraid of dogs=a girl who is afraid of dogsB)定语形容词即只能用在名词
42、前作定语（或前置定语），而不是在名词后作定语，如main是定语形容词，可以说main things但不能说things main因为后置定语从本质上说相当于表语2）多个形容词修饰名词时的排列顺序描绘形容词大小（长短高低）-形状年龄（新旧）-颜色国籍材料用途（类别）-名词，如：This is a nice small round new brown Chinese oak(橡木）writing desk。,总体描述在前，具体描述在后；主观描述在前，客观描述在后。普遍性描述在前，特殊性描述在后；短词在前，长词在后；与所修饰的名词关系不紧密的在前，关系紧密的在后。,3)以-ly结尾的形容词在通常情况
43、下，形容词后加词尾-ly便构成副词，但friendly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively等后带ly，但它们却是形容词。如：误：He treated us friendly.正：He treated us in a friendly way.注：有些以ly结尾的词既为形容词，也为副词，如daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early等。如：We benefit from daily exercises.My father goes for a walk daily.,4)形容词与介词的常见搭配,A）be+形容词+aboutbe angry about 为
44、生气 be anxious about 为忧虑be careful about当心 be certain about 确信be curious about 对好奇 be disappointed 对失望be excited about 对感到兴奋 be glad about对感到高兴be happy about 对感到高兴 be hopeful about 对抱希望be mad about 对入迷 be nervous about 为感到不安be particular about 对特别讲究 be sad about 为而难过 be serious about 对认真be sure about
45、 对有把握 be worried about为担忧B）be+形容词+atbe bad at 不善于 be clever at 擅长于be quick/slow at 在某方面敏捷或迟钝 be skilful at 在方面熟练,C）be+形容词+for,be anxious for 渴望 be bad for 对有害be famous for 因闻名 be good for 对有益be grateful for 感谢 be ready for 为准备好be suitable for 对合适 be thankful for 因而感激D）be+形容词+frombe absent from 缺席，不在
46、 be far from离远be free from 没有，免受 be safe from没有的危险E）be+形容词+inbe concerned in 与有关 be disappointed in 对某人失望be esperienced in 有的经验 be laking in缺乏be successful in在方面成功 be weak in在方面较弱,F）be+形容词+of,be afraid of be ashamed of be aware ofbe fond of be full of be proud ofbe short of be shy of be sick ofbe ti
47、red of be worthy ofG)be+形容词+tobe close to be devoted to be equal tobe familiar to 为某人所熟悉 be harmful to be important tobe open to be polite to be similar tobe used to be useful to be opposite toH）be+形容词+withbe angry with be bored with be busy with be familiar with某人熟悉 be patient with对某人耐心,5）关于the+形容词
48、,有的形容词（包括某些由分词转化来的形容词）可在其前加上定冠词the表示一类人或事。如：the rich the poor the blind the sick the old the young这类用法往往具有复数意义。如:The rich are not always happier than the poor.但若表示抽象意义，则被视为单数。如：The beautiful is not always the same as the good。6）程度副词与频度副词A）程度副词的用法特点：用于表示程度，常见的程度副词有fairly，rather，quite，very，much，too，gr
49、eatful，highly，awfully，deeply，partly，perfectly，really等；程度副词主要用于修饰形容词和副词，有的还可以修饰比较级（如much，rather等）和最高级（如quite，much，almost等）。如：,Im quite certain of that。,He speaks very highly of you。注：quite有时可以修饰比较级，但只用于quite better这一表达。有的程度副词（如quite，rather，almost等）可修饰动词，但有的（如fairly，pretty，very等）则不能修饰动词。B)频度副词的用法特点：频度
50、副词表示动作发生的次数，常见的频度副词有ever，never，rarely，seldom，once，constantly，frequently，usually，always等。频度副词通常位于实意动词之前，动词be、助动词、情态动词之后（有时为了强调，频度副词也可位于其之前）。如：The children are seldom ill。Do you often watch television？Ive never been out so late before。,注:有的频度副词可位于句末（尤其受very，only修饰时）。如：,I go there alone very seldom。You
