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1、阅读理解第一讲 如何做好主旨大意题,阅读材料的特点：,如何做好中考中的阅读理解呢？,1、浏览全文，了解文章大意。注意每一段的第一句和最后一句2、带着问题细读全文，标示细节出处。3、遇到生词，灵活处理。4、检查答案，避免疏漏。,能在原文找到答案,3%-5%生词,词不离句,完成选择时，看其是否与文中内容相矛盾，有无文中信息支持点看它是否完全符合题目的要求如果让你判断其标题的话，要看文章表达的是人还是事，从而推断其标题内容所有的选项必须以文章为基础，不要随意发挥想像或联想,如何做好主旨大意题？,一、主旨大意题（做题要领）,1.干扰项 可能属文中某个具体事实或细节。,2.干扰项 可能属从文中某些(不完
2、全的)事实或细节片面推出的错误结论。,3.干扰项 可能属非文章事实的主观臆断。,(正确答案)是根据文章意思全面理解而归纳概括出来的；但不能太笼统、言过其实或以偏概全。,技巧解析：主旨大意题主要考查对文章主题或中心思想的领会和理解能力。寻找主题句往往是做好此类题的关键。因此，在做题时，要注意每段的主题句。抓住主题句，就不难确定文章的中心思想。,寻找主题句的方法：1.认真阅读文章的首尾段或每段的首尾句子。2.文章的主题作者往往有意识地反复论述。3.抓住反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词.,Example:,There are many different ways to travel to
3、Paris from London.One of the quickest and most popular ways isby train.From Waterloo Railway Station,you can travel allthe way to Paris.The journey takes about three hours.The train,called the Eurostar,is very modern,and the seats are comfortable.You can also travel to France by ship.Another way to
4、travel to Paris is by plane.80.The passage mainly tells us about_.A.different ways traveling from London to ParisB.international flights from London to ParisC.buses stopping at Ferry Terminal Seven in Dover,主题句出现在段首：在议论文和说明文中，一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头，其后的句子则是论证或说明细节。,Every 30 seconds there is an earthquake.Bu
5、t dont worrybecause most are so weak that they cannot be.felt.Only a few big ones hurt people.Many earthquakes happened in China,such as the big one in Sichuan last month.Thousands of people died in it.So its important to know what to do when one hits.Here are some tips on how to stay safe in aneart
6、hquake.If you are indoors during an earthquake,hide(躲藏)under a desk.Stay away from windows and anything that could fall on you.69.The best title of this passage is _.A.How dangerous the earthquake is B.How to be safe during an earthquake C.Dont be afraid of the earthquake,主题句也可能出现在段尾：作者先摆出事实依据，或者提出问
7、题，然后层层推进，提出解决方法，然后后文再进一步详述。本段的中心思想在结尾句得到体现，是全文的主题句，下文按照主题句进行展开,Weve talked about snails(蜗牛)and their slow move.But much of the time snails dont move at all.They are in their shells(壳)sleeping.Hot sun will dry out a snails body.So at the least sign of hot sun,a snail draws its body into his shell.A s
8、nail will die in a heavy rain.So when it rains,a snail does the same thing,too.A snail can sleep for as long as it needs to.It spends all the winter months in its shell,asleep.In the spring the snail wakes up.Its body,about three inches long,comes out from the shell.When hungry,the snail looks for f
9、ood.Its eyes,at the end of the top feelers(触角),are very weak.But its sense(感觉)of smell is very strong.It helps the snail to find food and the new greens.A snails mouth is no bigger than the point of a pin(大头针).Yet it has 256,000 teeth!The teeth are very small,and you cant see them.If you put a snail
10、 in a hard paper box,it will eat its way out!And if a snail wears out its teeth,it will grow new ones.,文章的主题也可能以高频词的形式出现。本文并没有出现明确的主题句，但细看之下会发现，文章中“snail”这个词出现的频率高达13次，是整篇文章中出现频率最高的词汇。snail既是文章说明的对象，又是文章的主题。,In spite of the fact that cars from Germany and Japan are flooding the American market,Ford,
11、General Motors and Chrysler are employing more workers than ever before.The flood of cheaper for-eign cars has not cast American autoworkers their jobs as some experts predicted.Ford operates as far as Asia,and General Motors is considered Australians biggest employer.Yet General Motors has its huge
12、 American work force and employs hundreds of people every day to meet the needs of an insatiable(不能满足的）society.,Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the paragraphA.GM is one of the largest car producers.B.Ford operates not only in the U.S.A.,but also in Asia.C.The foreig
13、n cars have not taken away the jobs of American autoworkers.D.The flood of the cheaper foreign cars is terrible for American autoworkers.,解题的方法技巧：,在一篇短文或一个段落中，主题句的情况有三种：,（山东滨州）,65.The passage is written to.A.show you how computer works B.introduce a French KitchenC.teach you how to cook French food
14、D.tell you the importance of language learning,主题句,主旨大意：本文主要是介绍“会说话的厨房”。这是一款法语数字厨房，该厨房可以在教使用者做饭的同时教授法语。选B,Many people believe that life has smiled to Yang Mi:at the age of 4,she got her first TV play role;at 16,she became a model for a fashion magazine;at 18,she went to her dream college Beijing Fil
15、m Academy.Last year,the 24-year-old actress played a bad girl Luo Qingchuan in the time-travelling TV play,Palace.The play became a big success and made Yang very famous.Could she be any luckier?Yang doesnt think luck had anything to do with her success.“Every chance is gained（获得）from the efforts Iv
16、e made,”said Yang.People now think shes very hard-working.She still remembers the time when people gave her the cold eyes.,80.【解析】主旨大意题 通读全文可知：杨幂的成功是通过努力的工作。is(very)hard-working/works(very)hard/makes efforts/has made efforts,主题句,（河南中考）,55.What does the passage tell us?,主题句,（篇尾）If you sleep on your s
17、ide,you have usually got a well-balanced（平衡的）personality.You know your strengths and weaknesses.Youre usually careful.You have a confident personality.You sometimes feel worried,but you dont often get unhappy.You always say what you think,even if it makes people angry.,主题句,主题句,（第三段）If you sleep on y
18、our stomach,you are a person who likes to keep secrets.You worry a lot and youre always easily becoming sad.You never want to change your ideas,but you are satisfied with your life the way it is.You usually live for today not for tomorrow.（第四段）If you sleep on curled up（蜷缩）,you are probably a very ne
19、rvous person.You have a low opinion of yourself and often protect yourself from being hurt,so you are very defensive.Youre shy and you dont usually like meeting people.You like to be on your own.,主题句,主题句,（河北卷）任务型阅读,79.找出并写下第三段的主题句：_,阅读理解如何做好推断题？,推理判断题解起来最有难度，因为这类试题对学生的要求更高，它不仅要求考生读懂文章，还要求考生要读透文章，并结合
20、自己的一些课外知识方能做出准确的判断。,推断题的特点：,推断题主要有以下几种类型：,一针对细节和事实的逻辑推理,1.简单的数字推理题2.细节推理题这类题目主要是推断文章出处、事发地点、人物关系等。3.事实推理题 推理=事实+逻辑,二针对上下文之间逻辑关系的推断,1.利用句子之间承接与转换关系推断。Now and again I have had horrible dreams,but not enough of them make me lose my delight in dreams.Most people do not seem to accept dreaming as part of
21、 their lives.They appear to see it as an annoying little habit,like sneezing(打喷嚏).I can never understand this.My dream life does not seem as important as my waking life because there is far less of it,but to me it is important.Q:What is the authors attitude toward dreaming?A.He likes itB.He thinks i
22、t puzzling.C.He used to like itD.He dislikes it,2.利用段落的衔接与过渡词推断。We have saved as a final set of emotions the two most important emotions(情感)towards other people:love and its opposite,hate.Love can be seen everywhere.Yet surprisingly,love has been the subject of less scientific research than other em
23、otions,such as anger and fear.The reason for this may be two fold.First,love is a very complex(复杂的)emotion,difficult to describe and measure.Secondly,unlike many extreme emotions,extreme love is generally not a problem;thus less medical attention has been paid to it.Q:In the previous passage,the aut
24、hor has probably been discussing _.A.the two most important human emotions-love and hateB.some emotions that are only produced by animalsC.some other sets of human emotions than of love and hateD.none of the above,3.抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理After a busy day of work and play,the body needs to rest.Sleep is nec
25、essary for good health.During this time,the body recovers from the activities of the day.The rest that you get while sleeping makes it possible for your body to prepare itself for the next day.Q:The text suggests that not getting enough sleep might make you _.A.suffer from poor healthB.feel tired an
26、d nervousC.dream more oftenD.breathe quickly,三针对作者观点和态度的推断,1.注意作者使用对比的写作手法Family researchers offer a variety of reasons for these evolving roles and attitudes.They see the 1960s as a turning point.Great cultural changes led to more open communication and a more democratic processthat encourages ever
27、yone to have a say.“My parents were on the before side of that change,buttodays parents,the 40-year-olds,were on theafter side,”explains Mr.Ballmer.“Its not something easily accomplished by parents these days,because life is more difficult to understand or deal with,but sharing interests does make i
28、t more fun to be a parent now.”Q:By saying“todays parents,the 40-year-olds,were on the after side.”the author means that todays parents A.follow the trend of the changeB.can set a limit to the changeC.fail to take the change seriouslyD.have little difficulty adjusting to the change,2.注意仔细琢磨作者表达情感及对某
29、事的态度的用词方式。肯定：certainly,no doubt,surely,不太肯定：possibly，maybe,it is said that情感色彩：great,terrific,wonderfully,sadly,shame,推理判断题的主要题型,(一)推断人物性格特征(二)、推测文段前后的内容(三)、推断文章出处和来源(四)、推断作者写作意图(五)、推断隐含意义或文章的观点或结论,(一）推断人物性格特征设题形式有:What do we know about somebody in the text?What kind of man somebody is?Somebody can
30、be said to be_.注意:把握字里行间的意思,尤其是人物的语言；注意表达情感、态度和观点的词语。,Passage 1：A well-known old man was being interviewed and was asked if it was correct that he had just celebrated his ninety-ninth birthday.Thats right,said the old man.Ninety-nine years old,and I havent an enemy in the world.Theyre all dead.”“Wel
31、l,sir,”said the interviewer,“I hope very much to have the honor of interviewing you on your hundredth birthday.”The old man looked at the young man closely,and said,“I cant see why you shouldnt.You look fit and healthy to me!”Q:What kind of man would you say the old man was?He was ill.B.He was very
32、proud and sure of his health.C.He was unconscious.D.He was very polite to young people.,Passage 1：A well-known old man was being interviewed and was asked if it was correct that he had just celebrated his ninety-ninth birthday.Thats right,said the old man.Ninety-nine years old,and I havent an enemy
33、in the world.Theyre all dead.”“Well,sir,”said the interviewer,“I hope very much to have the honor of interviewing you on your hundredth birthday.”The old man looked at the young man closely,and said,“I cant see why you shouldnt.You look fit and healthy to me!”Q:What kind of man would you say the old
34、 man was?He was ill.B.He was very proud and sure of his health.C.He was unconscious.D.He was very polite to young people.,B,（二）、推测文段前后的内容 提问方式 If you were to continue the passage,what would you write about?The next paragraph would most probably deal with _ The next part would most likely discuss _.注
35、意：做这类题时应把握作者的写作思路（如文章可能按事件发展的经过描写，也可能按因果关系、对比关系来叙述），从而做出比较科学的、合情合理的猜测。,Passage 2:We are in the computer ageWe often see computers at workThey are especially useful in automatic control，data processing（数据处理）and solving complicated problemsAnd they are finding their way into the homeThe part played by
36、 computers is becoming even more important with each passing dayMore and cleverer computers will continue to appearThey will run faster，have more functions and work much more skillfullyThey will take over more tasks from us，helping to change the face of our worldSome people even think that sooner or
37、 later computers will replace usHowever,Passage 2:We are in the computer ageWe often see computers at workThey are especially useful in automatic control，data processing（数据处理）and solving complicated problemsAnd they are finding their way into the homeThe part played by computers is becoming even mor
38、e important with each passing dayMore and cleverer computers will continue to appearThey will run faster，have more functions and work much more skillfullyThey will take over more tasks from us，helping to change the face of our worldSome people even think that sooner or later computers will replace u
39、sHowever,Q:Which of the following statements will best continue the third paragraph？A.Computers will soon stop developingB.Many people like computers very muchC.Computers are as clever as manD.I do not think computers will replace us completely,D,（三）、推断文章出处和来源设题形式有:The passage is most likely to be f
40、ound in_ The passage is most likely to be taken from_.Where would this passage most probably appear?The passage is most likely a part of _.,Passage 3:Do you always understand the directions on a bottle of medicine?Do you know what is meant by“Take only as directed?”Read the following directions and
41、see if you understand them.“To reduce pain,take two tablets(药片)with water,followed by one tablet every eight hours,as required.For night-time and early morning relief(缓解疼痛)take two tablets at bedtime.Do not take more than six tablets in twenty-four hours.For children six to twelve years old,give hal
42、f the amount(量).For children under six years old,ask your doctors advice.Reduce the amount if you suffer from restlessness or sleeplessness after taking the medicine.”Q:This text is most probably taken from a_.A.textbook B.newsreel(新闻片)C.doctors notebook D.bottle of medicine,Passage 3:Do you always
43、understand the directions on a bottle of medicine?Do you know what is meant by“Take only as directed?”Read the following directions and see if you understand them.“To reduce pain,take two tablets(药片)with water,followed by one tablet every eight hours,as required.For night-time and early morning reli
44、ef(缓解疼痛)take two tablets at bedtime.Do not take more than six tablets in twenty-four hours.For children six to twelve years old,give half the amount(量).For children under six years old,ask your doctors advice.Reduce the amount if you suffer from restlessness or sleeplessness after taking the medicin
45、e.”Q:This text is most probably taken from a_.A.textbook B.newsreel(新闻片)C.doctors notebook D.bottle of medicine,A,解题技巧 这类问题应从文章的内容或结构来判断其出处:A.报纸:前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称。B.广告:因其格式特殊,容易辨认。C.产品说明:器皿、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式,而药品的服用说明会告知服用时间、次数、药量等。D.网站：文中会出现click（点击），online（在线）,web（网络）,website（网址）等字眼。,四、推断作者写作意图 设题形
46、式:The purpose in writing this text is to _.What is the purpose of writing this article?The author writes this passage to_.The author mentionin this passage in order to _.,Passage 4：Give your children permission to succeed.Theyre waiting for you to believe in them.I always knew my parents loved me.Bu
47、t trust me:That belief will be more complete,that love will be more real,and their belief in themselves will be greater if you write the words on their hearts;“Dont worry;youll do something great.”Not having that blessing from their parents may be the only thing holding them back.Q:The main purpose
48、of the text is to _.A.describe childrens thinking B.answer some questions children have C.stress the importance of communication D.advise parents to encourage their children,Passage 4：Give your children permission to succeed.Theyre waiting for you to believe in them.I always knew my parents loved me
49、.But trust me:That belief will be more complete,that love will be more real,and their belief in themselves will be greater if you write the words on their hearts;“Dont worry;youll do something great.”Not having that blessing from their parents may be the only thing holding them back.Q:The main purpo
50、se of the text is to _.A.describe childrens thinking B.answer some questions children have C.stress the importance of communication D.advise parents to encourage their children,D,写作意图:to entertain readers（娱乐读者,常见于故事类的文章；)to persuade readers（说服读者接受某种观点如议论类；或劝说购买某种产品或服务,常见于广告类的文章）to inform readers（告知读
