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1、非,谓语动词,动名词gerund,不定式infinitive,分词participle,非谓语动词,1性质：它具有动词的特点，但在句子中起着名词、形容词、副词的作用，充当主语、表语、定语、宾语、宾语补足语、状语的作用，即：除谓语以外一切成分。,不定式相当于名词、形容词、副词。充当主语、宾语、定语、表语、宾语补足语、状语。动名词相当于名词充当主语、表语、定语、宾语。分词相当于形容词、副词。作表语、定语、宾语补足语、状语等成分。,2形式,3语态：必须搞清逻辑主语与非谓语动词的关系，从而来确定非谓语动词态的语态。,V-ing 形式中要注意：,V-ing 形式,V-ing 形式 既可表示动名词也可表示
2、现在分词,必背动词-ing形式作主语的几个常用句型。Its no good talking to him.和他谈话是没有用的。It is useless telephoning him.He is not willing to come.给他打电话没用。他不愿意来。Its worth making an effort.努力一下是值得的。There is no saying when it will stop raining.无法断定这场雨什么时候会停。There is no use telephoning him.He is not willing to come.,动词-ing形式既可作及物
3、动词的宾语，也可作介词的宾语。只能用-ing形式作宾语的动词Fancy meeting you here!想不到在这儿见到你了！I suggest doing it in a different way.我建议用另一种方法做这件事。,只能接动词-ing形式作宾语的动词：建议冒险去献身，忍受期待不停顿；放弃延期悔失去，坚持欣赏实践成；注意原谅避反对，考虑要求不自禁；允许习惯不介意，价值开始想动名。,必背只接动词-ing形式而不接不定式作宾语的动词有：admit 承认 appreciate 感激/欣赏 avoid 避免put off 推迟 keep 保持 consider 考虑delay 耽搁 d
4、islike 嫌恶 resist 抵制mention 提及 enjoy 喜欢 escape 避免excuse 原谅 practice 练习 mind 介意fancy想不到 feel like 意欲 finish 完成risk 冒险 include 包括 forgive 原谅give up 放弃 suggest 建议 miss 逃过 imagine 设想 cannot help 情不自禁,need,require,want作“需要”解时，后面接动词-ing形式的主动形式或不定式的被动形式，意义上并无差别，但用动词-ing形式比较普通。Your composition needs correcti
5、ng/to be corrected.你的作文需要修改。His coat wants cleaning/to be cleaned.他的外套需要洗了。The old woman requires looking after carefully/to be looked after carefully.这个老大娘需要细心地照料。2 作介词宾语动词-ing形式作介词宾语大都和一些固定搭配有关。,单独ing形式作定语在被修饰词前a barking dog狂吠的狗 a disappointing play令人失望的戏剧an astonishing adventure惊人的冒险a sleeping ba
6、by 熟睡的婴儿 boiling water正在沸腾的水failing sight 逐渐衰退的视力 the setting sun落日the coming week下一周,作定语的动词-ing形式如是一个短语，则应放在被修饰词的后面。The bottle containing vinegar should be sent to the laboratory.装着醋的那个瓶子应送到实验室去They lived in a house facing south.他们住在一所朝南的房子里。,动词-ing形式可以作状语，修饰动词，在句中表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况等。1 表示时间
7、，相当于一个时间状语从句。After we have made full preparations,we are ready for the examination.我们已经作好了充分准备，现在可以应考了。2 表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。Since he was ill,he didnt go to school yesterday.由于生病，他昨天没有上学。,Having made full preparations,Being ill,3 表示结果，相当于一个并列谓语。His father died,and left him a lot of money.他父亲死了，留给他许多钱.4
8、 表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。If you work hard at your lessons,you will succeed.如果你努力学习，就一定能成功。5 表示让步，相当于一个让步状语从句。Although they knew all this,they made me pay for the damage.尽管知道了一切情况，他们还是要我赔偿损失。,Working hard at your lessons,Knowing all this,leaving him a lot of money.,6 表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明，相当于一个并列结构。He lay on the
9、 grass,staring at the sky for a long time.=.and stared at the sky for a long time 他躺在草地上，长时间地望着天空。,现在分词短语作结果状语，这类分词短语常放在句子的后面,v-ing 表示顺其自然，to do 表示突然，出乎意料,His parents died,leaving him an orphan.,He rushed to the post office only to find it was closed,动 词-ing 形 式 的 逻 辑 主 语,动词-ing形式作主语时，其逻辑主语对于谈话双方是不言
10、而喻的。Reading aloud is very helpful.朗读是很有好处的。(Reading aloud的逻辑主语是泛指任何人，因而无需表达出来)点津坊如果作主语的动词-ing形式需要自己的逻辑主语时，一般用物主代词或名词所有格(即名词后加s)His fathers falling ill worried him greatly.他父亲生病使他很着急。(his father是falling ill的逻辑主语),动词-ing形式作宾语时，其逻辑主语常是句子中的主语。如要明确动作的执行者，也可以在-ing形式前加上名词或代词表示逻辑主语。比较 He insisted on doing i
11、t himself.他坚持要自己做。(doing it的逻辑主语是句子的主语“他”)He insisted on my doing it.他坚持要我做。(doing it的逻辑主语是“我”)Would you mind opening the window?请你把窗子打开好吗？(opening the window的逻辑主语是“你”)Would you mind my opening the window?你介意我把窗子打开吗？(opening the window的逻辑主语是“我”),1 动词-ing形式作状语，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致。Entering the classroo
12、m,I found nobody in it.,2 如不能和句子中的主语保持一致，该动词-ing形式必须有自己的逻辑主语，通常由名词或代词来担任。The last bus having gone,we had to walk home.Weather permitting,the football match will be played on Friday.,V-ed form过去分词,动词ed形式也是非谓语动词的一种；动词ed形式表示已完成的动作，有的同时也带有被动的意义。,Born and brought up in the countryside,he was interested i
13、n biology.由于在农村出生并长大，他对生物很感兴趣。One of the glasses was found broken.有人发现其中一个杯子破了。,V-ing 与 V-ed 比较：amusing 使人高兴的 amused 开心的encouraging 鼓舞人心的 encouraged 受鼓励的disappointing 令人失望的 disappointed 失望的exciting 使人激动的 excited 激动的puzzling 迷惑人的 puzzled 迷惑的satisfying 令人满意的 satisfied 感到满意的worrying 令人烦恼的 worried 烦恼的ti
14、ring 引起疲劳的 tired 疲劳的pleasing 令人愉快的 pleased 高兴的astonishing 令人惊讶的 astonished 惊讶的,动词ed形式作定语和ing形式作定语的区别动词-ed形式作定语表示动作已完成，而动词-ing形式作定语表示动词正在进行。the risen sun升起了的太阳 the rising sun正在升起的太阳boiled water开水 boiling water正沸腾的水fallen leaves落叶 falling leaves正在飘落的叶子changed condition改变了的情况changing condition变化着的情况dev
15、eloped countries发达国家developing countries发展中国家,动词-ed形式作状语和动词-ing形式作状语一样，也可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。1 表示时间动词-ed形式作状语表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。Seen from the tower,the city looks beautiful.从塔上往下看，城市显得很美丽。(=When the city is seen from the tower.)Shown the lab,we were taken to see the library.带我们参观了实验室之后，又带我们参观了图书馆。
16、(=After we had been shown the lab.),2 表示原因动词-ed形式作状语表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。Moved by the heroic deeds,the children couldnt help crying.孩子们被英雄事迹感动，情不自禁地哭了起来。(=Since they were moved by the heroic deeds.)Written in haste,her letter is very hard to read.因为写得快，她的信很难阅读。(=As it was written in haste.),3.表示行为方式、伴随情
17、况或补充说明动词-ed形式作状语表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明时，通常位于句子的后面，相当于一个并列分句。The teacher stood there,surrounded by the students.老师站在那儿，被学生围住了。(=and he was surrounded by the students)He went into the office,followed by some children.他走进办公室，后面跟着一些孩子。(=and he was followed by some children),不定式infinitives to+V,在“It is+形容词+of
18、sb+不定式”结构中，形容词往往表示人物的性格和特征，如kind,silly,good,unwise,clever,wrong,right,foolish,stupid,careless,rude,impolite,bold,thoughtful,honest,bad,sensible,naughty等。在“It is+形容词+for sb+不定式”结构中，形容词通常表示事物的性质，如important,possible,impossible,necessary,difficult,hard,reasonable等。,不定式 infinitives to+V,比较It is good/kind
19、 of you to help me with my English.你真好，帮助我学英语。(强调you的特征=You are good/kind to help me.)It is good for you to give up smoking.戒烟对你有好处。(强调的是give up smoking这一行为=For you to give up smoking is good.),1.不定式作宾语：有些及物动词常用不定式作宾语。常见的动词有：want,demand,like,hate,hope,begin,seem,fail,help,offer,manage,pretend,forget
20、,remember,promise,prepare,prefer,learn,expect,agree,determine,intend,etc.,比较一般说来，动词-ing形式表示一般性、习惯性的动作，或抽象性的动作，时间概念不强。而动词不定式表示的动作往往是具体的或一次性的动作，特别是将来的动作。Smoking is forbidden here.这里禁止吸烟。(泛指)Its not good for you to smoke so much.吸这么多烟对你的身体不好。(具体)They prefer staying indoors when the weather is cold.天冷时他
21、们喜欢呆在室内。(泛指)Would you prefer to stay at home this evening?今晚你想待在家里吗？(具体)I like singing,but I dont like to sing this night.,不定式作定语通常放在其修饰的名词或代词之后，表示将来含义或含有目的含义。The next train to arrive was from New York.下一列到站的火车是从纽约开来的。On Sundays,he always has a lot of letters to write.星期天，他总是有许多信要写。He can find no on
22、e to make friends with.他找不到可交朋友的人。,She has a child to take care of.她有一个孩子要照看。There is nothing to worry about.没什么可担心的。He has no friend to depend on.他没有可依靠的朋友。,不定式作状语可以表示行为的目的、结果、原因、条件等。1）表示目的Im saving up to buy a computer.我在存钱买电脑。点津坊有时为了强调或突出这种目的，也可以用in order(not)to do,和so as(not)to do结构(so as to do不
23、可以置于句首)。He shouted and waved in order to be noticed.为了引起注意，他又嚷嚷又挥手。,2）表示结果He got to the station only to find the train had gone.他赶到车站，发现火车已经开走了。必背：不定式表示结果常见于下列句型1)enough to doHe didnt run fast enough to catch the train.他跑得不够快，没赶上火车。2)only to doHe lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet.他搬起石头砸自
24、己的脚。3)too.to doHis eyesight is too poor to read such small letters.他的视力太差了，看不清这么小的字。,“be+不定式”结构可以表示将来发生的动作，常有以下两种情况：1表示命令和指示The room is to be locked.这房间要上锁。2 表示计划或安排（相当于 be going to do-)We are to begin the work next month.我们下月开始这项工作。,用主动式表示被动含义的不定式,当不定式做后置定语，与被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，但又与该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时。D
25、o you have anything to say on this question?针对这个问题，你有什么要说的吗？,必背常见的带不定式的短语：be supposed to do 应该做某事be determined to do 决心要做某事fail to do 未能做某事go all out to do 全力以赴做某事make up ones mind to do 决定做某事prepare oneself to do 有思想准备做某事take the trouble to do 不辞辛苦地做某事,必背常见的带介词to的短语：be used to 习惯 be related to 与有关g
26、et down to 着手做put ones mind to全神贯注于be equal to 胜任 devote oneself to 献身于lead to 导致 be opposed to 反对look forward to 盼望 object to 反对stick to 坚持 pay attention to 注意,More about infinitives,不定式作为一种非谓语动词形式，在句中可以充当多种句子成分。它不仅有一般式、进行式和完成式，而且有主动态和被动态。不定式在作宾语补语，如果同see,hear,watch等感觉意义动词以及have,make,let 等“致使”意义的动词
27、搭配时，不定式前的to可以省略。某些动词既能用不定式作宾语也能用动名词做宾语。如stop,remember,forget,regret,mean 等。,不定式被动态作宾语,He asked _ since he had been chairman for seven years.A)not to have been re-elected B)to be not re-elected C)not to be re-elected D)to have not been re-electedC,不定式被动完成态作主语补语,A Dream of Red Chamber is said _ into d
28、ozens of languages in the last decade.A)To have been translated B)to translate C)to be translated D)to have translatedA,不定式被动完成态做主语补语,Mrs.Brown is supposed _ for Italy last week.A)to have left B)to be leaving C)to leave D)to have left,不定式被动式作表语,Mr.Dennis,who is 78,has made it known that much of his
29、collection _ to the nation.A)has left B)is to leave C)leaves D)is to be leftD,不定式被动式作定语,There are more than fifty proposals _ at the conference.A)discussed B)discussing C)to be discussed D)having been discussed C,不带to的不定式作原因宾语补语,The minister had his secretary _ a press conference.A)arranging B)to ar
30、range C)arrange D)arrangedI have heard both teachers and students _ well of him.A)to speak B)spoken C)to have spoken D)speak C D,既能用不定式作宾语也能用动名词做宾语的动词,1.We regret _ that the materials you ordered are out of stock.A)informing B)to inform C)having informed D)have informed(regret+to do后悔将干某事;regret+doi
31、ng 后悔曾干过某事)B2.There is a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means _ trouble.A)making B)to make C)to have made D)having made(mean to do 有意要干某事;mean doing 意思是干某事)B,3.If I had remembered _the window,the thief would not have got in.A)to close B)closing C)to have closed D)having closed(remember to do记得将干某事;remember doing记得曾干过某事)A,
