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1、第六章 讨论与结论,科技论文设计与写作,Contents,Continue with Discussion,“讨论”的重点在于对研究结果的解释和推断,并说明作者的结果是否支持或反对某种观点、是否提出了新的问题或观点等；撰写讨论时要避免含蓄,尽量做到直接、明确,以便审稿人和读者了解论文为什么值得引起重视（Place your results in a wider context）,讨论：基本内容,对结果提出说明、解释或猜测;根据这些结果,能得出何种结论或推论？指出研究的局限性以及这些局限对研究结果的影响;并建议进一步的研究题目或方向;指出结果的理论意义(支持或反驳相关领域中现有的理论、对现有理论
2、的修正)和实际应用,讨论：注意事项,对结果的解释要重点突出,简洁、清楚：着重讨论本研究的重要发现，以及由此得出的结论，不要过细地重复引言或结果中的数据或资料；推论要符合逻辑,避免实验数据不足以支持的观点和结论；对结果的科学意义和实际应用的表达要实事求是,适当留有余地；讨论的最后最好是论文的最重要的结论(take-home-message),Problem/Solution PatternCause/Effect or Effect/Cause PatternComparison and Contrast Pattern,Results&Discussion：A Few Patterns,Pro
3、blem/Solution Pattern,Problem:Statement of problem or question at issueCriteria:Statement of criteria for satisfactory solution(could be combined with explanation of the problem）Solution:Statement of solution or answerDetail of Implement:Explanation of the solution,point-by-point in a descending ord
4、er of importance or in order of the necessary steps to be taken to implement the solutionLimitations:Explanation of limitations of the solutionAlternatives:Explanation of alternative solutions considered and rejected(includes reasons for rejection),Cause/Effect or Effect/Cause Pattern,Issue:Statemen
5、t of the issue,cause?or effect?and statement of conclusionCauses(Effects):Support for the conclusion,I.e.analysis of causes or effects,arranged in descending order of probability of importance Alternative cause(effect):Anticipation and refutation of alternative possibilitiesSummary:Restatement of th
6、e conclusion,Comparison and Contrast Pattern,Conclusion:Statement of the conclusion and a forecast of points of comparison and contrastSupport:Comparison or Contrast,present a point-by-point comparison or contrast in descending order of importanceEmphasizing similarities:present a point-by-point com
7、parison of similarity in descending order of importance,then the points of contrast or differenceEmphasizing difference:present a point-by-point contrast of difference in descending order of importance,then the points of comparison or similaritySummary:Restatement of the conclusion,perhaps with a sy
8、nopsis of positive support,Conclusion-结 论,“结论”中的基本内容:作者本人研究的主要认识或论点（包括最重要的结果、结果的重要内涵、对结果的认识等）;总结性地阐述本研究结果可能的应用前景、研究的局限性及需要进一步深入的研究方向;结论中不应涉及前文不曾指出的新事实,也不能在结论中简单地重复摘要、引言、结果或讨论等章节中的句子,例1：Our analysis indicates that we can reduce the L.A.heat island by as much as 3.Cooler roof and paving surfaces and 1
9、1M more shade trees should reduce ozone exceedance by 12%in Los angles and by slightly less in other smoggy cities.（主要结果及结论）The combined direct and indirect effect of the cool communities strategies can potentially reduce air-conditioning use in a Los Angeles home by half and save about 10%of A/C us
10、e of a one-story office building.The total direct and indirect annual savings in the L.A.basin,including that attributable to smog reduction,is estimated at US 0.5B per year.The corresponding national A/C saving is about 10%.(潜在的效益),结论的组织形式,例9-2（一览表形式）,Based on the analytical and experimental invest
11、igations presented in this paper,the following conclusions may be made:1.The radially rotating miniature high-temperature heat pipe has a simple structure,low manufacturing cost,very high effective thermal conductance and large heat transfer capability.2.The non-condensable gases in the heat pipe ha
12、ve an adverse effect on the heat pipe performance.It results in.3.Eqs.(33)and(34)predict reasonably well the temperature distributions along the heat pipe length and are a useful analytical tool for heat pipe design and performance analysis.,时态,概述研究活动 结论部分的第一个句子或前几个句子常常是对研究目的或主要研究活动的概述（不少作者不写概述而直接叙述
13、主要结论）。文章使用“论文导向”时，研究活动的概述常用现在完成时。This paper has conducted the search for a practical magnetocaloric cooling configuration for the large near-room temperature refrigeration and air conditioning market.,当文章使用“研究导向”时，则常使用一般过去时。Overall energy balances for the various compressor elements were established
14、 to model the heat transfer between each of the compressor elements.(compressor：压缩机),叙述主要结论,在结论中需要写出其中一些重要的研究结果时，通常用一般过去时。The effect of the structure on the free surface at the leading edge increased the total wave height by 6%.(leading edge:机翼前缘；wave height：波高),在叙述自己研究工作的主要结论时，通常可使用现在时以及推测动词（如appea
15、rs,seems等）或情态动词（如may、could等）。The lateral bucking capacity of beams with transverse loads are affected by the location of applied load as well as the fiber orientation.(lateral：横(向)的；bucking：补偿的；transverse load：横向负载；fiber orientation：纤维定向作用),指出研究方向或应用,指出研究方向或下一步研究的题目，以及研究结果的应用或效益时，使用一般现在时态及情态动词（如may、
16、should等）。The weakly reflecting case particularly merits further study.The combined direct and indirect effect of the cool communities strategies can potentially reduce air-conditioning use in a Los Angeles home by half and save about 10%of A/C use of a one-story office building.,注意事项,在结论中，作者应该以十分清楚、
17、简洁的方式叙述自己研究中所获得的主要成果或发现。不要提到前文未涉及的新事实，也不要重复前文中关于研究动机与实验程序的详细描述。结论与摘要的功能不同。结论部分的功能在于叙述研究工作最重要的结果、结果的内涵、结果的说明等结论，而不是概述论文的所有内容。摘要则是对整个论文的内容的概述，包括研究工作的目的、方法、主要结果及结论等信息。不要重复论文正文中其他部分的句子。,结论部分还常常描述作者的研究工作可能产生的应用或效益，或者指出进一步深入的研究方向或具体的研究题目，要避免夸大。参照拟投期刊已刊登的研究论文，以确定研究论文是否包含独立的结论部分。结论可以用“conclusion”，“conclusio
18、ns”“concluding remarks”或“conclusions and future work”表示。,Conclusion,结论共计四句话，结构和内容两种功能同时完成。,In summary,use of a new DFT-validated interatomic potential in long-time MD studies reveals a rich set of intrinsic structural transitions of the key dislocations in Mg that explain long-standing experimental
19、puzzles and are responsible for low ductility in Mg.(用一种方法揭示微观世界某种行为，从而解释了宏观性能的一个疑团。概括了整篇论文。注意这个总结和摘要第2句的总括不同!),The easy-glide pyramidal II undergoes thermally activated,stress dependent transitions into various lower-energy products lying on basal planes.(重述微观行为。奉上一个take home message，是文章结束时最明智的选择。)
20、,The dislocation structures are in good agreement with experimental observations,the differences between experiments are explained,the temperature range where the transition is operative agrees with experiments,and the product dislocations are immobile and so cause high strain hardening by serving a
21、s obstacles for all other dislocations,leading to low ductility.(用别人的实验数据证实本研究的模拟结果。相对于摘要增加了新的内容。摘要里有无石破天惊是关键；已经有了，就要考虑这个新发现的质量有无保证。典型的科学式处理。),This new overall understanding opens opportunities for design of Mg-based alloys based on the mechanistic concept of energetically stabilizing the easy-glide dislocations on pyramidal II planes.（这些新的理解为设计镁合金掀开了新的篇章。再次给自己的工作做一评价。酒香，要喊出来。）,Thank You!,
