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1、词语的翻译,一、认真辨析词义,多义词歧异词同义词反义词,多义词,1.我们找个安静点的地方好好聊聊。Lets find a quiet place where we can have a good talk.Lets find somewhere quiet so we can have a good talk.2.箱子里已经没有地方了。There is no more space in the chest.There is no room left in the chest.3.你希望留在部队还是到地方上去？Do you wish to stay in the army or to trans
2、fer to a civilian unit?Would you like to stay in the army or leave for a non-military unit?,4.我国的一项基本国策是发展乡镇企业。Its part and parcel of our national policy to develop enterprises in villages and towns.It is an integral part of our national policy to promote the growth of township and village enterpris
3、es.5.我们要根据形势的发展来调整政策。We must make adjustment in our policy in response to changes in the situation.We have to adjust our policy to the changing situation.,6.请大家积极参与单位的体制改革。Everyone is called on to take an active part in the systematic reform of ones work unit.You are all encouraged to play an active
4、 role in the systematic reform of our unit.7.他总是以积极态度处理各种问题。He takes a positive attitude in dealing with all kinds of problems.He approaches various problems with a positive frame of mind.,8.请别客气.Please dont stand on ceremony.Please dont be so polite.Please make yourself at home.Please dont bother.P
5、lease,we dont want to put you to trouble.9.他客气而冷淡地接待了我们.He received us politely but coolly.He received us with civility(礼貌)but no warmth.He received us with cool politeness.He received us with polite indifference.,10.对他这种人就是不能客气.You cannot afford to go soft on a man like him.You must not be too soft
6、 when dealing with someone like him.You must be tough with people like him.Dont give in easily when dealing with someone like him.11.他说自己才疏学浅,这只不过是中国人的客气罢了.He says that he is a man of little learning and talent.That is merely self-depreciation,considered as politeness by the Chinese.When he says he
7、has little learning or talent,he is only being modest in accordance with the Chinese rules of politeness.By describing himself as lacking in talent and learning,he is only being modest like a typical Chinese.He describes himself as incompetent and unlearned.That is merely typical Chinese modesty.,Mo
8、re example说来话长。It is a long story.他的名字我一时说不上来。I cant recall his name at the moment.你连续三天没交作业，这可说不过去。You havent handed in your exercises for 3 days in a row.This is inexcusable.,那件大衣的面子很漂亮。The outer part of the coat is very beautiful.如果怕丢面子，就说不好英语。If one is afraid of losing his dignity(face),he cant
9、expect to speak English well.不是我不买你的面子，实在是这事儿不好办。Id be happy to defer your wishes,but theres really nothing I can do about it.,那是万万不行的。Thats absolutely out of the question.我万万没有想到。This idea never occurred to me.,蕴涵意义的理解和表达（P72-P75,4.2-4.4),蕴涵意义：词语内含的情感和联想意义，是词语的隐含意义,主要体现在词语修辞色彩、文体特征、文化内涵等方面。翻译时，译者应在
10、不影响指称意义传达的前提下尽可能在译文中反映出原文的独特的文化信息和审美价值。从贴切表达词语蕴含意义的角度比较以下几组译文,买大包装的吧，便宜多了。A.Buy the economy size.Its a lot cheaper.B.Buy the large size.Its a lot cheaper.世事洞明皆学问，人情练达即文章。A.The worlds affairs,well understood,are all scholarship.Human relationships,maturely experienced,are already literature.B.True le
11、arning implies a clear insight into human activities.Genuine culture involves the skillful manipulation of human relationship.,(),(),同义词的区分,General/Specific Degree(Deep/Shallow)Coverage(wide/narrow)Abstract/Concrete,同义词,农业是国民经济的基础.（广义）这些年来,我国的农业林业畜牧业和渔业都得到了相应的发展.（侠义）我们要破除迷信,解放思想.当前我们应努力克服个人主义和享乐主义各种
12、错误思想.他那八十高龄的母亲已于上月去世.（褒义）臭名昭著的麦卡锡终于一命呜呼哀哉!（贬义）,二、认真选词用词,1.词汇的感情色彩注意词义的广狭注意词义的轻重注意词义的褒贬注意词义的强弱2.词汇的文体色彩 intimate casualconsultativeformal Frozen3.词语的搭配,美丽,美丽、好看、漂亮、中看、受看、入眼、顺眼、英俊、俊俏、俊美、绝色、冰肌玉骨、面如冠玉、花容月貌、国色天香、秀色可餐、倾国倾城等。,死亡,亡、卒、陨、崩、亡故、过世、仙逝、归西、牺牲、献身、永别、没了、完蛋、毙命、送命、暴卒、阵亡、夭折、早逝、升天、坐化、羽化、圆寂、回老家、玩儿完、粉身碎骨、
13、溘然长逝、寿终正寝、呜呼哀哉、驾鹤西游、百年之后、三长两短、以身许国、马革裹尸、玉殒香,先交代我自己吧。我是个算命先生。我也卖过酸枣、落花生什么的，那可是先前的事了。现在我在街上摆挂摊，好了呢，一天也抓弄个三毛五毛的。老伴儿早死了，儿子拉洋车。我们爷儿俩住着柳家大院的一间北房。First,a few words about myself.Im a fortune-teller.Once I was a vender of sour dates,ground-nuts and what not.But that was ages ago.Now I keep a fortune-tellers
14、stall on the side-walk and can scrape up three or five dimes a day at best.My old gal had long kicked up her heels.My sons a rickshaw-boy.Thats who he is.We two,father and son,hang our hats at a south-facing room in the lius compound.,词类转译,汉语动词的转译汉语名词的转译汉语形容词或副词的转译,汉语动词转译为英语名词,交易增加，要求流通的货币量也增加。An in
15、crease in business requires an increase in the amount of money coming into general circulation.我们特别强调搞好售后服务。We lay special stress on the importance of offering good follow-up service.,汉语动词转译为英语形容词,我们切不可满足于仅仅有的一点点书本知识。We should never be content with a little book knowledge.他热爱科学研究，但对提升职称不感兴趣。He is ke
16、en on scientific research but indifferent to promotion.大多数子女都要独立，不愿依靠他们的父母。Most children want to be independent of their parents.,汉语动词转译为英语介词或介词短语(P100),我们不应只追求名誉地位。We should not be after only fame and position.她漂亮得无法形容。Her beauty is beyond description.,汉语名词的转译,汉语名词转译为英语动词 他的画的特点是笔力沉着，颜色鲜明。His paint
17、ings are characterized by steady strokes and bright colors.他的呼吸有大蒜味道。His breath smells of garlic.,汉语名词转译为英语形容词或副词,我们应该尊老爱幼。We should respect the old and love the young.领导干部要讲政治。Cadres should be politically minded.,词语省译,省译表范畴的词语 省译重复词语省译没有实际意义的词语调整句法结构，省译某些词语 从文化角度省译词语,省译重复词语,搞好重点商品、重点市场、重点地区大案要案的清查。
18、We should investigate key commodities,markets and areas to clear up major cases.*同义词重复时，往往省译同义词贪官污吏-corrupt officials医德医风-medical ethics他在情况危急时，态度从容，镇定自若。He showed himself calm in an emergency situation.,省译没有实际意义的词语,狠抓管理，安全生产。Improving management and ensuring safe production.艰苦奋斗的精神要贯彻始终。We must adh
19、ere to the principle of plain living and hard struggle.,词语的虚实转换,实述虚化*意义聚合体词语的实述虚化*形象词语的实述虚化虚述实化*普通词语形象化*删译溢美词语*模糊词语的虚述实化,形象词语的实述虚化,半夜听到狼嚎，他感到毛骨悚然。He was horror-stricken when he heard the cries of the wolves in midnight.他只会知道马走日，象走田。He only knows the basic moves of the Chinese chess.八字还没一撇呢。There is
20、not the slightest sign of anything happening.,模糊词语的虚述实化,还有秋雨，北方的秋雨，也似乎比南方下得奇，下得有味，下得像样。As for autumn rains in the North,they also seem to differ from those in the South,being more appealing,more temperate.,文化词语的翻译,直译此事易如反掌。It is as easy as turning over ones hand.意译 后来出嫁了，她和那穷木匠还藕断丝连。After she was ma
21、rried,she still keep it up with that carpenter.,汉语词后缀“化”的翻译,名词+后缀加强教育的信息化、网络化建设。Informationization and networking of teaching are promoted.译成相应的英语形容词我国的国防建设不断加强，军队革命化、现代化、正规化建设不断推进。Steady progress has been made in the drive to build a revolutionary,modern and regular army.,使用英语的比较级保证决策的科学化，民主化To sur
22、e that decision-making is more scientific and democratic意译高校后勤社会化改革取得重要进展。Important progress was made in outsourcing college services to independent service providers.,三、习语汉译英,习语的范围,成语:“人们长期以来习用的、形式简洁而意思精辟的、定性的词组或短句。汉语成语大多由四个字组成。”（陈文伯）set phrases;idioms2.惯用语：idioms3.俗语:“通俗流行之语”或“约定俗成广泛通行之语”sayings4.
23、谚语:“在群众中间流传的固定语句,用简单通俗的话反映出深刻的道理。”proverbs歇后语：由前后两部分构成，前一部分多为比喻，后一部分说明喻义。two-part allegorical sayings格言警句:maxim,习语的特点,习语集中反映一个民族或文化的特色习语是各种修辞手段的集中表现习语是语言中独立的、不规则的、固定的成分。第一、二两点对译者的要求是什么？第三点对译者的要求是什么？,第一、二两点要求译者尽量保持原文的民族形式和风格，因此直译（不是死译和硬译）往往是必要的。第三点要求译者不要把习语当作普通语句来处理，须避免字字对译。,习语翻译的指导思想,“直译基础上的意译”陆殿扬：“
24、Translate literally,if possible,or,appeal to free translation.”(如果可能，就直译；否则就意译）奈达：功能对等（Functional Equivalence:not only the equivalent content of message,but,in so far as possible,an equivalence of the form);,改变形式的五个条件,直译会导致意义上的错误时；引入外来语形成语义空白（Semantic Zero），读者有可能自己填入错误的意义时；形式对等引起严重的意义晦涩时；形式对等引起作者原意所
25、没有的歧义时；形式对等违反译入语的语法或文体规范时。,习语汉译英的原则,形象性原则简练性原则不可滥用字面意义直译法尽量少用意译法和直译加注法,习语翻译的基本方法,1.直译法：在不违背译文语言规范以及不引起译文读者错误理解的情况下，在译文中保留原文成语的形象、修辞手段和民族特色2.同义习语借用法:有些习语在内容形式和色彩上都符合,可借用3.意译法:无法直译,也无法借用时,则意译4.直译兼意译:部分直译,部分意译,直意参半法5.省略法:四字重叠词组因追求音韵美,前后两部分意义相同或相近时,只需译出一部分或只译其意义,可以不考虑重叠的部分。6.增添法：为了更清楚地表达原意，有时要结合上下文，在译文中
26、增添一些说明。7.还原法：有些习语源于外语，翻译时可使之还原。8.直译加注法：有些习语包含历史典故，含有中国文化色彩，如果不作一番解释，英语读者将很难理解其确切含义。9.粗俗语回避法：对于粗俗语，通常采用回避的方法，即借用英语同义习语或意译等方法来处理。,直译法:保留原习语形象(异化)纸老虎 paper tiger丢脸 lose face和风细雨 as mild as a drizzle and as gentle as a breeze槁木死灰 withered wood or cold ashes跑了和尚跑不了庙 The monk may run away,but the temple c
27、ant run away.竹篮打水一场空 drawing water in a bamboo basket,剖腹藏珠cut open your stomach to hide a pearl外强中干Outwardly strong but inwardly weak礼尚往来Courtesy requires reciprocity（mutual benefit）前怕老虎后怕狼Fear of the wolf in front and the tiger behind刻骨铭心To be engraved on ones heart and bones引狼入室To lead a wolf into
28、 the house,重见天日To see the daylight again百川归海All rivers flow to the sea.画饼充饥To draw cakes to allay hunger口蜜腹剑To be honey-mouthed and dagger-hearted声东击西To shout in the east and strike in the west,城门失火,殃及池鱼A fire on the city wall brings disaster to the fish in the moat.路遥知马力,日久见人心As a long road tests a
29、 horses strength,so a long task proves a persons heart.初生牛犊不怕虎New-born calves make little of tigers.明枪易躲,暗箭难防It is easy to dodge a spear in the open,but hard to guard against an arrow shot from behind.,不能直译的习语,眉飞色舞死译：His eyebrows are flying and his countenance is dancing改译：To beam with joy粗枝大叶死译：Wit
30、h big branches and broad leaves改译：To be crude and careless无孔不入死译：To get into every hole改译：To take advantage of every weakness扬眉吐气死译：To raise the eyebrow and let out a breath改译：To feel proud and elated(overjoyed),灯红酒绿With red lights and green wine改译：Dissipated and luxurious纸醉金迷With drunken paper and
31、bewitched gold改译：(a life of)luxury and dissipation开门见山To open the door and see the mountain改译：单枪匹马With a solitary spear and a single horse改译：To be single-handed in doing sth.,大张旗鼓To make a great array of flags and drums改译：On a large and spectacular scale海阔天空With a vast sea and a boundless sky改译：(To
32、talk)at random风雨飘摇The wind and rain are rocking改译：(of a situation)being unstable,2.同义习语借用法:归化1)含义相同,所用比喻和形象基本一致,“心有灵犀一点通”的习语,可“自然归化”混水摸鱼 to fish in troubled water火上浇油 to add fuel to oil空中楼阁 castles in the air趁热打铁 Strike while the iron is hot.沧海一粟 a drop in the ocean覆水难收 no use crying over spilt milk
33、狐假虎威 ass in the lions skin养虎为患 to warm a snake in ones bosom本末倒置 to put the cart before the horse眼中钉,肉中刺 a thorn in the flesh隔墙有耳 Walls have ears.,赴汤蹈火 go through fire and water过河拆桥 kick down the ladder格格不入 be like square pegs in round holes乳臭未干 be wet behind the ears魂不附体 jump out of ones skin2)形象不同
34、,寓意相同的,亦可借用，但是文化发生冲突时，要谨慎处理，不能随意借用。小题大做 make a mountain out of a molehill（可借用）班门弄斧：to teach a fish to swim（可借用）谋事在人，成事在天Man proposes,God disposes.（不可借用）,3)不借用形象或比喻的,可放心借用迂回曲折 twists and turns断断续续 off and on 焕然一新 spick and span乱七八糟 at sixes and sevens挖空心思 to rack ones brains针锋相对 to give tit for tat,归
35、化？异化？随你便！,竭泽而渔To drain a pond to catch all the fishKill the goose that lays the golden eggs打草惊蛇To stir up the grass and alert the snakeWake a sleeping dog易如反掌As easy as turning over ones handAs easy as falling off a log,掌上明珠A pearl in the palmThe apple of ones eye守口如瓶To keep ones mouth closed like a
36、 bottleTo keep a still tongue in ones head雪中送炭To send charcoal in snowy weatherTo help a lame dog over stile画蛇添足To draw a snake and add feet to itTo paint the lily,3.意译法:牺牲形象,割舍文化因子胸有成竹To have a well-thought-out plan before doing sth桃李满天下To have students all over the world叶公好龙Professed love of what
37、one really fears东施效颦Crude imitation with ludicrous effect南柯一梦A fond dream or illusory joy/fond dream四面楚歌To be besieged on all sides,悬梁刺股To be extremely hard-working in ones studies初出茅庐At the beginning of ones career罄竹难书(of crimes)too numerous to mention倾城倾国To be extremely beautiful辎珠必较To haggle over
38、 every penny毛遂自荐To volunteer ones service,4.直译兼意译,无亲无故 without a single relative or friend to help her out 斩草除根 pluck up the evil by the roots风餐露宿 braving the wind and dew贼眉鼠眼 to behave stealthily like a thief 辗转反侧 to toss and turn restlessly跃跃欲试 eager to have a try狼吞虎咽 to wolf sth.Down,5.省略法,能工巧匠 s
39、killed craftsman称兄道弟 to call each other brothers赤手空拳 to be bare-handed自吹自擂 to blow ones own trumpets心慈手软 soft-hearted安家落户 to make ones home抛头露面 to make ones own appearance愁眉苦脸 to pull on a long face,长吁短叹Sighing deeply千真万确Quite true油嘴滑舌Glib tongue断子绝孙Ah Q,may you die sonless.沉鱼落雁之容，闭月羞花之貌。Her beauty
40、would put the flowers to shame.,6.增添法,树倒猢狲散 Once the tree falls,the monkeys on it will flee helter-shelter.(meaning 慌慌张张）借香敬佛 borrowing joss-sticks from a neighbor and burning them before Buddha for your own sake.惊弓之鸟 A bird startled by the mere twang of a bow-string螳螂捕蝉，黄雀在后 The mantis stalks the c
41、icada,unaware of the oriole lurking（埋伏）behind itself.风声鹤唳，草木皆兵 be scared by the sigh of the wind or the cry of the cranes,fearing ambush at every tree and tuft of grass,各人自扫门前雪，不管他人瓦上霜。Sweep the snow from your own front door;leave the frost on the other mans roof to thaw.Mind your own business;poke
42、not your nose into other peoples business.木已成舟 The wood is already made into a boat-whats done is done/can not be undone.井水不犯河水 Well water and river water leave each other alone-stay out of things that dont concern you.,7.还原法,牵着鼻子走 lead/be led by the nose 火中取栗 cats paw/to pull the chestnut out of th
43、e fire武装到了牙齿 be armed to the teeth 象沙丁鱼罐头一样packed like sardines/jammed together like sardines夹着尾巴跑了run away with their tails between their legs 战争贩子war monger 死硬派 die-hards强权政治 power politics,8.直译加注法,司马昭之心，路人皆知。毛遂自荐世外桃源画龙点睛画蛇添足三个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮。班门弄斧,9.粗俗语回避法,我要去就是王八蛋。Ill be damned if Ill go.他妈的，雨真大。Blast it!What a heavy rain!真该死，我没赶上末班车。Oh,hell.Ive missed the last train.你可以滚蛋了。You can go to the devil!,四、翻译常用的八种技巧,1.重译法(repetition)2.增译法(amplification)3.减译法(omission)4.词类转移法(conversion)5.词序调整法(inversion)6.分译法(division)7.正说反译,反说正译法(negation)8.语态 变换法(the change of the voices),
