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1、翻,译,欢迎光临,Language Transfer And English Teaching/Learning,语言迁移与英语教学,左 飚,A bosom friend afar brings a distant land near.,海内存知己，天涯若比邻。,上海海事大学,Wishing you happiness every day!,翻,译,欢迎光临,Four Parts 1.Language transfer 语言迁移 2.Linguistic contrast 语言对比 3.Contrast and translation 对比与翻译 4.English Teaching/Lear
2、ning 英语教与学,Part OneLanguage Transfer in FL Learning:Interference or Facilitation?外语学习中的语言迁移：干扰还是促进？,What Is Language Transfer?,Transfer is the influence resulting from the similarities and differences between the target language and any other language that has been previously acquired.Odlin(1989:27)
3、迁移是由于目标语与已经习得的语言之间的相似和差异而产生的影响。奥德林,Two Types of Transfer,Negative Transfer(负迁移)Errors arise from analogy.类推会产生错误。,Positive Transfer（正迁移）Errors decrease by analysis.分析能减少错误。,Keen awareness of the similarities and differences between the two languages can facilitate FL learning.对两种语言相似与相异点的敏锐意识能促进外语学习
4、。,Negative Transfer(负迁移):Interference(干扰),Causes:analogical use of ones prior knowledge of the mother tongue 母语先知结构的类推运用scanty knowledge of differences between the two languages 对两种语言的差异所知甚少unconscious falling back on the mother tongue speech habit 不自觉地回归母语的言语习惯 Chinglish=English words+Chinese struc
5、ture 汉语式英语=英语单词+汉语结构,Native Language Transfer Does Exist.母语迁移现象确实存在,The age of the learner:around 20 学习者的年龄：20上下The learning context：Chinese 学习的语境：汉语,Examples of Negative Transfer,Phonological transfer(语音迁移)The sound/n/or/f/does not exist in some Chinese dialects and/l/or/h/serves as a substitute.在有
6、些中国方言（如南京/闽南方言）中没有辅音/n/或/f/，而用辅音/l/或/h/来替代。,1、这位作家喜欢晚上写作。,The writer likes writing at light.,(night),他不怕死。He does not hear to die.,(fear),Examples of Negative Transfer,Punctuation transfer(标点迁移)Loosely connected sentences are widely made in Chinese by using commas,but in English,whenever a full sent
7、ence with subject and predicate is made,a full stop is used.汉语中有很多流水句用逗号连接，但在英语中，具有主谓结构的完整句都必须用句号。,2、天气晴朗，聚会露天举行。,The weather was fine,the party was held outdoors.,The weather was fine.The party was held outdoors.The weather was fine,so the party was held outdoors.As the weather was fine,the party w
8、as held outdoors.,Please correct the following English sentence:,Sometimes I come by train.Sometimes I come by plane.However,usually I come by car.（正）Sometimes I come by train,and sometimes I come by plane,but usually I come by car.（正）I come sometimes by train,and sometimes by plane,but usually by c
9、ar.（正）,我有时坐火车来，有时坐飞机来，但通常坐小车来。Sometimes I come by train,sometimes I come by plane,usually I come by car.（误）,Examples of Negative Transfer,Location transfer(语位迁移)Location transfer from Chinese may cause logical errors in English.汉语语位迁移到英语可能会造成逻辑错误。,3、跑道上，我看到一群学生在跑步。,On the track,I saw a group of stud
10、ents running.,I saw a group of students running on the track.,在绝望中，我可以想象一个普通人会干出什么事来。,In desperation I could figure out what an ordinary man would do.,I could figure out what an ordinary man in desperation would do.,Examples of Negative Transfer,He only eat two meal a day.,4、他一天只吃两顿饭。,Morphological
11、transfer（词形迁移）Neither nouns nor verbs have inflections in Chinese.在汉语中，名词和动词都没有形态变化。,(eats)(meals),我去年到北京去了三次。I go to Beijing 3 time last year.,(went)(times),Examples of Negative Transfer,Shanghai is said to have thirty-three million population.,5、据说上海有三千三百万人口。,Collocation transfer(搭配迁移)The noun ren
12、kou,the Chinese equivalent of population,can have a numerical pre-modifier.Population的汉语对应词“人口”在汉语中可以用前置数词来修饰。,Shanghai is said to have a population of thirty-three million.,Shanghai is said to have thirty-three million people.,More Examples of Collocation transfer,把这一信息告诉某人,give sb the information,
13、tell sb the information,遵守期限,observe/abide by the deadline,meet the deadline,做人,做事,做学问,behave,conduct oneself,do a thing,handle/treat a matter,deal with/conduct an affair,pursue learning,pursue scholarship,do/engage in researches,Examples of Negative Transfer,Measures must be taken to narrow the gap
14、 between the poor and the rich.,6、要采取措施缩小贫富差距。,Word order transfer(词序迁移),东南西北 或迟或早 悲欢离合 衣食住行 废寝忘食 水陆交通 饥寒交迫 田径项目 生老病死,the rich and the poor,Examples of Negative Transfer,He suggested me to accept this offer.,7、他建议我接受这个报价。,Syntactical transfer(句型迁移)The verb jianyi,the Chinese equivalent of suggest,ca
15、n be used in VOC pattern in Chinese.Suggest的汉语对应词“建议”在汉语中可以用“动词+宾语+补语”的结构。,He suggested that I(should)accept this offer.,He suggested my(me)accepting this offer.,She coached a student to prepare for the examinations.（误）She coached a student for the examinations.（正）She coached a student in preparing
16、for the examinations.（正）,村长带领我们修建了一条宽阔的大道。,The village head led us to build a wide road.（误）The village head led us in building a wide road.（正）,她辅导一位学生准备考试。,I was born in the country,but as I grew up,I wanted to go to live in town.（正）,Please correct the following English sentences:,我出生在农村，长大后想住到城里去。I
17、 was born in the country,but grew up,I wanted to go to live in town.（误）,Syntactical transfer(句型迁移)Sentences or clauses without a subject are acceptable in Chinese,but not in English.,As I stood at the top of this mountain,all other mountains looked small.（正）Standing at the top of this mountain,I fel
18、t that all other mountains looked small.（正）,Please correct the following English sentences:,会当凌绝顶，一览众山小。Standing at the top of this mountain,all other mountains looked small.（误）,Syntactical transfer(句型迁移),Those books are on the desk.Have you seen them?（正）,Please correct the following English sentenc
19、es:,那些书在桌上，你看到了吗？Those books on the desk.Have you seen?（误）,Syntactical transfer(句型迁移)The omission of the predicate verb or an object is acceptable in Chinese,but not in English.,The dictionary is helpful for us in learning English.（正）,Please correct the following English sentences:,词典对于我们学英语很有帮助。The
20、 dictionary is helpful for us to learn English.,Syntactical transfer(句型迁移)The structure“for sb.to do sth.”is not used after such words as useful,helpful,beneficial,etc.,CF:It is necessary(important/urgent)for us to learn English.（正）,Examples of Negative Transfer,8.-Your English is wonderful.(Tourist
21、)-Oh,no.My English is still poor.(Guide),Pragmatic transfer(语用迁移)The negative reply to a compliment is considered in Chinese as modest and courteous.对赞扬的否定回答在汉语中被视为谦虚有礼貌。,-Your English is wonderful.-Thank you,but I still have a long way to go before I really master it.,-Sorry I didnt go to yesterday
22、s meeting.I had a cold.(an Australian Teacher)-Caught a cold?Oh,you must put on more clothes.Do drink plenty of boiled water and take plenty of rest.(A colleague),Pragmatic transfer(语用迁移)Over-concern about someones health is not proper in communication with western people.在与西方人的交际中，不宜对某人的身体表示过度的关切。,
23、-No wonder.The weather is changeable.Take care.Hope youll get better soon.,Two Types of Transfer,Negative Transfer(负迁移)Errors arise from analogy.类推会产生错误。,Positive Transfer（正迁移）Errors decrease by analysis.分析能减少错误。,We could turn negative transfer(interference)into positive(facilitation)by making analy
24、sis on differences between the two languages and arouse the learners awareness of avoiding or reducing errors from analogy.,我们可以通过分析两种语言的差异，提高学生避免或减少类推错误的意识，把负迁移（干扰）转化为正迁移（促进）。,Part Two English-Chinese Contrast英汉对比,Difference BetweenComparative Study and Contrastive Study,Comparative Study lays emph
25、asis on the similarities between languages and applies the diachronic method of research.比较研究着重寻找语言间的相似点，运用历时的研究方法。,Contrastive Study lays emphasis on the differences between languages and applies the synchronic method of research.对比研究着重寻找语言间的不同点，运用共时的研究方法。,语义型与形态型,Please translate the following:,不要
26、人云亦云。Dont say what others have said.这件事，你做也好，他做也罢，我看谁都做不好。Whether you do the matter or he does it,Im afraid neither will do it well.惠农政策不断加强。Policies were constantly strengthened to benefit agriculture.必须采取措施开发新能源。Measures must be taken to develop new energy resources.,Please translate the following
27、:,你再不起床，我要掀被子了。If you should refuse to get up,I would pull off your quilt.,你死了，我去当和尚。,If you should die,I would go and be a monk.,Please compare the underlined words:,不要人云亦云。这件事，你做也好，他做也罢，我看谁都做不好。惠农政策不断加强。必须采取措施开发新能源。你再不起床，我要掀被子了。你死了，我去当和尚。,Dont say what others have said.Whether you do it or he does
28、 it,Im afraid neither will do it well.Policies were constantly strengthened to benefit agriculture.Measures must be taken to develop new energy resources.If you should refuse to get up,I would pull off your quilt.If you should die,I would go and be a monk.,Tense（时态）,Voice（语 态）,Mood（语气）,Lacking infle
29、ction in the strict sense缺少严格意义的形态变化老师们、同学们,Retaining some inflections保留较多形态变化v.（动词）:tense,aspect,voice,moodn.（名词）:number,case,genderpron.（代词）:person,gender,case,numberadj.（形容词）:degreead.（副词）:degree,Chinese,English,病来如山倒，病去如抽丝。,Sickness comes like an avalanche,but goes like reeling silk.,I wont go s
30、o long as he does.,他去我不去。,他人老心不老。,Although he has aged physically,he remains young at heart.,我来他已去。,He had left when I arrived.,(Condition 条件),(Contrast,Opposition 对照、转折),(Time Order 时间先后),(Concession 让步),Contrast Between English and Chinese,Chinese语义型语言(以意统形)Meaning-focused with emphasis on implici
31、t coherence(隐性连贯),English形态型语言(以形驭意)Form-focused with emphasis on explicit cohesion（显性联接）,翻,译,欢迎光临,Another Major DifferenceLook at the sentence structures of the two languages from another perspective.,Look at the sentence structures of the two languages from another perspective:,*我的小孙子他很调皮。My littl
32、e grandson is very naughty.*那辆破车，你早该把它淘汰了。You should have thrown away the clunker.*英语这门语言，学会它可不容易。It is by no means easy to learn the English language.,Compare the sentence structures of the two languages:,我的小孙子他很调皮。那辆破车，你早该把它淘汰了。英语这门语言，学会它可不容易。,My little grandson is very naughty.You should have thr
33、own away the clunker.It is by no means easy to learn the English language.,Chinese Structure:Topic-Comment 话题-评论,English Structure:Subject-Predicate 主语-谓语,Contrast Between English and Chinese,ChineseTopic-prominent Language话题突出型语言Topic-Comment Sentence Structure（话题-评论结构）,EnglishSubject-prominent Lan
34、guage主语突出型语言Subject-Predicate Sentence Structure（主语-谓语结构）,波浪型与树枝型,Chinese:wave-like discourse structure（汉语的波式语段结构）,汉语的语段结构犹如大海的波浪，流泻自由，似分似合，可断可连，主谓难辨，形散神聚。,开始我和母亲是不让父亲抽烟的，得了绝症后，想开了，抽吧，拣好的买，想抽就抽。,开始我和母亲是不让父亲抽烟的，得了绝症后，想开了，抽吧，拣好的买，想抽就抽。,At first Mother and I wouldnt let Father smoke.After()contracted t
35、he fatal disease,()thought differently.()Just()smoke,()buy the best cigarettes,()smoke whenever()liked to.,At first Mother and I wouldnt let Father smoke.After(Father)contracted the fatal disease,(we)thought differently.(We would)Just(let him)smoke,(and we would)buy the best cigarettes,(and let him)
36、smoke whenever(he)liked to.,Chinese:wave-like discourse structure（汉语的波式语段结构）,Rhythmic speech or writing is like waves of the sea,moving onward with alternating rise and fall,connected yet separated,like but different,suggestive of some law,too complex for analysis or statement,controlling the relati
37、ons between wave and wave,waves and sea,phrase and phrase,phrases and speech.,H.W.Fowler(1858 1933):,H.W.Fowler(1858 1933):,节奏感强的语言或文字（指汉语），浪峰、浪谷似分似合，彼此相像，又各不相同；隐含着某些规律，但却过于复杂，难以分析或表述；这些规律规范着波浪与波浪、波浪与大海、词组与词组、词组与语段之间的各种关系。,Chinese:wave-like discourse structure（汉语的波式语段结构）,王力（1984）指出，“就句子的结构而论，西洋语言是法治
38、的，中国语言是人治的。”,吕叔湘（1979）说，“汉语口语里有特多流水句，一个小句接一个小句，很多地方可断可连。”,English:tree-like sentence structure（英语的树式句子结构）,英语的句子结构好似一棵大树，树干、树枝、分枝、树叶互相连接，结构紧密，形式规范。主谓必须一致，构成树干；定语、状语等其余成分均为枝叶，由连接词语与树干相连，形成一棵完整的大树。,English:tree-like sentence structure（英语的树式句子结构）,Branches and sub-branches:Adverbials and attributes,Trunk
39、 line:S+V+(O),English:tree-like sentence structure（英语的树式句子结构）,As a nation of gifted people who comprise about one-fourth of the total population of the earth,China plays in world affairs a role that can only grow more important in the years ahead.-Jimmy Carter,Branches and sub-branches:Adverbials an
40、d attributes,Trunk line:S+V+(O),As a nation of gifted people who comprise about one-fourth of the total population of the earth,China plays in world affairs a role that can only grow more important in the years ahead.-Jimmy Carter,As a nation of gifted people who comprise about one-fourth of the tot
41、al population of the earth,China plays in world affairs a role that can only grow more important in the years ahead.-Jimmy Carter,Contrast Between English and Chinese,Chinese wave-like discourse structure（波式结构）with different sections rise and fall freely like waves without regular rules,English tree
42、-like sentence structure（树式结构）with different parts connected closely like branches and sub-branches to the trunk line,Six Major Differences Between English and Chinese英汉六大差异,Contrast Between English and Chinese,ChineseMeaning-focused with emphasis on implicit coherence(隐性连贯)Paratactic语义型语言(以意统形),Eng
43、lishForm-focused with emphasis on explicit cohesion（显性联接）Hypotactic形态型语言(以形驭意),Contrast Between English and Chinese,ChineseTopic-Comment Sentence Structure（话题-评论结构）,EnglishSubject-Predicate Sentence Structure（主语-谓语结构）,Topic-prominent Language话题突出型语言,Subject-prominent Language主语突出型语言,Contrast Between
44、 English and Chinese,Chinese wave-like discourse structure（波式结构）with different sections rise and fall freely like waves without regular rules,English tree-like sentence structure（树式结构）with different parts connected closely like branches and sub-branches to the trunk line,Contrast Between English and
45、 Chinese,Chinese Order of linguistic elements:relatively fixed like bamboo-making（制竹）（语序相对固定）,EnglishOrder of linguistic elements:relatively flexible like block-building（积木）（语序相对灵活）,Contrast Between English and Chinese,ChineseChinese:left-extending,heavy-headed like a lion狮子型语言,EnglishEnglish:right-
46、extendingheavy-tailed like a peacock孔雀型语言,Contrast Between English and Chinese,Chinesemoving point of sight（视点流动）,Englishfixed point of sight（视点固定）,Part ThreeContrast and Translation对比与翻译,Enlightenment on translation from the contrast between the two languages从两种语言的对比中获得的有关翻译的启示,请翻译并作对比分析 Please tra
47、nslate and makecontrastive analysis.,Contrast Between English and Chinese,Astonishment oppressed him.Excitement deprived me of all power of utterance.,他大为惊讶。我兴奋得什么话都说不出来。,Difference 1English:Impersonal(物称)Chinese:Personal(人称),Contrast Between English and Chinese,They are paid for this.Table tennis i
48、s played all over China.Why should all these unpleasant jobs be pushed on to me?,他们拿钱就是干这事的。乒乓球运动风靡全中国。为什么总要把这些麻烦事推给我？,Difference 2English:Passive(被动)Chinese:Active(主动),Contrast Between English and Chinese,If you dont see it,you wont believe,but once you do,youll make up your mind.2.As Tom has faile
49、d to come due to his sudden illness,we have to ask you to take his place.,不看不相信，一看铁了心。汤姆突然病了，没能来，我们只好请你顶他。,Difference 3English:Hypotactic(形合)Chinese:Paratactic(意合),Contrast Between English and Chinese,Their eccentricity often makes you frown.We stepped onto the mysterious land with caution and uneas
50、iness.,他们的古怪行为常常令人皱眉。我们怀着谨慎和不安的心情踏上了那片神秘的国土。,Difference 4English:Abstract(抽象）Chinese:Concrete（具体）,How to make abstract ideas concrete?,By adding category words,chaosstability jealousy flexibilitydecisivenesslightheartedness,混乱状态稳定局面妒忌心理灵活姿态果断作风轻松心情,Contrast Between English and Chinese,If you have an
