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1、Questionnaire,Duan Lifu,Content:1.Definition2.A brief description3.The main parts of a questionnaire4.The design of questionnaire5.Scaling techniques6.Selecting subjects7.Administering the questionnaire,1.Definition,Questionnaires are any written instruments that present respondents with a series of
2、 questions or statements to which they are to react either by writing or their answers or selecting from among existing answers.Brown,2001:6,The term“questionnaire”refers to an instrument for the collection of data,usually in written form,consisting of open/closed questions and other probes requirin
3、g a response from subjects.Nunan,2002:231,A survey study usually involves a relatively large sample and is descriptive in nature.It either describes the features of a few variables or the relation between two or more variables.A survey study may be cross-sectional,when data are collected from differ
4、ent people at the same point in time;it may be longitudinal,when data are collected from the same group of people at different points over a period of time.,2.A brief description,3.The main parts of a questionnaire,TitleInstruction:Instructions are of two types:-general instruction at the beginning
5、of the questionnaire-specific instructions introducing each new task(3)Questionnaire items(4)Additional information(5)Final“thank you”,4.The design of questionnaire,4.1 Criteria for a good questionnaire:(1)Having high internal validityBy saying a questionnaire should have high internal validity mean
6、s that items in the questionnaire must measure the variables you really want to investigate.But some researchers might fail to meet the criteria because of lack of skills or experience.Actually,having low internal validity is a common flaw occurring in a questionnaire constructed by a novice researc
7、her,A MA student wanted to investigate students degree of anxiety in speaking L2,the following three items were part of her questionnaire:I try to avoid answering questions in class.I try sit in the corner of the classroom so that I will not be asked questions frequently by the teacher.I do not like
8、 to speak in the public.,4.2 Taking a professional outlookHow a questionnaire looks can affect the attitude of the respondents which in turn influence the quality of their response.You should avoid clipping or stating papers together if a questionnaire contains more than 5 pages.One question should
9、not be printed across two page.You should avoid crowing questions together to make the questionnaire looks shorter.The paper for printing should be of high quality and the printing itself must be clear and easy to read.,4.3 The process of designing a questionnaireSelecting the mode of administration
10、.Specifying what kind of data you intend to collect.Determining the way you process the questionnaire data.Deciding on the content of individual item.Choosing questions structure.Determining the order of questions.Deciding the format of the questionnaire.Conducting a pilot study to test the question
11、naire.,(1)Selecting the mode of administration.Two common models:By person:A group of subjects usually answer the same questionnaire together.The organizer gives the respondents instructions on how to respond to the questionnaire and clarifications if there are any ambiguous items.The organizer can
12、also check whether the respondents has responded to all the items and thus the rate of data can be greatly reduced.,By mail:If the respondents are spread out in different cities or even in different countries what you can do is to mail the questionnaire to the target people.Researchers cannot contro
13、l the overall response rate of missing items.Even if a questionnaire is returned,s/he cannot be sure that questionnaire is filled out by the people s/he expected and under which circumstances the questionnaire is completed.,(2)Specifying what kind of data you intend to collect.At this stage,you have
14、 to understand what kind of data you really want to collect.There are five type of information.Experience/behaviour(what a respondent does)Opinion(what a respondent thinks)Feeling(what a respondent feels)Knowledge/abilities(what a respondent knows and what is he able to do)Background(such as date of
15、 birth,age,gender,martial status),Novice researchers cannot clearly differentiate belief items from behavior items.The structure of belief item is“I think/believe that”I think learning an L2 well requires painstaking effort is to find out the respondents opinion or view rather than behavior.I put a
16、lot of effort into learning an L2 is to investigate students behavior rather than the view.,(3)Determining the way you process the questionnaire data.Individual-item-based(单个题目问卷)If the basic unit in the data analysis is an individual item,such as describing frequency and the mean of one isolate ite
17、m,then such a questionnaire is called individual-item-based.The construction of such a questionnaire is comparatively simple and easy because it does not involve setting up conceptual categories.However,this kind of questionnaire has very limited value because its results are less generalizable.,If
18、the data-analysis is to be on categories,each of which contains a few questionnaire items,you must established either by a top-down approach or by a bottom-up approach.By top-down approach you construct conceptual categories based on logical arguments or exsisting theories theories before you design
19、 specific items.By bottom-up approach,you simply write down whatever items occur in your mind.You then classify these items into categories.,(4)Deciding on the content of individual item.If a questionnaire is intended to contain several categories,you have to consider whether the items designed cove
20、r all the categories and whether each categories contains an adequate number of items.For example:,To avoid poorly-worded questions,the following are some of the suggestions made by Malhotra(1993)and Bernard(1994).Use ordinary wordsAvoid leading questionsUsing dual statements:positive and negativeBe
21、ing caution in translation,(5)Choosing questions structure.There are two types of questions:open-ended questions or unstructured questions.Open-ended questions refers to those whose answers are in the respondents own words and are difficult to predict.And these questions are always begin with“wh-”.I
22、n fact,this type of question is typically used to collect qualitative data.,In closed-questions or structured questions,the researcher provides respondents with a set of response alternatives.In other words,the respondents have to select one response out of the alternatives provided.They do not have
23、 the freedom to use their own words to express their response.The closed-questions may be multiple-choice,dichotomous or a scale.,a.Multiple-choice:the researchers offers a set of answers and respondents is expected to choose one or more alternatives given.b.Dichotomous questions:it has only two alt
24、ernatives to choose.c.Scales:a scale is continuum upon which a set of alternative choices are placed.For example:Do you guess the meaning of the new words when reading English novels for pleasure?,Never Occasionally sometimes often very often 1 2 3 4 5,(6)Determining the order of questions.Backgroun
25、d information firstGeneral questions before specific questions(7)Deciding the format of the questionnaire.Before you print out questionnaire,you need to decide the format,space and the position of the question.Research find that questions place at the top receive more attention than the bottom.(8)Co
26、nducting a pilot study to test the questionnaire.A pilot study is one in which a questionnaire is tested on a small sample of respondents to detect and overcome potential problems.,5.Scaling techniques,Scaling techniques,Comparative,Noncomparative,Paired comparison,Rank order,Semanticdifferential,Li
27、kert,Paired comparison scaling:as its name suggests,only offers two choices to be the respondent who is asked to compare them according to some criterion.When you speak English,which of the following two aspects do you pay more attention to?(1)Accuracy(2)Fluency,Rank order scalingDifferent from pair
28、ed comparison,rank order scaling expects respondents to order or rank more than two choices with the reference to some certain criterion.When do you want to pay more efforts into learning English?When I get higher scores on the English test.When I was praised by my English teacher in class.When I ob
29、tain a prize in an English speaking competion.,Semantic differential scaleThe semantic differential scale is a five-point or seven-point rating scale with end points associated with bipolar labels that have the opposite semantic meaning.The subject mark the blank that best indicates their views or b
30、ehaviors.(1)How much do your parents encourage you to study English?Not at all _;_;_;_;_;_;_;Very much(2)How do you think of Enngish?Interesting _;_:_;_:_;_;_;Boring,One things that has to be emphasized here is that the negative adjectives or phrases sometimes appear at the left side of the scale an
31、d sometimes at the right.This controls the tendency of some subjects particularly those with very positive or very negative attitudes,making the right-or left-hand side without reading the labels.,The subjects were asked to evaluate their reasons for learning English on a four point-scale.1=not impo
32、rtant2=somewhat important3=important4=very importantIt is called a Likert scale and it was first introduced by Rensis Likert.,To conduct the analysis,each response is assigned a numerical score,ranging from 1 to 4.When we use this approach to determine the total score for each subject,it is importan
33、t to use a consistent scoring procedure so that a high(or low)score consistently reflects a favorable response.This requires that the numerical value assigned to the negative statement by the subjects be scored by reversing the value.Note for a negative statement,an agreement reflects an unfavorable
34、 response,whereas for a positive statement,reflects a favorable response.Accordingly,a“strong disagree”to a negative statement would both receive the same score.,6.Selecting subjects,“You cannot study everyone anywhere doing everything”Miles and Huberman,1994:27The common practice is to select a sam
35、ple from the population to study,hoping the findings from the sample can be applied to the whole.,6.1 Random sampling techniquesThere are three basic random sampling techniques:simple random sampling,systematic random sampling and stratified random sampling.(1)Simple random samplingIt is the basic f
36、or the other two.By a Simple random sampling,each unit is numbered from 1 to N(the size of population).Next,a table of random number is used to select n items to the sample.,(2)systematic random sampling If the population is large but the intended sample size is small,simple random sampling is not s
37、uitable because the sample selected might not be evenly distributed among the population.It can make sure that the subjects selected are evenly spread out among the population,and we need to know the interval.Interval=the total number of the population/the size of the sampleIf the interval happens t
38、o be number with a decimal,you need to round it off into a whole number.29.4-29 29.5-30,Suppose that the total number of a population consists of 900 students and you would like to select 30 students out of them as a random sample.The interval is 900/30=30The first number is 915900(No)The second 674
39、(OK)The third 674+30674,704,734,764,794,824,854,884,914-900,(3)Stratified random samplingFor example:900 students,30 female.a.You want to get a sample of 30 students in which male and female are balanced.If we use systematic random sampling female maybe far less than 10%.In this case we should choos
40、e15out of 90 female and 15 from the 810 female.b.If you want your sample of 30 students to represent the original gender,that is 10%female and 90%male.First,you divided the students into male and female,and then by systematic random sampling,you get 3 out of 90 female and 27 out of the 810 male.(4)C
41、onvenience sampling,6.2 what needs to be considered in subject selection?How many subjects will involved in the study,and why?How will the subjects be selected and to what extent can the chosent subject represent the population,and why?How many times will the subjects be involved in the study,and wh
42、y?A large sample size or a relatively small one?A random sample or a convenient sample?Longitudinal or cross-sectional?,7.Administering the questionnaire,Approaching the subjects professionallyTrying to have face to face administratingA good environment and suitable timing,何光铿，黄冰，勒妍（2009），英语教学研究方法，广东高等教育出版社。文秋芳（2004),应用语言学研究方法与论文写作，外语教育与研究出版社。Nunan(2002),Research Methods in Language Learning，Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.Wen Qiufang(2004),Applied Linguistics Research Methods and Thesis Writing,Foreign language Teaching and Research Press.,参考目录,
