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1、BAR CHART,柱状图特点：1.柱状图是动态图表，切入点是描述趋势。2.柱状图写作注重“比较”(找出similarity)和“对比”(找出difference)。也就是说需要横向总结所有柱状图表的共性特征，也要分别描写各个柱子的个性特征。,3.有两种写作方式：其一是对不同时间段内的数据进行比较，适合于数据代表的物体较少且时间界限明确的情况。另外是对单独数据的全程描述，适合于描述数据对象很多且时间划定不清晰的情况。,柱状图 Bar Chart,柱状图写法：把相同属性的柱子顶端连起来（1）趋势特征：线状图（2）数据对比：饼状图,1.more/fewer+n.+than e.g.更多的男性比女性
2、选择了电视。More males than females chose the TV.2.more/less+adj.+than e.g.电视在男性中较在女性中更流行。TV is more popular among males than females.3.the most/least+adj.e.g.最流行的交流方式是因特网。The most popular form of communication is the Internet.4.(not)as many as e.g.同样多的男性和女性选择了计算机。As many males as females chose the comput
3、er.,对两者进行比较的词汇,副词的使用1.几乎一样多的小孩和成人看古代历史相关的电视节目。Nearly as many children as adults watch TV programmes about ancient history.2.过去更多的人居住在乡村而不是城镇。In the past,considerably more people lived in the countryside than towns.3.比男性稍微多一点的女性选择了自行车。Slightly more women than men voted for the bicycle.,对两者进行比较的词汇,1.w
4、hereas,but,while,although,though+句子2.in comparison with,compared with+n.,对两者进行对比的词汇,The graph below shows the different modes of transport used to travel to and from work in one European city in 1960,1980 and 2000.,柱状图线状图,四线图分类增长的 car减少的 bus波动的 train tube,1960,1980,2000,The graph below shows the dif
5、ferent modes of transport used to travel to and from work in one European city in 1960,1980 and 2000.,P1,The graph below shows the different modes of transport used to travel to and from work in one European city in 1960,1980 and 2000.题目The bar graph shows the changing patterns in commuting by train
6、,car,tube or bus for commuters in one European city in the years 1960,1980 and 2000.,P2,The number of people using trains at first rose from just under 20%in 1960 to about 26%in 1980,but then fell back to about 23%in 2000.,P3,Use of the tube was relatively stable,falling from around 27%of commuters
7、in 1960 to 22%in 1980,but climbing back to reach 25%by 2000.,P4,On the other hand,the use of cars increased steadily from just over 5%in 1960 to 23%in 1980,reaching almost 40%by 2000,whereas the popularity of buses has declined since 1960,falling from just under 35%in 1960 to 27%in 1980 and only 15%
8、in 2000.,P5,The graph indicates the growing use of cars for commuting to work between 1960-2000,and the continued decline in the popularity of buses from being the most popular mode of transport in 1960 to the least popular in 2000.,Your Turn,The charts below show the number of Japanese tourists tra
9、velling abroad between 1985 and 1995 and Australian share of the Japanese tourist market.,The table below shows CO2 emissions for different forms of transport in the European Union.,The chart below shows the amount of leisure time enjoyed by men and women of different employment status.Write a repor
10、t for a university lecturer describing the information shown below.,第一步：分析 X 轴和Y 轴X1：性别 genderX2：就业状态 full-time,part-time,unemployed,retired,housewivesY：休闲时间 hours of leisure time,第二步：分析图表按 X2 的就业状态进行分类：,注意“-”,按 X1 男女人群分：男：最多unemployed和retired人群85；最少full-time50女：最多unemployed和retired人群70；最少full-time
11、37,第三步：确定框架有两种逻辑框架，第一是按照人群分类，共是5 类人群；第二种是按照男女性别进行分类。结合图形，很明显就可以看出，5小类可以合并成3大类，employed full-time,part-time 算作工作族；unemployed，retired 算作无工作族，housewives 算作另类工作族。,The chart shows the number of hours enjoyed by men and women in a typical week in 1998 1999,according to gender and employment status.,开头段：,A
12、mong those employed full-time,men on average had fifty hours of leisure,whereas women had approximately thirty-seven hours.There were no figures given for male part-time workers,but female part-timers had forty hours of leisure time,only slightly more than women in full-time employment.,主体段：,In the
13、unemployed and retired categories,leisure time showed an increase for both genders,as might have been expected.Here too,men enjoyed more leisure time over eighty hours,compared with seventy hours for women,perhaps reflecting the fact that women spend more time working in the home than men.,Lastly,ho
14、usewives enjoyed approximately fifty-four hours of leisure time on average.There were no figures given for househusbands.,主体段：,Overall,the chart demonstrates that in the categories for which statistics on male leisure time were available,men enjoyed at least ten hours of extra leisure time than wome
15、n.,结尾段：,多柱,The charts below show the levels of participation in education and science in developing and industrialized countries in 1980 and 1990.Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below.,多柱,第一步：分析 X 轴和Y 轴X1：年代 1980 和1990X2：国家经济状况：工业化国家和发展中国家Y1：学校受教育年限Y2：产出科学家和
16、技术人员人数Y3：研发资金,第二步：分析图表图1：学校受教育年限 两者均升高，工业化国家比发展中国家高图2：产出科学家和技术人员人数两者均升高，工业化国家比发展中国家高图3：研发资金 工业化国家降低，发展中国家升高，工业化国家比发展中国家高三幅图共同说明的趋势？差距越来越大！,第三步：确定框架每个图均可以有两个逻辑发展顺序：按照industrialized和developing来写按照1980和1990两个年代来写,The charts below show the levels of participation in education and science in developing a
17、nd industrialized countries in 1980 and 1990.These data shows the differences between developing and industrialized countries participation in education and science.These data shows how the developing and industrialized countries participated in science and education.,开头段：,In terms of/In respect of
18、the number of years of schooling received,we can see that the length of time people spent at school in industrialized countries was much greater at 8.5 years in 1980,compared to 2.5 years in developing countries.The gap was increased further in 1990 when the figures rose to 10.5 years and 3.5 years
19、respectively.(The length of time people spent at school in industrialized countries was 6 years more than that in developing countries(8.5 VS 2.5).),主体段：,We can see a similar pattern in the second graph,which shows that the number of people working as scientists and technicians in industrialized cou
20、ntries increased from 45 to 70 per 1,000 people between 1980 and 1990,while the number in developing countries went from 12 to 18.,主体段：,Finally,the figures for spending on research and development show that industrialized countries more than doubled their spending from$180bn to$360bn,whereas develop
21、ing countries actually decreased theirs,from$75bn down to$25bn.,Overall we can see that not only were there very large difference between the two economies but that these gaps were widening.,注意：not only位于句首时，前半句要用倒装句式,小结柱状图写作要点：注意不同颜色的柱状体代表的不同类型的数据；一般不存在极值，但须留意差别较大的同类数据；注意柱与柱之间的比较，包括大分类和小分类的比较；注意分段说
22、明，一个段说明一种比较角度；注意比较柱与柱之间的落差，突出落差的极值。数据太多，则起点，结点和数量相等点必写，倍数点必写。,条图,(翻转90的柱状图),The chart below shows the different levels of post-school qualification in Australia and the proportion of men and women who held them in 1999.,第一步：分析 X 轴和Y 轴X1：genderX2：文凭高低Y：各文凭男女各占百分比,第二步：分析图形低学历（skilled vocational diplom
23、a）女低于男；中学历（undergraduate diploma,Bachelors degree）女高于男，而且Bachelors degree 的两者数值基本相等；高学历（postgraduate diploma,masters degree）女低于男,重要点：Skilled vocational diploma男女差距最大Bachelors degree 男女差距缩小到最小,条图(翻转90的柱状图),第三步：确定框架按照学历高低来分，低学历（前三项）高学历（后两项）,P1,The chart below shows the different levels of post-school
24、qualification in Australia and the proportion of men and women who held them in 1999.题目The chart gives information about post-school qualifications in terms of the different levels of further education reached by men and women in Australia in 1999.,P2,We can see immediately that there were substanti
25、al differences in the proportion of men and women at different levels.不同点 The biggest gender difference is at the lowest post-school level,where 90%of those who held a skilled vocational diploma were men,compared with only 10%of women.By contrast,more women held undergraduate diplomas(70%)and less w
26、omen reached degree level(55%).,P3,At the higher levels of education,men with postgraduate diplomas clearly outnumbered their female counterparts(70%and 30%,respectively),and also constituted 60%of Masters graduates.counterpart 同类,P4,Thus we can see that more men than women hold qualifications at th
27、e lower and higher levels of education,while more women reach undergraduate diploma level than men.不同点，趋势 The gender difference is smallest at the level of Bachelors degree,however.,Your Turn,The chart shows the number of mobile phones and landlines per 100 people in selected countries.,The graph sh
28、ows the number of mobile phones and landlines per 100 users,for selected countries.Overall,most of the countries included in the graph have more mobile phones subscribers than landlines.,Most European countries have high mobile phone use.The biggest users of mobile phones are the Italians,with 88 ce
29、ll phones per 100 people.For example,Italy has twice as many mobile phones as landlines,with 88 mobiles per hundred people compared to 45 for landlines.Mobile phone use is low in Canada,with fewer than 40 phones per 100 people.Denmark is also unusual because it has slightly more landlines than mobil
30、e phones.,However,in some countries,the number of landlines is higher than the number of mobile phones.One example is the USA,where the number of mobiles,at 50 per 100 people,is much lower than the number of landlines,at almost 70 per hundred.A similar pattern can be seen in Canada.The highest numbe
31、r of landlines in the graph is in Denmark,with about 90 per 100 people.In contrast,the lowest figures for fixed lines are in Italy and the UK.,In conclusion,it seems that mobile phone use is higher in Europe than in North America.,The graph below shows the different modes of transport used to travel to and from work in one European city in 1960,1980 and 2000.,
