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1、Grammar and usage,Overview:infinitive,verb-ing and verb-ed(II),1.定义 修饰动词、形容词、副词等的句子成分叫做状语（adverbial)。I was born on June 9th 1982 in Guangxi.He is writing with a pen.In order to catch up with my classmates,I must study hard.2.功用 状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。,状语（Adverbial）,判断下列各句中状语的功用：,1.How
2、about meeting again at six?2.Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.3.I shall go there if it doesnt rain.4.Mr Smith lives on the third floor.5.She put the eggs into the basket with great care.,（时间状语）,（原因状语）,（条件状语）,（地点状语）,（方式状语）,6.She came in with a dictionary in her hand.7.In
3、 order to catch up with the others,I must work harder.8.He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.9.She works very hard though she is old.10.I am taller than he is.11.He often comes late to school.,（伴随状语）,（目的状语）,（结果状语）,（让步状语）,（比较状语）,（频率状语）,不定式作状语常用来表目的、结果,原因,条件等。1）目的状语To learn English well,he
4、went to England.In order to achieve the aim,we must learn from other countries.,一、不定式作状语,注：表目的的不定式还常与so as或in order连用，构成so as(not)to do和in order(not)to do 结构，其中so as(not)to do 不能用于句首。例如：To get there in time,we got up very early.=In order to get there in time,we got up very early.=We got up very earl
5、y(in order/so as)to get there in time.,2）结果状语He ran to the station only to find the train had left.3）原因状语We are excited to hear the news.I am very sorry to hear that.,注意：有时，不定式还可修饰一个句子，表明说话人的态度。常见的这类不定式有to tell you the truth，to be honest，to be frank，to be fair等。例如：To tell you the truth,I dont like t
6、he film.,Tom kept quiet about the accident _ lose his job.A.so not as to B.so as not to C.so as to not D.not so as to,解析：此题考查不定式作目的状语及其结构，所以选B。,Practice,现在分词作状语可表示时间，原因，结果，条件，让步，方式，伴随等，可转化为相应的状语从句。在逻辑上句子的主语与分词有主谓关系。1.表时间Walking out of the room,he saw the boy still there.=When he walked out of the ro
7、om,he.,二、现在分词(V-ing)作状语,2.表原因Being ill,he didnt go to school yesterday.=Because he was ill,he.Not mastering the way of studying,I didnt get a good result.=As I didnt master the way of studying,i.,3.表结果（并列谓语）His father died,leaving him a lot of money.=his father died and left him.The fire lasted near
8、ly a month,leaving nothing valuable.=The fire lasted nearly a month and left nothing valuable.,4.表条件Working hard at your lessons,you will succeed.=If you work hard at your lessons,you.If you dont make use of time,you will regret.=Not making use of the time,you will.,5.表让步Knowing all this,they made m
9、e pay for the damage.=Athough they knew all this,they.Studying from morning till night,I didnt pass the exam.=Athough I studied from morning till night,I.,6.表方式,伴随状语(并列结构）He lay on the grass,staring at the sky for a long time.=He lay on the grass and stared at the.The girl came into the classroom,si
10、nging and dancing.=The gril came into the classroom and they sang and danced.,注意：,1、为了使现在分词作状语表达的意思更明确，可在动词ing前加上适当的连词：when,while,once,if,though,unless,even 等.When waiting for the bus,he saw an old friend.Dont talk while having dinner.Once losing the chance,you cant easily find it.,2.动词ing形式做状语，其逻辑主
11、语必须与句子的主语一致。,While reading the book,the telephone rang.While reading the book,she heard the telephone ring.Looking out through the window,the garden was beautiful.Looking out through the window,we found a beautiful garden.,注意：,3.独立成分作状语,常见的分词短语有：Frankly speaking;honestly speaking;Judging from;consid
12、ering;to tell the truthHonestly speaking,he is not fit for the job.Judging from his accent,he is from the south.,注意：,典型例题,1.European football is played in 80 countries,_ it the most popular sport in the world.A.making B.makes C.made D.to make,解析：此题考查-ing分词作结果状语的用法。,三、过去分词（V-ed）作状语,过去分词作状语可表示被动和完成的动作
13、。表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式等，相当于相应的状语从句。在逻辑上句子的主语与分词有动宾关系。1、表时间Seen from the top of the hill,the city looked like a big garden.=when it is seen from the top of the hill,the city.,2.表原因,Surrounded by a group of young people,the old man felt happy.=As he was surrounded by a group of young people,the old man.Gre
14、atly touched by the teachers words,he did a lot of things to help his classmates.=Because the boy was greatly touched by the teachers words,he.,3.表条件,Given more time,we could do it better.=If we were given more time,we.Compared with your brother,you should make greater efforts to study English.=if y
15、ou are compared with your brother,you.,4.表让步,Laughed at by many people,he continued his study.=Although he was laughed at by many people,he.Even if invited,I wont take part in the party.=Even if I am invited,I.,5.表示方式或伴随,Supported by a girl,the old man got off the bus.He walked up and down the room,
16、lost in thought.,1、过去分词做状语时，其逻辑主语要与句子的主语保持一致。,Asked why she was late,her face went red.Asked why she was late,she went red in the face.,注意：,2、过去分词或短语做状语时，也可在其前面加上连词when、if、once、though、unless等，以便明确作何种状语。,注意：,Though beaten,we were not discouraged.=Though we were beated,we.Once tasted,the dish is hard
17、to forget.=once it is tasted,the dish.,3.过去分词做状语与现在分词作状语的区别：,过去分词与句子主语构成动宾关系或被动关系。现在分词与句子主语构成主谓关系或主动关系。Used for a long time,the book looks old.Using the book,I find it useful.,注意：,from the top,the stadium looks like a bird nest.from the space,the astronaut can not discover the Great Wall.A seeing B
18、seen,Seen,Seeing,现在分词的时态和语态,现在分词一般式（V-ing）表示动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生或在不久之前发生。现在分词的完成式（having+V-ed）表示的动作在谓语动词的动作前面发生。Seeing the teacher was coming,the students stopped playing.Having received a letter,I knew everything is all right.,（1）现在分词的时态,现在分词的一般被动式（Being done）表示其被动动作正在进行；现在分词的完成被动式（having been done）表示先于谓
19、语动词的动作之前完成的被动动作。The school being built will be completed next year.Having been trapped in the traffic,he was late for work.,(2)现在分词的语态,非谓语动词的否定,非谓语动词的否定就是在非谓语动词前面直接加not。Not knowing what to do next,she stopped to wait.,如果不定式或分词表示的动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生，该不定式或分词用完成式。例如：Im sorry to have given you so much trou
20、ble.Having never/Not having met the man before,I couldnt recognize him at first.Having finished my homework,I went to play football.,补充,Exercises,She set out soon after dark _ home an hour later.A.arriving B.to arrive C.having arrived D.and arrived,2.“Cant you read?”Mary said _ to the notice.A.angri
21、ly pointing B.and point angrily C.angrily pointedD.and angrily pointing 3._ a reply,he decided to write again.A.Not receiving B.Receiving not C.Not having received D.Having not received,4.She is upstairs _ letters.A.writes B.is writing C.write D.writing 5.The secretary worked late into the night,_ a
22、 long speech for the president.A.to prepare B.preparing C.prepared D.was preparing,典型例题,1.European football is played in 80 countries,_ it the most popular sport in the world.A.making B.makes C.made D.to make,解析：此题考查-ing分词作结果状语的用法。,2._ in thought,he almost ran into the car in front of him.A.Losing B.Having lost C.Lost D.To lose,解析：此题考查-ed分词短语作原因 状语的用法，be lost in thought是一 个短语，意为“陷入沉 思”。,3.Tom kept quiet about the accident _ lose his job.A.so not as to B.so as not to C.so as to not D.not so as to,解析：此题考查不定式作目的状语及其结构，所以选B。,
