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1、Heavy Duty Engine emissions Euro 4/5重型车用发动机排放 欧4/欧5,2,FPT,“FPT”isFIAT POWERTRAIN TECHNOLOGIES FIAT动力总成技术It is a company including in a single organization all the engine&driveline activities of the Fiat group worldwide是FIAT集团全世界包括所有发动机和动力传动系统的独立的机构Fiat automotive FIAT汽车IVECOOthers其它It is developing
2、and producing 正在开发和生产Diesel and gasoline engines 柴油和汽油发动机From 1,0 liters up to 40 liters 从1.0L到40LFor 用于Cars轿车Trucks卡车Agricultural and earth moving农业和工程机械Marine船用Power generation发电.等等,3,Euro 3 Registration Europe 欧洲欧3注册,4,Euro 4 Registration step 1 Europe 欧洲欧4第1阶段注册,5,Euro 4 Registration step 2 Euro
3、pe欧洲欧4第2阶段注册,6,Euro 5 Legislation Europe 欧洲欧5法规,7,EC 88/77 Comp.Euro 3,Comp.Euro 5,Emissions E4,Emissions E4,OBD Stage 1,OBD Stage 2,Durability,Emissions E5,Emissions E5,In use compliance,Compulsory Euro 4,Durability,New in use compliance,2005,2006,2007,2009,2008,2010,Emissions E4,OBD Stage 1+NOx co
4、ntrol,Durability,In use compliance,Since 2005 was possible to register vehicles according to Euro 4/5 emission values 从2005年开始可以按照欧4/欧5排放进行车辆注册,Euro 4 Step 1(ODB stage 1)are compulsory from Oct 2006 从2006年10月强制执行欧4第1阶段(OBD第1阶段)认证,Emissions E3,Emissions E5,Emissions E5,Euro 4 Step 2(OBD stage 1+NOx c
5、ontrol)are compulsory from Oct 2007 从2007年10月强制执行欧4第2阶段(OBD第1阶段+NOx控制)认证,Euro 5(emission values+OBD stage 2)are compulsory from Oct 2009 从2009年10月开始欧5(排放+OBD第2阶段),Step 1,Step 2,8,Legislation summary 法规概要,9,Durabilty requirements 耐久性要求,Present European Euro 4 legislations specifies that当前欧4法规说明A mini
6、mum durability of the engine in terms of emissions legislation conformity must be guaranteed by the manufacturer(limit depending on vehicle class/size)排放法规中的发动机最低耐久性符合性由制造厂保证(限值取决于车辆类型/尺寸)The same criteria applies to the after treatment system标准同样适用于后处理系统 No specific demonstration of this durability
7、 is required.没有明确的耐久性”试验实例”要求It is expected that future European legislation will include a durability“demonstration”equivalent to the USA EPA approach未来的欧洲法规将包含耐久性”试验实例”,等同于美国环保署方法,10,In-use compliance 1 在用车符合性-1,The verification of conformity to emission standards of vehicles in real use is very c
8、ritical on HD applications.检查重型在用车辆排放符合性是非常复杂的.As NOx and particulate emissions are very low at low engine load,any“conformity”test must be performed with the engine under high load.This requires either因为在发动机低负荷时NOx和颗粒排放非常低,任何符合性测试必须在发动机高负荷时进行.Emission measurements on vehicle in operation on road 车辆
9、排放在道路上运转Use of a roller test bed(for a truck,a very heavy/expensive device)使用转鼓试验台(对于卡车,非常重/装置昂贵)Dismounting the engine(and the after treatment system)from the vehicle and installation on an engine test bed从车辆上拆下发动机(和后处理系统)并安装到发动机排放试验台上.,11,In-use compliance 2 在用车符合性-2,European(and US)legislations h
10、ave selected the“OBD”approach.欧洲(和美国)法规选择”OBD”方法The control system of the engine/after treatment must detect any system malfunction causing an increase of emissions and give indication to the driver(including engine power reduction)发动机/后处理控制系统必须发现任何导致排放增加的系统故障并给驾驶员故障指示(包括发动机功率降低)The effectiveness of
11、 the OBD must be demonstrated at engine homologation 必须在发动机认证时认证OBD效果The“road”inspection authority can“read”the OBD“history”of the vehicle to detect malfunctions or mis-use道路检查权威部门可读取车辆上OBD”历史”记录,以发现故障或错误使用,12,.from“Euro 3”to Euro 4.从欧3到欧4,NOx(g/kWh),PM(g/kWh),Starting Point Euro 3欧3起点,5,0.10,EURO 4
12、,3,5,0.02,13,Engine development 发动机技术发展,NOx reduction increase PM and fuel consumption,PM reduction reduce fuel consumption but NOx increase,14,The technology choice 技术选择,Two possible solutions两种可能的解决方案:,EGR,SCR,Exhaust Gas Recirculation废气再循环,Selective Catalytic Reduction选择性催化转化器,15,EGR:to match Eur
13、o 4 匹配欧4,EGR,16,EGR:to match Euro 4 匹配欧4,EGR,17,SCR:to match Euro 4 匹配欧4,SCR,18,SCR:to match Euro 4 匹配欧4,SCR,19,SCR:to match Euro 5 匹配欧5,0.10,20,EGR technology EGR技术,EGR system effects emissions at source,in the combustion chamber EGR系统在源头解决排放,在燃烧室内,21,Exhaust gas is forced through porous ceramic ce
14、ll排气强制通过多孔蜂窝状陶瓷Walls外壳Closed filter structure封闭式滤芯结构Efficiency up to 80%效率上限80%Combination with Oxi cat 与氧化型催化转化器结合,PM Filter=PM Trap=DPF,22,PM Trap:two possible offers 两种可能的提议,Standard Version标准版Filter unit to be replaced 过滤器单元被取代Maintenance intervals required 必要的间隔维护,CRTContinuously Regenerating T
15、rap连续再生式颗粒捕集器Permanent PM combustion 永久的颗粒燃烧No maintenance required 免维护,Car application客车应用,Truck application卡车应用,23,A part of the exhaust gas is led through the metal部分排气通过金属fleece,the rest is bypassing the fleece 其余通过编织物Open cell structure开放式蜂窝结构No maintenance免维护Efficiency up to 50%效率上限50%Combinat
16、ion with Oxi cat 与氧化型催化转化器结合,PM Cat 颗粒催化转化器,24,Comparison:PM Trap vs.PM Cat 颗粒捕集器与颗粒催化转化器比较,Disadvantage缺点 Backpressure increase排气背压增加 Ash accumulation灰聚集 Packaging装配 Filter clogging过滤器堵塞,Disadvantage缺点 Low efficiency效率低 Smoke puff during up-transients变工况冒烟 Low soot load capacity烟灰装载量低 Low passive r
17、egeneration potential被动再生潜力低,PM Trap颗粒捕集器,PM Cat颗粒催化转化器,25,SCR technology SCR技术,No PM Filter is necessary 不需要颗粒过滤器,SCR is an after treatment system that requires Urea as additive to create a chemical reaction to reduce NOx SCR是一种以尿素作为添加剂发生化学反应降低NOx的后处理系统,26,SCR(Selective Catalytic Reduction),27,char
18、acteristics尿素性能,Availability有效性Used in other industry sectors用于其它工业领域Economic price价格Mix:32,5%ammonia+67,5%water 混合比:32.5%氨水+67.5%水Easy handling,no danger-good 易操作,无危险Freezing point冰点:-11 CEvaporating point蒸发点:+60 CStrong volume extension较强的体积膨胀,28,SCR vs.EGR SCR和EGR比较,Feature 特点SCREGRFuel consumpti
19、on燃油耗 Lower 低Higher高Engine durability发动机耐久性as Euro 3同欧3Reduced减少Oil change intervals 更换机油间隔as Euro 3 同欧3Reduced减少Euro 5 compatibility欧5兼容性YES是 Difficult困难Cooling requirements 冷却系要求up to 6%减少6%up to+15%增加15%AdBlue infrastructure 尿素Yes 是No无Diesel fuel requirement柴油要求Standard(EN590)标准Low sulphured 低硫Ad
20、ditional weight 增加重量Yes 是Yes是,SCR technology offers important advantages most relevant:SCR技术优点:Reduced fuel consumption lower CO2 emissions)燃油消耗低,CO2排放少Insensitive to fuel quality(sulphur content)对燃油品质不敏感,Pro and cons starting from Euro 3从欧3起点的正反面比较,29,FPT technology strategy FPT技术路线,According to FP
21、T evaluation the conclusion is 根据FPT评估Solution for Light range 轻型车 New engine+EGR+Particulate Trap 新型发动机+EGR+颗粒捕集器Lower system cost 成本低Easier installation and maintenance安装维护容易No Increase in fuel consumption due to new engine design 新设计发动机不增加燃油耗 Solution for the Medium/Heavy range中/重型车:SCR technolog
22、y SCR技术,30,Practical case应用图例,270 hp/2700 rpm,31,“Light”HD engines”轻型车”发动机,For low-range engines(below 3.5 l)小排量发动机(3.5L以下)The trade-off between fuel consumption and system cost is less favorable to the SCR system燃油耗和系统成本与SCR系统相比低A system configuration compatible with LD regulations(roller test bed
23、homologation)is preferred to avoid vehicle configuration proliferation 系统结构协调是轻型车规则(转鼓试验台认证)首选,以避免增加配置Therefore the solution EGR+Particulate trap is preferred EGR+颗粒捕集器是首选With different calibration&sizing of the trap it can be used also for LD homologations.不同的标定和捕集器尺寸可用于轻型车认证This solution requires
24、low sulphur fuel(less than 50 ppm)to allow filter regeneration该方案需要低硫柴油(小于50 ppm)以利于过滤器再生,32,HD with EGR/trap engine configuration带EGR/颗粒捕集器发动机结构,EGR cooler(water heat exchanger)EGR冷却器,EGR valveEGR阀,FPT F1C 3.0 L engine4 valves/cylinder4气门/缸CR injection高压共轨系统,33,HD with EGR/trap exhaust configuratio
25、n带EGR/颗粒捕集器排气系结构,Particulate trap颗粒捕集器,Silencer消声器,Differential pressure sensor压差传感器,34,HD with SCR-New features:engine带SCR发动机新特征,New injectors新型喷油器 New EDC system 新EDC系统 New piston rings 新型活塞环 Higher Injection pressure(up to 1800 bar)更高喷射压力（到1800bar）,Less fuel consumption更低油耗No“direct”impact on veh
26、icle configuration(cooling,size,)不直接影响车辆结构（冷却，尺寸，等等）,35,HD with SCR-New features:Aftertreatment systemSCR后处理系统,Urea dosing system+Catalyst 尿素加注系统+催化剂Urea tanks尿素罐:45,60&120 lUrea consumption尿素消耗:4 5%of diesel(Euro 4)6 8%of diesel(Euro 5)On Board Diagnosis OBD系统,36,January 19941994年THE WORLDS FIRST ROAD VEHICLE WITH AN SCR-SYSTEM世界上第一辆道路车辆SCR系统应用,HD with SCR-system application SCR系统应用,37,HD with SCR-system application SCR系统应用,38,HD with SCR-Typical HD truck installations典型的重型卡车安装,39,HD with SCR-silencer units SCR消声器,The DeNOx unit is always including the silencer function,40,THANK YOU！谢谢！,
