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1、Inaugural Address,John F.Kennedy,Unit 4,Teaching Objectives,To know the features of a political speechTo appreciate the language features of Kennedys addressTo acquaint the students with some famous English speechesTo take this speech as a good example to learn some techniques in writing a speech,Te
2、aching Focus,The difference between a speech and an argument Political backgroundBiblical and ancient Roman style writings and allusionsA round-about way in vague terms to convey political views which are not openly stated,Teaching Methods,Teacher-oriented teaching methodStudent-oriented teaching me
3、thodThe elicited method,Teaching Procedure,.Introductory Remarks.Background Information.Learning Focus.Key words and Expressions.Explanation of the Text,.Division of the Text.The Writing Style.Rhetorical Devices.Exercises,Introductory Remarks,.Introductory Remarks,J.F.Kennedy addresses a worldwide a
4、udience in his inaugural speech.He makes a general statement of basic policy goals.,The United States is prepared to pay any price,bear any burden,and meet any hardship to defend human rights,liberty and independence of free nations.He addresses different groups of allied nations or would-be allies,
5、as well as the United Nations.,He turns to his enemy,warning that the U.S.is prepared to oppose any foe at all costs,so theyd better negotiate and cooperate with U.S.He appeals to his countrymen and citizens of the world for support and sacrifice in order to defend human rights and freedom.,Presiden
6、t Kennedys finest masterpiece and one of the best speeches.It is a persuasive speech with the clear purpose:to explain,convince and persuade the people that what he is saying and what he is planning to do best represent their interests so they should support him.,Detailed Study of the Text,.Backgrou
7、nd Information,1.Brief Introduction to John Kennedy On November 22,1963,when he was hardly past his first thousand days in office,John Fitzgerald Kennedy was killed by an assassins bullets as his motorcade wound through Dallas,Texas.Kennedy was the youngest man elected President;he was the youngest
8、to die.,2Inaugurationthe peaceful transfer of power from one individual to another going back to President George Washington the induction of the new president was scheduled on March 4,every fourth year since 1793,it has taken place on January 20 since 1937the inaugural ball in 1809four or five ball
9、rooms in Washington,3.Solemn Oath“I do solemnly swear that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States,and will,to the best of my ability,preserve,protect and defend the Constitution of the United States.”,.Learning Focus,To understand the political backgroundTo appreciate
10、 the biblical and ancient Roman style writings and allusionsTo understand a round-about way in vague terms to convey political views which are not openly stated,.Key words and Expressions,1.inaugural:a.of an inaugurationinauguration(n.),inaugurate(v.)the professors inaugural lecture2.symbolize:v.to
11、be a symbol of;stand for-In Europe,the color white symbolizes purity.,3.signify:v.to be a sign or indication of;mean-Recent changes in climate may signify that global warming is starting to have an effect.4.almighty:a.having unlimited power;all-powerful-Almighty God/Father,5.prescribe:v.to set down
12、as a rule or direction;order-what punishment does the law prescribe for corruption?6.abolish:v.to do away with completely;put an end to;-The legislature passed a law to abolish the surtax.,7.temper:v.to strengthen through experience or hardship;toughen-Those soldiers had been tempered by combat.8.di
13、scipline:v.to subject to discipline;train;control-Students must learn to discipline themselves.,9.oppose:v.to resist;withstand;-Many members of the council opposed the building of the luxury houses in the center of the city.10.assure:v.to make(difficult thing)certain;guarantee-I can assure you of th
14、e reliability of the news.,11.venture:n.a business project or activity,especially one that involves taking risks-a joint venture12.iron:a.cruel,merciless-iron discipline,13.renew:v.to go over again;say again;repeat-I renewed my spirits in the country.14.forum:n.assembly for the discussion of public
15、matters or current questions-The letter page of this newspaper is a forum for public argument.,15.shield:n.any person or thing that guards,protect or defends16.unleash:v.to release or let go from or as from a leash leash:n.(lead esp.AmE)-All dogs must be kept on a leash in public places.leash:v.to c
16、ontrol an animal,esp.a dog,with lead or leash,17.stay:v.restrain-The government tries to stay the progress of the disease.18.invoke:v.to ask solemnly for;beg for;implore-I invoked their forgiveness.,19.eradicate:v.to get rid of;wipe out;destroy-Their goal was to eradicate the poverty in the countrys
17、ide.20.testimony:n.form of evidence,indication;proof-These results are a testimony to your hard work.,21.shrink:v.to avoid or wish to avoid taking action;be reluctant;withdraw-A shy man shrinks from meeting strangers.22.at issue:in dispute;to be decided;in disagreement-What is at issue is the extent
18、 to which exam results reflect a students ability.,23.at odds:in disagreement;quarrelling;antagonistic-He was at odds with his colleagues.24.cast off:to discard;abandon-The town is still trying to cast off its dull image.,.Explanation of the Text,Para.1:Kennedy emphasizes the importance of his elect
19、ion as president.It is not simply a victory of the Democratic Party over the Republican Party.It celebrates the freedom of people to elect freely their own head of the state.It symbolizes the end of one presidential term and the beginning of new one.The presidency is continued,but the president has
20、changed.,Para.2:Not only the administration has been changed,but the world has changed a lot.Para.3:Kennedy exhorts his countrymen and forcefully declares his determination to“pay any price”to defend human right and liberty at home and around the world.,Para.4:Like the preceding one,Kennedy addresse
21、s to friend and foe at the same time.It promise to support any friend and oppose any foe.Para.5:transition from the general countries to specific ones.,Para.6:It refers to those old allies with the same cultural and spiritual origins,esp.English speaking countries,such as Canada,Britain,Australia,Ne
22、w Zealand etc.,Paras.7&8:Kennedy addresses the governments and people of newly independent countries,the third world developing countries.He promise to give them economic aid but warn them not to go over the Communist.,Para.9:Kennedy addresses all the countries lying to South of the U.S.in central a
23、nd south America.The U.S has always tried to dominate these countries and has quite often interfered in their internal affair.,Para.10:Kennedy pledges his support to United Nations.Para.11-13:Kennedy addresses his enemy.He points out the destructive power of war and put forward proposal for arms con
24、trol negotiation,cooperation in fields of science and space exploration.,Para.14-20:Kennedy puts forward his different proposals by employing the parallel structures throughout these paragraphs.,Para.21-27:Kennedy appeals to his fellow Americans to support him and be ready to do everything they can,
25、even to sacrifice their lives,if necessary,for their country.,Main Points,The Appropriate Use of Wordsa.“To our sister republics”(para.9)b.“make themselves adversary”(para.11),1.Three ways to sway people 1)through evidence and reasoning;2)through his own credibility;3)through appeals to the peoples
26、basic social,biological,and psychological needs,wants,and desires,2.The deliberate use of a pseudo-Roman style and Biblical language a.“and yet the same revolutionary from the hand of God.”(para.2)b.“Let the world go forth from this time and place(para.3),c.“to strengthen its shield of the new,which
27、 its writ may run.”(para.10)d.“And so,my fellow Americans your country.”(para.25),.Division of the Text,Part 1 Paras.1-5:a general statement of basic policy goals.Part 2 Paras.6-9:Kennedy addresses different groups of allied nations or would-be allies.,Part 3Paras.11-19:Kennedy speaks to his enemy.P
28、art 4Paras.21-27:Kennedy appeals to his countrymen for support and sacrifice.,Summary of the Text,.The Writing Style,Well organized and highly rhetoricalVarious figures of speech The appropriate use of words,parallel and balanced structures,Repetition of important words and phrases,and antithesisDel
29、iberate use of a pseudo-Roman style or Biblical language in some places,Summary of the Text,-one of the best inaugural addresses-its object:to explain,convince and persuade people that what he is saying and planning to do best represents their interests so they should support him,-addressing a world
30、wide audience and appealing not only to the American people but also to the different groups of nations in the international community,-consisting of three parts:introduction,body and conclusion-extremely well organized,highly rhetorical and full of logical reasoning and emotional appeal,-various fi
31、gures of speech-the appropriate use of words,-some structural rhetorical devices:parallel and balanced structures,repetition of important words and phrases-antithesis-for the sake of force,vividness and emotional appeal,Features of the Speech,-Mostly persuasion with very little explanation-To rely c
32、hiefly on a successful appeal to emotions-No time to cite facts and reasons which could convince-First to understand the psychology of the audience to whom he is directing his words,-To employ suitable rhetorical devices and words to create the desired emotional impact-Successful when the audience i
33、s excited and does not have much time to think or when the audience is ready susceptible to the message of the speaker-Political demagogy relies on emotional appeal for its success,.Rhetorical Devices,alliteration:friend and foe(para.3)pay any price,bear any burden,metaphor:torch-inspiration and ide
34、alsriding the back of tiger-seeking the aid of the socialist countriesthe master of its own house-Americathat fire can truly light the world-the energy,faith,devotion of American people,parallel:verb phrase-pay any price,meet any hardship,support any friend,and oppose any foe.(para.4)Paras.6,7,8,10,
35、11 begin with the same type of phrases:To those old alliesParas.15,16,17,18 begin with the same type of phrases:Let both sides,repetition:“all forces”and“belief”(para2)“committed”(para.3)“good”and“free”(para9)“beyond doubt”(para12),antithesis:A figure of speech which assumes a balanced structure and
36、 emphasizes a contrast in meaning by placing antonyms in parallel position,generally to produce a sound rhythm,and expresses great wisdom through brevity.,antithesis:“United,there is little,Divided,there is little.”(para.6)“If a free society cannotwho are rich”(para.8)“Let both sides exploredivide u
37、s.”(para.15)“ask not what your country can do for youfor your country”(para.25)“not as a call to battle,.”(para.22),synecdoche:“that stay the hand of mankinds final war.”(para.13)rhetorical question:“Can we forge against for all mankind?”(para.23),Exercises,.Exercises,Oral PresentationMake a five-mi
38、nute presentation in class based on your research.Suggested topics:1.The position of John F.Kennedy in American history 2.The Cold War,Discriminate between these synonyms.1.mortal,fatal,deadly,lethal2.faithful,loyal,constant,staunch,resolute,1.mortal,fatal,deadly,lethalFatal if used to describe anyt
39、hing that is capable of causing or that actually has caused death;it carries a strong suggestion of the inevitability of fate An illness which might not be serious for a young person,but which will almost certainly prove fatal to an old person.,Deadly is interchangeable with fatal in this sense.Leuk
40、emia is a deadly diseaseDeadly,however,in a way that fatal cannot,can refer to a person who desires or seeks to cause the death of another person.The murdered man had many deadly enemies.,Mortal,like deadly,can be applied both to things or people that cause,are capable of causing,or seek to cause so
41、meones death.(Because of an ancient family feud,the two cousins had been mortal enemies from birth).,In its reference to things,mortal differs from fatal and deadly only in the fact that it is usually found in contexts which detail a death that has already occurred.He was struck down by a mortal blo
42、w upon the head.,Lethal refers to something which,because of some intrinsic quality in its make-up,is certain to cause death,and may indeed exist for the express purposes of causing death.Cyanide is a lethal poison.,With the exception of lethal,all these words can be used to describe something that
43、causes great fear or discomfort,or that brings about disaster or ruin,but that dose not lead to physical death.a fatal mistake;a deadly insult;in mortal terror.,2.faithful,loyal,constant,staunch,resoluteFaithful implies continued,steadfast adherence to a person or thing to which one is bound by an o
44、ath,duty,obligation,etc.a faithful wife or husband,loyal implies undeviating allegiance to a person,cause,institution,etc.which one feels morally bound to support or defenda loyal friendconstant suggests freedom from fickleness in affections or loyalties a constant lover,staunch(or stanch)implies su
45、ch strong allegiance to ones principles or purpose as not to turned aside by any causea staunch defender of the truth,resolute stresses unwavering determination,often in adhering to ones personal ends or aimsShe was resolute in her decision to stay.,READ,THINK AND COMMENTThe following is part of Mar
46、tin Luther Kings speech“I Have a Dream Address at March on Washington”delivered on August 28,1963,in Washington,D.C.Read it and sum up and comment on his rhetorical devices.,Martin Luther King Jr.s speech“I have a Dream”is one of the greatest speeches in American history and one of the most famous a
47、round the world.The speaker uses a variety of rhetorical devices to give force and rhythm to his speech.The following are some of them.,Parallel sentence structures:“I have a dream today.I have a dream that”;“Let freedom ring”;“With this faith”Repetition of key words:“together”Metaphors:“whose gover
48、nors lips are presently dripping with the words”;“every valley shall be exalted,every hill and mountain shall be made low,the rough places will be made plain,and the crooked places will be made straight”;“the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood”;etc.,Quotation fr
49、om“My Country,Tis of Thee”,also known as“America”,an American patriotic song.Words from the old Negro spiritual:“Free at last!Free at last!Thank God Almighty,we are free at last!”Biblical style:“the glory of the Lord shall be revealed,and all flesh shall see it together”;“when all of Gods children be able to sing”;“Let freedom ring from”,
