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1、Define the nature and purpose of planningClassify the types of goals organizations might have and the plans they useCompare and contrast approaches to goal-setting and planningDiscuss contemporary issues in planning,Chapter 8:Foundations of Planning,What Is Planning?,Planning-a primary managerial ac
2、tivity that involves:Defining the organizations goalsEstablishing an overall strategy for achieving those goalsDeveloping plans for organizational work activities,Formal Planning,Formal planningSpecific goals covering a specific time periodWritten and shared with organizational members,Why Do Manage
3、rs Plan?,Purposes of PlanningProvides directionReduces uncertaintyMinimizes waste and redundancySets the standards for controlling,Planning and Performance,Formal planning is associated with:Higher profits and returns on assetsPositive financial resultsThe quality of planning and implementation affe
4、cts performance more than the extent of planningThe external environment can reduce the impact of planning on performance,Elements of Planning,Goals(also Objectives)Desired outcomes for individuals,groups,or entire organizationsProvide direction and evaluation performance criteriaPlansDocuments that
5、 outline how goals are to be accomplishedDescribe how resources are to be allocated and establish activity schedules,Elements of planning,Under what situation is plan effectiveWhat should be doneWhyHowWhoWhenWhere，what departmentshow much resourcesIn case of。,Different forms of plans,宗旨(mission)：目的或
6、使命目标(goals)：行动要达到的结果战略(strategies)：业务范围、配置资源政策(policies)：决策的指南、方针与指导原则程序(procedures)：行动的时间顺序和步骤、办事手续规则(rules)：如何做及允许或不允许做的规定规划(Planning)：包括目标、策略、政策、规则等综合性计划预算(budget)：数字化的规划,Types of Goals,Financial Goals-related to the expected internal financial performance of the organization.Strategic Goals-rela
7、ted to the performance of the firm relative to factors in its external environment(e.g.,competitors).,Types of Plans,Strategic PlansEstablish the organizations overall goalsSeek to position the organization in terms of its environmentCover extended periods of timeOperational PlansSpecify the details
8、 of how the overall goals are to be achievedCover a short time period,Types of Plans,Long-Term Plans Time frames extending beyond three years.Short-Term PlansTime frames of one year or less.,Types of Plans,Specific PlansPlans that are clearly defined and leave no room for interpretation.Directional
9、PlansFlexible plans that set out general guidelines and provide focus,yet allow discretion in implementation.,Specific Versus Directional Plans,Prentice Hall,2002,7-15,Types of Plans,Single-Use PlanA one-time plan specifically designed to meet the need of a unique situation.Standing PlansOngoing pla
10、ns that provide guidance for activities performed repeatedly.,Traditional Goal Setting,Broad goals are set at the top of the organization.Goals are then broken into sub-goals for each organizational level.Goals are intended to direct,guide,and constrain from above.Goals lose clarity and focus as low
11、er-level managers attempt to interpret and define the goals for their areas of responsibility.,Exhibit 8-2:The Downsideof Traditional Goal Setting,Means-Ends ChainThe integrated network of goals that results from establishing a clearly-defined hierarchy of organizational goals.Achievement of lower-l
12、evel goals is the means by which to reach higher-level goals(ends).,Maintaining the Hierarchy of Goals,Specific performance goals are jointly determined by employees and managers.Progress toward accomplishing goals is periodically reviewed.Rewards are allocated on the basis of progress towards the g
13、oals.,Management By Objectives(MBO),Management By Objectives(MBO),Key elements of MBO:goal specificityparticipative decision makingan explicit performance/evaluation periodfeedback,Exhibit 8-3:Steps in a Typical MBO Program,Does MBO Work?,Reason for MBO SuccessTop management commitment and involveme
14、ntPotential Problems with MBO ProgramsAre less effective in dynamic environments that require constant resetting of goalsOveremphasis on individual accomplishment may create problems with teamworkAllowing the MBO program to become an annual paperwork shuffle,Exhibit 8-4:Well-Written Goals,Steps in G
15、oal Setting,Review the organizations mission statement.Do goals reflect the mission?Evaluate available resources.Are resources sufficient to accomplish the mission?Determine goals individually or with others.Are goals specific,measurable,and timely?,Steps in Goal Setting,Write down the goals and com
16、municate them.Is everybody on the same page?Review results and whether goals are being met.What changes are needed in mission,resources,or goals?,Contingency Factors in Planning,Managers level in the organizationStrategic plans at higher levelsOperational plans at lower levelsDegree of environmental
17、 uncertaintyStable environment:specific plansDynamic environment:specific but flexible plans,Contingency Factors in Planning,Length of future commitmentsCommitment Concept:Current plans affecting future commitments must be sufficiently long-term in order to meet those commitments.,Exhibit 8-5:Planni
18、ng in the Hierarchy Organizations,Approaches to Planning,Establishing a formal planning departmentCreate a group of planning specialists that help managers write organizational plans.Planning is a function of management;it should never become the sole responsibility of planners.,Approaches to Planni
19、ng,Involving organizational members in the processPlans are developed by members of organizational units at various levels and then coordinated with other units across the organization.,Criticisms of Planning,Planning may create rigidity.Plans cannot be developed for dynamic environments.Formal plan
20、s cannot replace intuition and creativity.,Criticisms of Planning,Planning focuses managers attention on todays competitionnot tomorrows survival.Formal planning reinforces todays success,which may lead to tomorrows failure.Planning isnt enough.,Planning in Dynamic Environments,Develop plans that ar
21、e specific but flexible.Understand that planning is an ongoing process.Change plans when conditions warrant alterations.,Planning in Dynamic Environments,Persistence in planning eventually pays off.Flatten the organizational hierarchy to foster the development of planning skills at all organizationa
22、l levels.,Terms to Know,planninggoalsplansstated goalsreal goalsframingstrategic plansoperational planslong-term plansshort-term plansspecific plans,directional planssingle-use planstanding planstraditional goal settingmeans-ends chainmanagement by objectives(MBO)missioncommitment conceptformal plan
23、ning department,作业 某班级决定组织一次节目联欢，班长拟定了一份活动计划：12月31日晚上7点开始联欢；全班同学出席，邀请班主任和任课老师参加；内容有唱歌，猜谜等，最后跳舞；由文艺委员主持；买一箱可乐、若干水果招待出席者和老师，买一些文具作为奖品奖励演出者和猜谜成功者。晚上11点结束。请用计划要素整理以上活动计划，并指出该计划的不足。,联欢会计划书活动目标：让师生共同度过一个愉快而有意义的节目。参与对象：班主任、各任课老师、全班同学活动时间：12月31日晚上7点-11点活动地点：大学生活动中心具体安排：1、班长和学委负责邀请班主任和任课老师，并负责通知全体同学2、生活委员负责购买可乐、水果等，并委托其他同学负责购买奖品3、文艺委员主持整场晚会，负责晚会的具体活动事宜。4、粗略预算：水果、饮料支出100元，奖品100元，其他100元。,
