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1、Coordination,CoordinationI.CoordinatorsAnd and related coordinatorsOr and related coordinatorsBut and related coordinatorsII.Punctuation between coordinated units,SubordinationSubordinatorsSubordinate clausesFinite subordinate clausesNon-finite and verbless clauses,Coordination is typically realized
2、 by coordinators(also termed coordinating conjunctions)which join units at the same level,whereas subordination,realized by subordinators(also termed subordinating conjunctions),involves the linking of units at different levels so that they form a hierarchy.,A subordinator introduces a subordinate c
3、lause which is attached to the main clause.The difference between coordination and subordination also lies in the amount of importance the speaker wishes to attach to the joined constituents.The syntactic equality between the coordinated units tends to bring with it the semantic equality.,In a typic
4、al case of coordination,the relation between the two units is practically reversible:Peter and Susan=Susan and PeterPeter is a doctor and Susan is a nurse.=Susan is a nurse and Peter is a doctor.,In subordination,however,the subordinate clause tends to offer the background information in support of
5、the main clausea semantic hierarchy that results from the syntactic inequality:Well have a picnic if its fine tomorrow.Because they had finished their work,they went back home.,1)Central coordinators:and,or,but2)Correlative coordinators:both.and,either.or,not.but,neither.nor,not only.but also3)Semi-
6、coordinators:nor,so,yet4)Quasi-coordinators:as well as,as much as,rather than,more than,a.And and related coordinators,Other coordinators which are able to perform a similar function include:both.and,not only.but also,as well as,not.or,not.nor,neither.nor,etc.:,1)I gave her a cup of tea and some bis
7、cuits.2)Both my wife and I will be coming to see you a week today.3)She is not only pretty but also intelligent.4)He gave me money as well as advice.5)Not a fly nor a mosquito was to be found.6)He doesnt like football or basketball.7)He neither smokes nor drinks.,Different meaning of and1)The profes
8、sor went into the classroom,opened his notebook,and started the lecture.(chronological sequence of events)2)He heard his dog bark at the door,and he looked out of the window only to find that his house was surrounded by a large crowd of angry people.(cause and effect),3)Work harder and youll pass th
9、e test.(condition)4)Liz is talkative and her husband is reserved.(contrast)5)English is difficult to learn,and so is French.(similarity)6)He is a chain smoker,and he stinks all over.(addition)7)She ran and ran until she was out of breath.(repeated or continuing action),In informal English,and is com
10、monly used after come,go,try,wait,etc.as an alternative to the infinitive marker to,to suggest purpose:Come and have tea with us.Ill go and see if shes OK.Lets wait and see.Try and get some coffee.Stay and have dinner with us,will you?We ought to stop and think.Hurry up and get dressed.,b.Or and rel
11、ated coordinators,When we use or,we usually talk about alternatives:1)Which do you prefer,tea or coffee?2)We have the alternative of going or staying.3)Which John would you like to talk to,with or without beard?4)Do it now,or youre fired.5)Im sure youll enjoy your holiday in a place such as Venice,o
12、r Florence,or somewhere like that.,Either.or usually relates to two possibilities only and emphasizes the exclusive meaning of or:1)You can either come with me or stay at home.2)Either you do it now,or youre fired.,Or is also found in some established expressions,where it still introduces an alterna
13、tive:1)Give me five minutes or so and Ill finish the work.(about five minutes/five minutes or more)2)Clean up the mess,or else!(used as a threat)3)You may stay here for a day or two.(a day or more/at least a day)4)The tribe was called Milwaukee or something.(showing that the speaker is not sure),c.B
14、ut and related coordinators,As a coordinator,but expresses a contrast which could usually be alternatively expressed by yet,while,whereas,etc.1)They are poor but/yet proud.2)I am objecting to his morals,but/yet not to his manners.,3)We had intended to come and see you,but/yet it rained.4)He is not b
15、rave but bold.5)You like sports,while/whereas/but/yet Id rather read.6)While/Whereas they want a house,we would rather live in a flat.,2.Punctuation between coordinated units,What I need after a days hard work is a hot shower,a cigarette and a nice cup of coffee.He didnt play football,basketball or
16、volleyball.,He was tall,dark and handsome.The room is small,clean and cozy.(When adjectives come in the predicative position,we usually put and before the last one)a small,clean,cozy room a tall,dark,handsome man(With these gradable adjectives in the attributive position,which denote qualities,we of
17、ten use commas between them),1)the countrys social,economic and political crisis2)Asian,European and African cultures(the adjectives relate to the same system of classification)3)a pink Indian cotton dress4)a red carved French wooden card tables5)a new red American sports utility car(adjectives of different classifying systems),
