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1、Happiness does not drop from the sky;it is to be created by our hands.,翻译基本考点,三大考点:1.固定搭配考点:这是翻译中的最为核心的考点,也是近几次命题密度最高的知识点,应该引起大家的高度重视。比如说名词与动词搭配,形容词与名词搭配,动词与副词的修饰关系,名词与介词搭配,更为重要的是常见的固定词组以及固定表达,这些都可能成为考试的命题重点。,2.核心语法考点:这部分语法考点大多数还是词汇语法考点的重现和转移,这一点要引起同学们的重视,因为考点是一致的。核心语法考点最重要的虚拟语气,其次是倒装结构、从句知识、非谓语动词等。
2、,3.核心动词以及动词短语的考查。主要靠平时的积累。通过一个题目,掌握一个表达。四级考试真题具有极高参考价值。,冲刺建议,1.在进行翻译练习时,尽量力求翻译多样 化,以便扩展思维,开阔思路,掌握重 点核心表达。2.多背搭配,同时利用经典搭配多造句 子,完善语法结构。同时可以提高自己 的写作水平,一举两得。,3.强化重点语法知识。如倒装结构、虚拟 语气、比较结构、定语从句、状语从 句、非谓语动词等。4.深度分析已考翻译试题,全面掌握挖掘 潜在考点,学会举一反三。,解题方法,第一步:首先快速浏览句子,初步判断该句所涉及到的形式、时态。所谓形式包括:1.词组固定搭配(不定式短语、分词短语、动名词、句
3、子等)2.虚拟 3.被动 所谓时态是指:根据给出的上下文判断英语句子的时态。,第二步:以核心谓语动词为切入点,找准主谓 宾、分清定状补。第三步:先翻译主谓宾、后翻译定状补,切块对应翻译,重新组合。动词 注意时态,名词注意单复数。,常考语法点 虚拟语气、非谓语动词的用法、从 句、谓语动词的时态和语态、主谓 一致、情态动词、关联词、特殊结 构(倒装结构、比较结构、强调结 构),常考词汇要点:动词短语、名词短语、形容词短语、介词短语和固定搭配,常考语法点,一、虚拟语气,(一)虚拟语气用于非真实条件句 英语中的条件句可分为真实的条件句和非真实的条件句。由if 引导的非真实条件句表示对现在、过去和将来的
4、事实进行假设时,主、从句的谓语动词形式如下:,were/v-ed(动词过去式),would/should/could/might+动词原形,had+过去分词,Would/should/could/might+have+过去分词,would/should/could/might+动词原形,一般过去时were to+动词原形should+动词原形,如果我是他,我就会尽最大的努力按时完成任务。判断考点“如果我是他”。时态:现在If I were him,I would try my best to finish the task on time.2.要是你昨天来了,你就会在这里看到他的。If you
5、 had com yesterday,you would have seen him here.,(二)五大虚拟句型(1)wish后的宾语从句(2)Id rather/would rather(3)as if/as though+从句(4)If only+从句(5)Its(high)time+that过去时/should+v,我宁愿你在过去的两周里什么都没有做。I would rather you had done nothing in the past two weeks.该是我们采取措施去制止交通事故的时候了。It is high time that we took measures to
6、 stop traffic accidents.,例3 Sometimes I wish I _(生活在)in a different time and a different place答案:were living译文:有时候我希望自己生活在一个不同的时间和 空间。解析:此题考查wish后的宾语从句表示对现在情况 的假设。例4 He didnt go to the party,but he does wish he _(当时在那里)答案:had been there译文:他没有去舞会,不过他很希望自己当时在那 里。解析:此题考查wish后的宾语从句表示对过去情况 的假设。,(三)虚拟语气用于
7、标词+that从句(should+V)结构中标词包括动词类:一坚持(insist)二命令(order,command)三建议(advise,suggest,propose)四要求(demand,recommend,require,request)形容词类:It is necessary/important/essential/strange/natural that 最常见,翻译:重要的是我们要照顾好病人。例5 It is highly desirable that a new president _(被任命)for this college.答案:be appointed译文:大家非常希望任
8、命一位新校长来管理这所大 学。例6 It is essential that these application forms _(尽早寄出去).答案:be sent as early as possible译文:重要的是把这些申请表尽早寄出去。,例7 It is Harolds desire that he(和妻子合葬).答案:(should)be buried next to his wife 译文:Harold 希望死后和妻子合葬.解析:本题考查的是desire后面的表语从句,句中谓语动词应该用should型虚拟语 气,should可省略.,例8 The suggestion that t
9、he mayor _(颁奖)was accepted by everyone答案:(should)present the prizes译文:每个人都接受了让市长来颁奖的建议.解析:此题考查的是suggestion 后的同位语 从句,句中谓语动词要采用should型虚 拟式.,It is suggested that the air conditioner _(要安装在窗户旁).答案:(should)be fixed/installed by the window,Look at the terrible situation I am in!If only I(听从了你的建议)答案:had fo
10、llowed your advice 译文:看看我所处的糟糕情形!我要是听从了你的建议就好了。,例10 Id rather you(不带那些重要文件)with you.答案:didnt take those important documents 译文:我宁愿你不带那些重要文件在身上.解析:此题考查would rather 后的宾语从 句中对现在情况的虚拟,谓语动词用一般过去时.,例11 The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he(伤害自己)答案:injure himself译文:那个疯子被安置在有软垫的房间以 免他伤害自己.解析:l
11、est/in case/for fear that 引导的目 的状语从句中谓语动词用(should)+动词原形。,例12 Take your raincoat in case_(以防下雨)答案:it(should)rain 译文:带上雨衣,以防下雨。解析:in case 引导的目的状语从句中谓语动词用(should)+动词原形。,Youd better take a sweater with you_(以防天气变冷)答案:in case it(should)turn cold.,三、从句(名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句)(一)名词性从句复习名词性从句We agreed to accept(任何
12、一位 他们认为最好的)tourist guide.答案:whoever they thought was the best译文:我们同意接受任何一位他们认为最好的导游。解析:引导从句的关系词在从句中作主语,而且是“任何一位”,应该用whoever,而不是 whomever或who。,例36 In some countries,(所谓的平等)does not really mean equal rights for all people.答案:what is called“equality”/the so-called equality译文:在有些国家,所谓的平等并不真正意味着人人享有平等权利。
13、解析:“所谓的”即“被称为的”,汉语中的“的”字结构往往用what 引 导的主语从句表达。,1.我记得在哪里见过她。判断考点:宾语从句确定时态:主句()从句()2.很多人所没有的意识到的是西蒙是一名运动爱好者。3.你需要的是更多的锻炼。,(二)定语从句步骤:1.写出简单句,确定先行词。2.先行词后加入定语从句,关系词即先译主干,再译从句,最后确定关系词。萨姆买不起他极想要的那种照相机,因为那相机太贵了。杰克想买一辆和玛丽一样的轿车。你能找到你出生的那个房子吗?,2关系代词that与which 用法的区别which 可以引导一个非限制性定语从句,that 则不能which 之前可以有介词,tha
14、t之前则不能。只能用that,而不能用which 的主要情况:(1)当先行词是all,anything,everything few,little,much,none,nothing,something等不定代词时(2)当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰时(3)当先行词被the very,the only 等修饰时,(三)状语从句(重点:让步,原因,条件,目的)a.让步状语从句no matter+wh-疑问词和wh-疑问词+ever 引导的让步状语从句可以互换。但wh-疑问词+ever引导的名词从句,则不可用no matter 替换。“无论,不管”no matter+how/however+
15、adj./adv.+主谓宾eg.无论生活多难,我都不会失去信心。,b.“虽然,尽管”although,as(倒装)他年纪轻轻就已经成为了世界上最杰出的的艺术家之一了。b、条件状语从句If/in case,unless,as long as如果想要更好地了解英国的文化,首先应该学好英语翻译原则:先主干,再添加2.只要你不断努力,你迟早会取得成功。,c.目的状语从句 So that,for fear that,lest,in case.1.他一直在努力学习以赶上班上其他同学。d.原因状语从句 because since as for(语气越来越?)1.既然你明天就要动身,今晚我们可以一起共进晚餐。
16、,例39 All(合理的)is not necessarily practicable答案:that is reasonable译文:合理的事情未必都可行。解析:当先行词是all时,定语从句用 that 引导。,例41 No sooner(我们一到山顶)than we all sat down to rest.答案:had we reached the top of the hill译文:我们一到山顶就全部坐下来休息。解析:no sooner后面的主谓需要部分倒 装,其中谓语动词用过去完成时。,2.as引导的让步状语从句例42(家也许很简陋),theres no place like home
17、,wherever he may go.答案:Humble as it may be/Although it may be humble(simple)译文:家也许很简陋,但是无论一个人走 到哪里,没有任何地方像家一样(温 暖)。解析:as也可替换为 though。as在引导让步状 语从句时不位于句首,在它前面的可以是 形容词,名词,副词等,翻译时“家”可 以用it代替,因为后文使用的是名词。,3.状语从句特殊的引导词 now that既然,由于例43 Now(既然你熟悉了作者的观点)try reading all the sections as quickly as you possibly
18、 can答案:that you are familiar with the authors ideas译文:既然你熟悉了作者的观点,尽快读 完所有章节。解析:由于句首是now,显然考查的是 now that引导的原因状语从句,in that 因为,由于例44 Criticism and self-criticism is necessary in(原因是这有助于)find and correct our mistakes.答案:that it helps to/that it is helpful to译文:批评与自我批评有必要的原因是这 有助于发现和改正我们的错误。解析:空格前出现in,根据
19、中文分析,显 然是考查 in that引导的原因状语 从句。,in case for fear that lest 以防,万一,以免例45 He was punished lest_(再犯同样的错误)答案:he(should)make the same mistake again译文:他受到了惩罚,以防再犯同样的错 误解析:lest 后面需用should型虚拟语气结 构,同样的用 the same 表达。,例46 Give me your telephone number(以防万一我需要你的帮助)答案:in case for fear that I need your help译文:把你的电话
20、号码告诉我,以防万一 我需要你的帮助。解析:“以防万一”用in case 或for fear that。,so that/such that 如此以至于 例47 The radio was of _(这么差的质量)that I took it back and asked for a better one.答案:such inferior/poor quality译文:这台收音机的质量太差,所以我回 去要求换台好的。解析:由于空格前后有of,所以只能用 such+名词结构。,as long as/so long as只要例48 He will surely finish the job on
21、time as_(只要让他以自己的方式去做)答案:long as hes left/allowed to do it in his own way译文:只要让他以自己的方式去做,他肯 定会按时完成工作。解析:as 提示需要as long as 短语引导条 件状语从句。be left to do sth.“被 允许自行做某事”。,unless 除非,只要不例49(政府才能有效运行)unless it is free from such interference答案:Government cannot operate effectively译文:政府只有摆脱了这样的干扰,才能有效运 行。解析:由于
22、unless表示 if not的含义,所以译 成否定句,provided/providing(that)如果例51 We should be able to do the job quickly,that_(如果你给我们所有必需的信息)答案:provided/providing;you give us all the necessary information 译文:如果你给我们所有必需的信息,我 们应该可以做的很快。解析:空格之间出现that,显然考查provided/providing(that)引导的条件状语从句,若没有that限制,也可用if 从句。,例54(不论遇到什么困难),wel
23、l help one another to overcome them.,答案:Whatever difficulties/No matter what difficulties we may come across/meet译文:无论遇到什么困难,我们都会相互 帮助来克服。解析:“无论什么”可用whatever或 no matter what表达。“遇到”可用 come across 或meet。,例55 The substance does not dissolve in water(不管是否加热).答案:whether(it is)heated or not译文:不管是否加热,这种物质都
24、不会溶 解于水。解析:主要考查让步状语从句“no matter+wh-疑问句”句型,表示“不论,不管”。凭四级词汇知识可以理解substance(物质)和dissolve(溶解)的意义。另外要考虑对“加热”的处理,是主动还是被动,从上下文推断出water被加热,所以采用被动语态,即whether(it is)heated or not,其中it is 可以省略。,四.时态语态,重点是一般现在时和主动语态随着经济的发展,在中国旅游正变得越来越受欢迎。昨天我急急忙忙赶到火车站时,发现火车已经开走了。翻译原则:先主干,再加修饰,被动语态,孩子的性格受家庭环境影响很大。所有的公共场所都应该完全禁止吸烟
25、。(找不到动作的发出者,无主句),(一)一般现在时在状语从句中表示将来的动作和状态 例56 The article suggests that when a person(处于超常压力下)he should be especially careful to have a well-balanced diet.答案:is under unusual stress/pressure译文:这篇文章建议当一个人处于超常压 力之下时,他应该特别注意饮食的均衡。解析:“处于压力下”用under stress,“超常”即“不寻常”,用unusual。,(二)一般过式时在状语从句中表示将来的动作和状态例57
26、I decided to go to the library as soon as I(做完我正在做的事)答案:finished what I was doing 译文:我决定一做完我正在做的事就去图 书馆。解析:主句谓语是过去时,所以从句也应 该是过去时。,(三)过去进行时(was/were+v-ing)例58 While Jane(提着牛奶到厨房时)she spilled some of it on her skirt.答案:was carrying milk to the kitchen译文:当Jane提着牛奶到厨房时,她溅了 一些在裙子上。解析:提重物的“提”往往用carry,主句为
27、一般过去时,而从句以while引导 应该用过去进行时。,(四)将来进行时(shall/will be+v-ing)例59 We(这个时候将在旅行)next year.答案:shall be traveling this time译文:明年的这个时候我们将在旅行。(五)过去将来时(should/would+v原)例60 He refused to tell us whether he_(是否愿意承担这份工作)答案:would(like to)undertake the job译文:他拒绝告诉我们是否愿意承担这份 工作。解析:“愿意”可用would 或would like to。,(六)过去完成时
28、(had done)例61 A thief who broke into a church was caught because traces of wax,found on his clothes,(来自)the sort of the candles used only in churches.答案:had come from 译文:闯入教堂的贼被抓住了,因为在他 衣服上发现的蜡痕来自那种教堂所专 用的蜡烛解析:come 是在过去的动作found 之前 发生,所以用过去完成时。,表示持续到将来某时的动作例63 By the time he arrives in Beijing,we(就在这
29、里住了两天了).答案:will have stayed here for two days 译文:等他到达北京时,我们将已经在这 儿逗留两天了。解析:by the time 引导的状语从句若用一 般现在时,其主句动词应该用将来完 成时,表示在将来某段时间前已经完 成的动作。,五、主谓一致,(一)意义一致原则 指根据意思确定动词谓语是用单数还是复数例65 How close parents are to their children _(有很强的影响)the character of the children.答案:has a strong influence on译文:父母与孩子关系密切程度对
30、孩子的性格有 很强的影响。解析:名词性从句作主语,其表示的是单数意 义,谓语动词用单数形式。,(二)就近一致原则例66 Neither tears nor protest _(不能影响他们父母的决定).答案:affects their parents decision译文:泪水和抗议都不能影响他们父母的 决定。解析:not onlybut also,or,nor,either or,neither.nor,whetheror 连接两个主语时,谓 语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。,(三)两个特殊短语例67 Neither of the young men who had applied for a
31、 position in the university(得以录取).答案:was accepted译文:那两位申请过该大学的一个职位的 年轻人都没被录取。解析:由either/neither of+复数名词或代 词作主语时,谓语用单数。,例68 Many a famous pop singer _(被毒品毁掉了).答案:has been ruined by drugs译文:好多知名的流行歌手都被毒品毁掉 了。解析:many a+n./more than one+n.意 义是复数,谓语用单数。many a结构 实质上强调的是“多个中的个体”概念,语义的重心在“个体”上;为了遵循概 念一致的原则,
32、谓语动词常用单数形式。,六、特殊结构,(一)强调结构 It is/was+被强调部分+that/who+原句中的其他部分。在使用强调句型时要注意,指人时可以用who或that,其他情况下一律用that。翻译原则:先译主干,再译强调结构就是在这间小屋里,他们正勤奋地工作着。就是在那个电影院我们第一次相遇。就是孩子们打破窗户的。,例69 It(直到天黑)she realized it was too late to go home.答案:was not until dark that译文:直到天黑,她才意识到太晚了,无法回家解析:“直到”与瞬间动词(如realize)连用时要用否定not unti
33、l。it提示此处要用强调结构。,(二)倒装结构 倒装结构分为部分倒装和全部倒装。部分倒装指谓语中的一部分,如助动词do,does,did,have,has,had 情态动词 can,could,may,might,should would,ought to,must,need 等,系动词be(am,is,are,was,were)等放在主语前面,其余部分包括谓语动词仍在主语后面。而全部倒装顾名思义指整个谓语放在主语之前。,部分倒装应用于下列情况中:(1)有否定含义的副词或短语位于句首作状语 这类词有:neither,never,no,nor,not,seldom,rarely,barely,s
34、carcely,little,few,under no circumstances,by no means,in no case,in no way,on no account,on no condition,no sooner 等,例71 The manager never laughed;neither _(她也从来没有发过脾气).答案:did she become angry/did she lose her temper before译文:经理从来没有笑过,她也从来没有 发过脾气解析:否定副词neither 引出的句子要部分 倒装。,例72 Little _(他关心)what I sa
35、id.答案:does he care about译文:他很少关心我所说的话。解析:有否定含义的副词little 放在句首,其后的句子要部分倒装。,(2)only 位于句首修饰状语或宾语例73 Only under special circumstances _(允许大学一年级学生)to take make-up tests答案:are freshmen permitted译文:只有在特殊情况下才允许大一新生 补考。解析:only 位于该句句首,并且修饰句中 状语,主谓要部分倒装。only位于句 首修饰主语时,句子则不倒装。,(3)虚拟倒装 虚拟语气的让步状语从句中,在省略了if 的情况下主谓部
36、分倒装例74 Had(我如果听了你的话),all this misery might have been avoided.答案:I taken your advice译文:我如果听了你的话,就可能会避免 这一切痛苦了。,解析:句首是had,结合需要翻译的部 分,本句是使用虚拟语气的让 步状语从句,且省略了if,所以从 句主谓部分倒装,had I taken your advice=If I had taken your advice。,(4)not until放在句首 例75 _(直到他完成使命)did he realize that he was seriously ill.答案:Not u
37、ntil he finished his mission 译文:直到他完成使命,他才意识到自己病 得很严重。解析:这道题考察的是not until的用 法。注意not until放在句首,从句不 倒装,主句倒装,因此,从主句的倒 装可判断前面用not until。,(三)比较结构 常考的考点包括原级和比较级结构,特别是as+形容词/副词原级(+n)+as,形容词/副词比较级+than,no+形容词/副词比较级+than,a bit/a little/a lot/even/far/greatly/many/much/slightly/still+形容词/副词比较级 这些结构,例77“Anne a
38、cts quite unfriendly.”“I think shes(与其说是不友好,不如说是腼腆)。”答案:more shy than unfriendly译文:“Ann 表现得很不友好。”“我认为与 其说她是不友好,不如说她是腼腆。”解析:表达“与其说不如说”用 more than表示同一个人或物在不同性质上 的对比。如he is more brave than wise,他有勇无谋。在这种特殊结构 中,more是必不可少的.即使形容词是单音 节的,例78“This cake is delicious.”“Well,at least its(和一样好吃)than the one l ba
39、ked last week.”答案:no worse译文:“这个蛋糕真好吃。”“是的,至少和我上周做的那个一样好吃。”解析:than和句意要求用no+形容词/副词比 较级+than结构,意思是“同一样”因 此这里虽然表示“好吃”,但要用no worse。,五、固定搭配,例9 Not only the professionals but also the amateurs_(将受益于)the new training facilities.答案:will benefit from译文:专业运动员和业余选手都将受益于 新的训练设施解析:benefit from“受益于”。benefit作及物动词时
40、表示“使受益”,后接受益者。,例10 Having spent some time in the city,he had no trouble _(找到了去历史博物馆的路)(2006.6)答案:finding the way to the history museum译文:在该市住了一段时间后,他毫不费 力地找到了去历史博物馆的路。解析:本题考查的是have no trouble(in)doing sth.结构,同时又需兼顾the way to.的表达。,固定搭配,Would rather do than do 1.那位老人宁愿独居乡下也不愿和儿子住在城里2.她宁愿死也不愿投降。Be used
41、 to doingUsed to do Be used to do我们习惯性地认为女人比男人更爱购物。吉姆过去一直认为,花费在学习上的时间越多,成绩就越好。我已经习惯了这种生活方式。,将考虑在内这项研究未能将人们的睡眠质量考虑在内。与取得联系/保持联系Ill see you again next month,but in the meantime,let us keep in touch with each other.使某人的是 to ones+情感词(delight,surprise,disappointment,satisfaction)1.使我们失望的是,他没有恪守诺言。,相处得好 g
42、et along/on well with1.你跟你的同学相处的好吗?关注,关心,注意 pay attention to登记入住(check in)结账离开(check out)1.他们住进了市里最好的宾馆。,常用的句型,Notuntil.句型 1.She did not go to bed until her mother came back.她直到她妈妈回来才上床睡觉。2.Not until the beginning of the twentieth century did the human beings learn to prevent the disease from spread
43、ing.直到二十世纪初,人类才学会防治疾病的传播。,It is necessary/important for sb to do sth,我们有必要了解一些英语国家和中国的文化差异。It is necessary for us to learn/know some differences between some English speaking countries and China.大学生学好英语很重要。It is important for university students to learn English well.,比较级,你练得越刻苦,你取得的进步就越大。The harder
44、 you practice,the greater progress you will make.)他在各方面都比我好 He is much better than I in every aspect.This year they have made by far greater progress in business than they did last year.他们今年的业务进展比去年大得多The people there will pay two or three times as much as they used to pay for a house.对于同一所房子,人们将要支付
45、的是往常支付钱数的两三倍之多。(倍数),It seems that in spite of.,It seems strange that in the past ten years Mike and I might just as well have been in different worlds.看起来很奇怪的是,在过去的十年里,麦克和我可能恰好在不同的世界里。,In spite of differences of opinion,we share a common interest in the preservation of the world.尽管意见有分歧,我们对维护世界和平有着共
46、同的利益。,Although,depend on,尽管警察怀疑这名年轻人,但没有足够证据证明他就是犯罪。Although this young person is under suspicion,there is no proof to show he is the criminal.,我们能否出行取决于天气。Our trip is dependent on the weather.(depends on,So.that sb have the/no little chance of/there is little chance of,汤姆筋疲力尽,看着书竟睡着了。Tom was so wor
47、n out that he fell asleep while reading a book.,He has no chance of passing the examination.He never goes his lesson.他绝没有及格的可能,因为他从来不复习功课。There is little chance of our coming to business because of the big differences between our price.由于双方价格悬殊,我们恐怕很难达成协议。,Scarcely/hardlywhen sb wonder,He had scarce
48、ly handed me the letter when he asked me to read.他把信一交给我,就叫我念给他听。,我想知道他是否能看英文小说 I wonder whether he can read English novel well.,名言谚语少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲。An idle youth,a needy age.患难见真情。A friend in need is a friend indeed.有朋自远方来,不亦乐乎?It is a great pleasure to have a friend coming from afar.三百六十行,行行出状元。Every
49、profession produces its own best.今日事,今日毕。Today must borrow nothing of tomorrow.滴水穿石。Constant dropping wears a stone.良药苦口。A good medicine tastes bitter.,8.英雄所见略同。Great minds think alike.9.活到老,学到老。Its never too old to learn.10亡羊补牢。Its never to late to mend.11 三个臭皮匠赛过诸葛亮。Two heads are better than one.12 留得青山在,不怕没柴烧。Where there is life,there is hope.13 一个人最大的敌人就是他自己。Every man is his own worst enemy.14 爱屋及乌。Love me,love my dog.15 百闻不如一见。Seeing is believing.,