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1、专四语法及词汇考点,语法考点,从句：状语从句，名词性从句，关系从句非谓语动词：不定时，动名词，分词虚拟语气时态其他：比较级，倒装句，主谓一致，附加疑问句,词汇考点,异形近义词和同义词，近形异义词，异形异义词搭配习语代词,从句-状语从句,让步状语从句 1）though,although,even if/though引导的让步状语从句_,Mr.Wells is scarcely in sympathy with the working class.A.Although he is a socialistB.Even if he is a socialistC.Being a socialistD.
2、Since he is a socialist,2）as引导的让步状语从句（1）as引导的让步状语从句必须倒装 eg.Fail as he did,he would never give up.（2）作表语用的单数可数名词放在句首时，该名词前不可加冠词 eg.Fool as is Jane,she could not have done such thing.（3）as从句的主语是代词时，主谓不需倒装；如果主语是名词时，则要倒装 eg.Difficult as it was,they finished it in time.Difficult as was the work,they fini
3、shed it in time.,_ he wanted to go out with his friends at the weekend,he had to stay behind to finish his assignment.A.Much though B.Much asC.As much D.Though much,3）while引导的让步状语从句“尽管，虽然”，while表达并列的转折，即主句与从句的工作是在同一时间发生的。While引导的从句通常放在主句之前_ I sympathize,I cant really do very much to help them out of
4、 the difficulties.A.As long as B.AsC.While D.Even,4）no matter how/what/when与however,whatever引导的让步状语从句_ the boss says,it is unreasonable to ask me to work overtime without pay.A.Whatever B.WheneverC.Whichever D.However,比较状语从句一般由as和than引导（构成同级比较或比较级）eg.It is easier than I thought.I havent done as much
5、 as I should have liked.,条件状语从句引导词主要为if,unless,provided/providing that,so/as long as,on condition that,suppose/supposing that,in the event that,whether or not eg.This is an illness that can result in total blindness if left untreated.,时间状语从句1）when与while引导的时间状语从句 when表示“当的时候”，指一个时间点（段）的动作 while表示“在的同
6、时”，只能表示持续性的动作或状态，不能表示一段时间的短暂的动作 eg.While Tom was reading,Jack was writing.,2）Hardly/Scarcelywhen和No soonerthan引导的时间状语从句 The couple had no sooner got to the station _ the coach left.A.when B.asC.until D.than,3）the minute/moment/day,the first/second/last time,each/every/next time等引导的时间状语从句 eg.Next tim
7、e you come to Beijing,you must visit the museum.,4）since表示“自从”，从句要用非延续性动词，主句用完成时态；till/until表示“直到”，用于肯定句时，主句用延续性动词；用于否定句时，主句可以使用非延续性动词（注：till不能用于句首）eg.Since he lived in Nanjing,I have not heard from him.I will wait here until the concert is over.,结果状语从句1）so/suchthat引导的结果状语从句 so+a./ad.such+n.so+a.+a(
8、an)+n.so+much/many/few/little+n.2）with the result that引导的结果状语从句 eg.The Eskimo language is,therefore,one of the most difficult in the world to learn,with the result that almost no traders or explorers have even tried to learn it.,原因状语从句 in that和on the ground(s)that引导的原因状语从句 eg.He was elected as the p
9、resident on the grounds that he had contributed a lot to the company.,地点状语从句 eg.Ill take you anywhere you like.方式状语从句主要由as引导的方式状语从句 She did her work _ her manager had instructed.A.as B.until C.when D.though,从句-关系从句,限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句 1）非限定性定语从句中，引导词和先行词之间需要用逗号隔开 2）限定性定语从句是句子不可或缺的部分；非限定性定语从句只起补充说明的作用，有
10、无对句意影响不大 3）非限定性定语从句中，引导词一般不用that,which和that1）关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时可以省略 eg.It is the only thing(that)we can do for you.2）先行词是不定代词时，只能用that引导 eg.Thats all that I could do at that moment.3）先行词是不定代词，表人时（anyone,anybody,someone)，关系代词多用who或whom,不用that eg.Is there anyone here who can dance?,4）先行词被形容词最高级及first,last
11、,only,very,no等修饰时，关系代词常用that,不用which/who/whom eg.He is the only person that I dislike in our class.5）有两个或两个以上的先行词，兼指人和物时，关系代词用that eg.A victim is a person,animal or thing that suffers pain,death,harm,etc.,as 1）as同such,that same,as(so)连用，引导限定性定语从句 eg.Such people as wish to leave may do so now.2）引导非限定
12、性定语从句时，与which的区别（1）as引导的从句位置较灵活；which引导的从句只能放在主句后 eg.The telephone,as we all know,was the invention of Bell.（2）as后如果是被动语态，其中的be动词可省略；which后的be动词则不能 eg.Football and baseball,as played in the United States today,are basically modifications of games that originated in England.,where=in/at which This co
13、mpany has now introduced a policy _ pay rises are related to performance at work.A.which B.whereC.whether D.what,whose与名词搭配，可以引导定语从句，在句中作主语或宾语；可以指人也可以指物 eg.The house whose windows are broken is unoccupied,prep.+whom;which+to do作后置定语时，相当于一个定语从句。若将介词还原后置，则需省略whom或which,即成为不定式短语 eg.She is a pleasant gi
14、rl with whom to work.She is a pleasant girl to work with.,从句-名词性从句,同位语从句1）能接同位语从句的名词有：answer,belief,certainty,concept,conclusion,decision,discovery,doubt,evidence,explanation,fact,hope,idea,impression,information,knowledge,problem,promise,statement,suggestion,thought,probability,etc.同位语从句多由that引导，疑问
15、代词who,which,what和疑问副词where,when,how,why也可以 eg.It is the question where we should have dinner.,2）在结构on the assumption that,on the condition that,despite the fact that,on the understanding that,etc.中，也可以用同位语从句 eg.Jack lent me the money on condition that I pay it back next month.,非谓语动词,非谓语动词也叫动词的非限定形式，
16、他们不可以在句中单独做谓语，也不受主语的人称和数的限制。非谓语动词既有动词的特点，又有非动词的特点（代替名词或形容词）。,非谓语动词-作主语,不定式和动名词可以在句中充当主语，分词不可以。不定式表示具体或一次性动作，动名词表示一般或抽象的多次动作 _ is not a serious disadvantage in life.A.To be not tall B.Not to be tallC.Being not tall D.Not being tall,不定式和动名词都可以用it来代替作形式主语，但在含有no,-less等否定词的句子里，常用动名词作主语 eg.It is useless
17、talking with her.如果主语和表语都是非谓语动词，两者应保持同样的形式 eg.To see is to believe.Seeing is believing.,非谓语动词-作宾语,分词不可以在句中充当宾语1）只能接动名词的动词：abandon,advocate,acknowledge,enjoy,appreciate,risk,pardon,resist,forgive,mind,tolerate,suggest,etc.2）只能接不定式的动词：aim,ask,agree,claim,endeavor,bother,fail,long,pretend,plan,refuse,t
18、end,prepare,volunteer,etc.3）不定式用于表示具体或一次性动作，动名词用于表示一般或抽象的多次动作的动词：love,like,hate,begin,start,etc.eg.I like getting up early.4）不定式表示未做过某事，动名词表示已经做过某事：try,remember,forget,regret,stop,etc.I never regretted _ the offer,for it was not where my interest lay.A.not to accept B.not having acceptedC.having not
19、 accepted D.not accepting,非谓语动词-作补语,现在分词表示动作正在进行；过去分词表示被动意义；不定式表示动作将要完成 eg.I heard someone singing this song.I heard my name called.He asked me to get in touch with her.,非谓语动词-作定语,不定式常用作名词后置定语 eg.Do you have time to help us?一些可用作形容词的现在分词常用作前置定语。此外，一些现在分词（短语）可用在名词后作定语，相当于一个从句。eg.Here is a van stoppin
20、g(which is stopping)outside.有很多表示情绪的过去分词，以及一些其他类型的过去分词可用作定语 eg.She could hear his agitated voice.,“The man preparing the documents is the firms lawyer”has all the following possible meanings EXCEPTA.the man who has prepared the documents.B.the man who has been prepared the documents.C.the man who is
21、 preparing the documents.D.the man who will prepare the documents.,非谓语动词-作状语,不定式和分词都可以作状语，表示原因，时间，方式，伴随，让步，结果等。不定式常在句中作目的状语，而分词能表示时间或伴随情况 eg.He came to see me.Singing a song,they came into the classroom.当不定式和分词有了自己的主语，便构成了不定式和分词的独立结构.不定式表伴随状况；分词表时间，伴随，原因和条件等。eg.We divided the work,he to clean the ta
22、ble and I to move the box.Time permitting,we will have a meeting.,主语应与分词保持一致 非谓语动词作主语和状语时，若要使用其否定形式，则需要将否定词放在整个非谓语动词结构之前 _,he can now only watch it on TV at home.A.Obtaining not a ticket for the matchB.Not obtaining a ticket for the matchC.Not having obtained a ticket for the matchD.Not obtained a t
23、icket for the match,虚拟语气,虚拟语气用于强调怀疑或不可能，动作只在讲话人想象的“假设”中发生，而不是存在的客观事实与过去事实相反：ifhad+done,should/would+have+done与现在事实相反：if+did/were,should/would/could/might+do与将来情况相反：if+did;should/were to+do,should/would/could/might+do混用 Had Judy been more careful on the maths exam,she _ much better results now.A.woul
24、d be getting B.could have gotC.must get D.would get,含蓄条件句一个句子不一定包含条件从句，但意思却和条件句相近，这时谓语仍可以用虚拟语气 eg.He would have called you,but he has been so busy.,虚拟语气-在从句中的使用,在宾语从句中的使用1）wish引导的宾语从句对现在或将来的愿望，用过去时或would/could/might+do.对过去的愿望，用过去完成时或would/could+have done eg.I wish I could fly.I wish I were a bird I
25、wish I had forgotten it.,2）if only引导的感叹句表达一种强烈的愿望，规则同wish eg.If only I could fly!3）had hoped表示过去未实现的愿望，即“本来希望”，从句谓语用would+do eg.I had hoped that she would answer my phone.4）would rather,had rather,would sooner,would as soon后接省略that的从句，表示“希望，情愿，宁愿”，从句谓语用过去时5）在表示提议，建议，命令或惊奇，不满等意义的动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词使用虚拟语气，
26、其形式为should+do,should可以省略。（insist,demand,suggest,propose,order,require,decide,ask,request)。如果这些动词以名词形式出现，后面的同位语从句仍然要采用虚拟语气。eg.If only I could fly!I had hoped that she would answer my phone.Id rather you did not win that game.We all insist that we(should)eat breakfast every morning.,在主语从句，表语从句或同位语从句中的
27、使用包含有下列形容词以及其对应的名词的句子中，其主语从句、表语从句或该类形容词对应的名词引导的同位语从句必须要用虚拟语气(should)+do。(important,necessary,proper,imperative,essential,advisable,etc.)eg.It is necessary that he(should)realize his situation.,在状语从句中的使用1）as if/though引导的状语从句中常用到虚拟语气对当时事实的假设：从句用过去时，对过去事实的假设：从句用过去完成时对未来事实的假设：从句谓语用“would+do”2）though,if,
28、even if,even though,whatever,however等连接代词或副词引导的让步状语从句中可以使用虚拟语气，但主句一般用直陈语气 eg.The animal was walking as though it had hurt its leg.Even though I were guilty,I wouldnt confess.Much as _,I couldnt lend him the money because I simply didnt have that much spare cash.A.I would have liked to B.I would like
29、 to C.I should have to like D.I should have liked to,由某些表示条件或假设的介词、连词或介词短语引出的虚拟条件句,but for,but that,on condition that,supposing,provided,without,etc.eg.But for your help,I wouldnt have finished the work.,虚拟语气-用于It is(high/about/the)time句型,动词一般用过去时，表示”差不多，早该是的时候了“，其中that可以被省略 eg.It is high time we wo
30、rked hard.,虚拟语气-情态动词用于虚拟语气,neednt have done表示过去做了某事，但却完全没有必要 cant/couldnt have done表示推测某种动作不可能发生 may/might have done表示对过去事情的推测 must have done表示对过去事实的肯定推测 should have done表示本来应该做某事，但实际上没做 Arent you tired?I _ you had done enough for today.A.should have thought B.must have thoughtC.might have thought D
31、.could have thought,比较级，最高级和比较句式,比较级修饰语：many,much,far,a little,a bit,slightly,a great deal,a lot,somewhat,rather,etc.当数词用在比较结构中，顺序为”数词+名词+比较级+that”eg.My match is ten minutes faster than yours.,没有等级的形容词：inferior,superior,senior，这些形容词往往和to连用。eg.She is senior to everyone else in the company.具备“最，极”含义的形
32、容词：absolute,unique,infinite,round,right,correct,wrong,perfect eg.Geoffrey Chaucer occupies a unique place in English literature.“of a+n.”结构，相当于一个形容词，表示具有所接名词的性质。若该名词为可数名词，之前需要加不定冠词。该结构可以用more来修饰，也可以用在同级比较结构中。eg.He is more of a doctor.形容词最高级作定语时，前面通常要加定冠词the；但当最高级前有物主代词时，不需要加the。形容词最高级作表语时，该词之前通常不加限定
33、词。eg.Her theory is most convincing.,the more,the more(not)so/asas the sameas notany more than/no more than eg.A fool can no more see his own folly than he can see his ears.notso muchas;not so much thatas(that)/but(that)eg.Henry is not so much a writer as a reporter.,倒装-全部倒装,为了强调，将形容词放在句首 eg.Hot is t
34、he water.表示方位的词位于句首come,go,etc.并且主语不是代词 eg.Next came the chairman.介词短语置于句首，表示地点状语时 eg.In the house are living two girls.,倒装-部分倒装,否定词或表示否定意义的词置于句首时no,not,nor,neither,few,hardly,seldom,rarely,etc.“only+状语”置于句首时，常使用部分倒装 eg.Only in this way can we solve the problem.Only you can understand me.当nor/so/nei
35、ther表示与前面提到的情况一致，可以使用倒装“sothat”结构中的so置于句首时，可以引起倒装 eg.So loudly did he speak that everyone could hear him.if引导的虚拟条件句省略if时 as/though引导的让步状语从句中，强调对象置于句首时 eg.Much as I like you,I cannot do it for you.“whetheror”引导的让步状语从句省略了引导词whether时 eg.Be he rich or poor,he shall be treated equally.,省略,省略成分可以是主语，谓语，主语谓语的一部分，宾语，不定式，冠词等。主要考察某些状语从句中的省略，尤其是as或than等引起的省略 eg.Both houses were as clean as could be.There were more casualties than was reported.,
