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1、第二章 作物需水量和灌溉用水量(Crop Water Requirement and Irrigation Water Use),第一节 作物需水量,第二节 灌溉制度,第三节 灌溉用水量,第四节 灌水率,第一节 作物需水量,一、基本概念,二、研究作物需水量的意义,三、作物需水量的推求方法,一、基本概念,1、作物需水量,2、田间耗水量,1、作物需水量(Crop water requirement),植株蒸腾Traspiration,株间蒸发Evaporation,The evapotranspiration of a crop is the total amount of soil water
2、used for transpiration by the plants and evaporation from the surrounding soil surface.,The evapotranspiration is commonly expressed in millimetres of water used per day(mm/day),作物需水量=植株蒸腾+株间蒸发=腾发量Evapotranspiration(ET),作物根系从土壤中吸入体内,通过叶片的气孔扩散到大气中去的水分refers to themovement of water from the soil intoa
3、 plant,up the plant body,and out the plants leaves into the atmosphere.,蒸腾(Transpiration),蒸腾(Transpiration),Transpiration takes place so quickly,that in a rainforest,water that is in the soil in the morning travels into,up,and out of a tree in time to become rain in the afternoon.,(This has prompted
4、 biologists to say that“rainforests make their own rain.”),蒸腾(Transpiration),植株间土壤或田面蒸发的水分refers to themovement of water from the soil surface or water surface in paddy field into the atmosphere,evaporation from the soil surface is at most equal but usually considerably less than evaporation from an
5、 open water surface,蒸发(Evaporation),2、田间耗水量(Consumptive Use of Water),稻田耗水量,=,作物需水量,+,田间渗漏,水稻田的渗漏 Percolation in paddy field,Percolation,旱地耗水量,=,作物需水量,影响作物需水量的因素Factors Affecting Crop Water Requirement,气象因素(Climatic factors),Radiation:supplies energy to evaporate water from liquid to vaporAir temper
6、ature:determines how much water air can holdHumidity:how much water is in the airWind:how easily a molecule moves into the atmosphere,Design new irrigation systems,二、研究作物需水量的意义,schedule(operate)existing ones,Direct measurement(Lysimeters),三、作物需水量的确定Determining Evapotranspiration,Calculated(equations
7、),1、作物需水量的观测Measurement of Evapotranspiration,Lysimeter,Measuring Crop ET,2、作物需水量的计算Calculation of ET,直接计算需水量通过计算参照作物需水量来计算实际作物需水量,直接计算作物需水量的方法,以水面蒸发为参数的需水系数法),以产量为参数的需水系数法,从影响作物需水量的主要因子(水面蒸发、气温、湿度、日照、辐射等)中选择单因子或多因子,通过实测数据的相关分析,建立经验公式,直接计算作物需水量的方法,以水面蒸发为参数的需水系数法,Pan Evaporation Method,某时段内的作物需水量(mm)
8、,与ET同时段的水面蒸发量,国内外都有较多应用,我国尤其在水稻地区应用较多,Etp=Epan*Pan factor(0.8)*Crop factor Epan=Class A pan evaporation.This data is interpolated for each location based on data from major regional centres.Pan factor=Evaporation of water from a pan is affected by the pans dimensions,wind speed,humidity and the type
9、 of crop within the upwind fetch.The pan factor is typically 0.8 but may range from 0.45 to 0.85.Crop Factor=Empirical ratios of crop to pan evaporation.Its value is indicative of the green leaf area of the vegetation.,直接计算作物需水量的方法,以产量为参数的需水系数法,作物全生育期内总需水量(m3/亩),需水系数,作物单位面积产量(kg/亩),我国过去旱作地区应用较多,目前仍有
10、少量应用,阶段作物需水量,某一生育阶段的作物需水量,模比系数,通过计算参照作物需水量来计算实际作物需水量,参照作物需水量Reference Evapotranspiration ET0,土壤水分充足、地面完全覆盖、生长正常、高矮整齐的开阔(地块的长度和宽度都大于200m)矮草地(草高8-15cm)上的腾发量ETo is the rate of evapotranspiration from a large area,covered by green grass,8 to 15 cm tall,which grows actively,completely shades the ground a
11、nd which is not short of water,计算参照作物需水量的方法有很多,最著名的、应用最广泛的是Penman公式,通过计算参照作物需水量来计算实际作物需水量,Penman公式最早于1948年提出后来经过了不断的修改和完善目前应用最多的是Penman-Monteith 公式,通过计算参照作物需水量来计算实际作物需水量,Penman公式的基本原理 能量平衡,到达地表的净辐射Rn=到达地表的净短波辐射Rns-地表向外发出的净长波辐射Rls,能量收入:,能量支出:,显热消耗C潜热消耗E土壤增温G,SW,LW,Extraterrestrial Radiation Ra,Rns Ne
12、t shortwave,Reflected SW=aRs,Rnl net longwave,Rs global radiation=(0.25+0.5.(n/N).Ra,Net radiation driving Et=Rn=(Rns-Rnl),通过计算参照作物需水量来计算实际作物需水量,Energy balance equations,Net Radiation,Soil Heating,Air Heating,Latent Heat Evap,Transfer of moisture away from leaf:Rate of transfer=potential/resistance,
13、Rn=net radiation MJ m-2 d-1Rns=net shortwave radiation MJ m-2 d-1,Radiation Term,When radiation data are not available,the net radiation Rn can be estimated as follows:,Rnl=net longwave radiation MJ m-2 d-1Ra=extraterrestrial radiation MJ m-2 d-1,N=relative sunshine fraction Tkx=maximum temperature
14、KTkn=minimum temperature Ked=actual vapour pressure kPa,where:Ra=extraterrestrial radiation ML m-2 d-1dr=relative distance Earth-Sundr=solar declination rad=latitude rads=sunset hour angle rad,Extraterrestrial Radiation(Ra),Extraterrestrial radiation is a function of the latitude and time of the yea
15、r.Ra values can be obtained from tables(Table AI)or calculated as follows:,J=Julian day in the year For daily values,J can be determined by:If M 2,then J=J,The soil heat flux(G)is estimated for a daily periods(effective soil depth 0.18m)as follows:For monthly periods(effective soil depth 2.0 m)the s
16、oil heat flux(G)can be estimated as:Since the magnitude of daily soil heat flux over 10-30 day periods is relatively small,it normally can be neglected and thus G=0,Slope Vapour Pressure Curve(D)D=slope vapour pressure curve kPa oC-1T=air temperature oC ea=saturation vapour pressure at temperature T
17、 kPa,Saturation Vapour Pressure ea=saturation vapour pressure kPaT=temperature oC,Psychrometric Constant=psychrometric constant kPa oC-1P=atmospheric pressure kPal=latent heat MJ kg-1,Latent Heat of Vaporisation=latent heat of vaporisation MJ kg-1T=air temperature oC,As the value of the latent heat
18、varies only slightly with temperature a single value of lambda may be used,i.e.=2.45,Atmospheric PressureAssuming atmospheric pressure at sea level Po=101.3 kPa:z=elevation above sea level m,Actual Vapour Pressure(ed)The average daily vapour pressure can be determined from:a.Hygrometer measurements
19、of relative humidity(RH)daily at Tmax(early afternoon)and Tmin(early morning)as follows:(RH as decimal)at early morning:RHmax=maximum daily relative humidity%Tmin=minimum daily temperature oCea(Tmin)=saturation vapour pressure at Tmin kPaat early afternoon:Rhmin=minimum daily relative humidity%Tmax=
20、maximum daily temperature oCea(Tmin)=saturation vapour pressure at Tmax kPa,b.If humidity data are lacking an estimate of vapour pressure can be made by assuming that minimum temperature equal to dewpoint temperature:,Vapour Pressure Deficit(VPD)VPD=vapour pressure deficit kPaea(Tmax)=saturation vap
21、our pressure at TmaxkPaea(Tmin)=saturation vapour pressure at Tmin kPa,Wind Speed(U2)The conversion factor for wind gauges at non-standard height(2m)is with standard 0.12m crop:Uz=windspeed measured at height z ms-1U2=windspeed measured at 2 m height ms-1z=height windspeed measured m,Day WindWind sp
22、eed data are normally reported as daily averages over 24 hours.The following relationship can be used to determine day time wind(07.00-19.00 h)Ud=windspeed during day time(07.00-19.00 h)m s-1Un=windspeed during night time(19.00-07.00h)m s-1U=average windspeed over 24 hours m s-1for average condition
23、s:,Meteorological Data Requirements,Minimum:Tmax;Tmin;Sunshine Hours:Wind run(km d-1),Better:Tmax.;Tmin.;Sunshine Hours;Wind Run;Rhmax;RHmin,Ideal:Tmax.;Tmin.;Global or Net Radiation(MJm-2 d-1);Wind Run;RHmax;RHmin,Locally available sunshine hours and net radiation data will allow proper calibration
24、 of Penman for local sunshine conditions.,实际作物需水量 Actual Evapotranspiration,Crop Coefficient,Crop coefficients,Kc,vary with growth stage,I=Crop establishmentII=Crop Growth-tilleringIII=Flowering and grain fillIV=Crop maturity,作物需水量,降雨,灌溉,第二节 灌溉制度,什么叫灌溉制度,如何推求灌溉制度,充分灌溉条件下的灌溉制度 水稻 旱作非充分灌溉条件下的灌溉制度,灌溉制度
25、,作物播种前(或水稻插秧前)及全生育期内的灌水次数、每次的灌水时间、灌水定额以及灌溉定额。,灌水定额(Irrigation Requirement)一次灌水单位灌溉面积上的灌水量(m3/亩或mm),灌溉定额各次灌水定额之和(m3/亩或mm),充分灌溉条件下的灌溉制度,总结群众丰产灌水经验,根据灌溉试验资料制定灌溉制度,根据水量平衡原理制定灌溉制度,水稻灌溉制度,根据水量平衡原理制定灌溉制度,水稻灌溉制度,泡田定额(Land Soaking Requirement),泡田定额(m3/亩),插秧时田面所需的水层深度(mm),泡田期总渗漏量(mm),泡田期的天数,泡田期水田田面日平均蒸发强度(mm/
26、d),泡田期内的总降雨量(mm),根据水量平衡原理制定灌溉制度,水稻生育期灌溉制度,hmin,hmax,hp,d,m,h1,时段初田面水层深度,时段内降雨量,时段内田间耗水量,时段内灌水量,时段内排水量,时段末田面水层深度,灌水定额m=hmax-hmin,p,表2-5 各生育阶段淹灌水层深度,根据水量平衡原理制定灌溉制度,水稻间歇灌溉制度淹水深度,根据水量平衡原理制定灌溉制度,水稻灌溉制度计算实例,根据水量平衡原理制定灌溉制度,旱作物灌溉制度,H,K,ET,P,M,根据水量平衡原理制定灌溉制度,旱作物灌溉制度,任一时间t时的土壤计划湿润层内的储水量,时段初的土壤计划湿润层内的储水量,时段内保存
27、在土壤计划湿润层内的有效降雨量,时段内的地下水补给量,时段内的灌溉水量,时段内的作物需水量,根据水量平衡原理制定灌溉制度,旱作物的灌溉定额,土壤计划湿润层内允许最大储水量,土壤计划湿润层内允许最小储水量,土壤计划湿润层深度,计划湿润层内土壤孔隙率(占土壤体积的%),允许的土壤最小含水率(占土壤空隙体积的%),允许的土壤最大含水率(占土壤空隙体积的%),计划湿润层内土壤干容重,根据水量平衡原理制定灌溉制度,旱作物灌溉制度的基本资料,计划湿润层深度(H),冬小麦,棉花,土壤最适宜含水率,根据水量平衡原理制定灌溉制度,旱作物灌溉制度的基本资料,允许最大、最小含水率max、min,max=fc,min
28、wp,根据水量平衡原理制定灌溉制度,旱作物灌溉制度的基本资料,降雨入渗量P0,降雨入渗系数P5=0,根据水量平衡原理制定灌溉制度,旱作物灌溉制度的基本资料,地下水补给量K,与地下水埋深、土壤性质、作物种类、计划湿润层的土壤含水率、气候条件等有关一般取作物需水量的15%-20%,根据水量平衡原理制定灌溉制度,旱作物灌溉制度的基本资料,计划湿润层增加而增加的水量WT,棉花灌溉制度设计图,作物需水量累积曲线,WT累积曲线,K值累积曲线,ET-WT-K累积曲线,渗入土壤内的降雨量累积曲线,计划湿润土层允许最大储水量Wmax曲线,计划湿润土层允许最小储水量Wmin曲线,计划湿润土层实际储水量W曲线,根据
29、水量平衡原理制定灌溉制度,灌水,深层渗漏,根据水量平衡原理制定灌溉制度,旱作物播前灌水定额,非充分灌溉条件下的灌溉制度,非充分灌溉的定义及其基本原理,作物水分生产函数,非充分灌溉制度,非充分灌溉的定义及其基本原理,充分灌溉(Sufficient Irrigation),供水充分,作物各生育阶段所需水分都得到满足,从而使作物产量达到最大时的灌溉,非充分灌溉Deficit Irrigation,供水有限,作物某个生育阶段或所有生育阶段实际腾发量小于充分灌溉时的腾发量,非充分灌溉的定义及其基本原理,实际腾发量ETa,产量Ya,ETm,Ym,非充分灌溉的定义及其基本原理,如何使有限的水资源发挥最大的效
30、益,供水量,效益,效益:不同的水量有不同的产量和相应的毛收益,在供水不超过作物正常生长所需水量的前提下,毛效益随水量的增加而增加,成本:不同的水量有不同的成本,供水量越大,成本越高,在水资源有限的情况下,可控制单位面积供水量,使单方水产生的净效益最大,充分灌溉时,尽管毛效益最大,但净效益却不一定最大,因此有时尽管水资源充分,为获取最大的净效益,也实行非充分灌溉,如何在时间上和空间上合理分配有限的水资源,其依据是作物水分生产函数,作物水分生产函数(Crop Water Production Function),作物产量与投入水量或作物消耗水量之间的关系,全生育期模型,阶段缺水模型,加法模型,线性
31、模型,非线性模型,乘法模型,R.J.Hanks(1974),全生育期模型,J.Doorenbos and A.H.Kasam(1975),线性模型,作物实际产量,作物最大产量,全生育期实际腾发量,全生育期潜在腾发量,武汉水利电力大学,黑龙江水科所,非线性模型,内蒙古农牧学院,内蒙古水科所,M.E.Jensen(1968),阶段缺水模型,乘法模型,Minhas(1974),作物实际产量,作物最大产量,第i阶段的实际腾发量,第i阶段的潜在腾发量,第i阶段的缺水敏感指数,Rao(1988),加法模型,H.Blank(1975),J.I.Stewart(1976),P.Singh(1987),非充分灌
32、溉制度,减少灌水次数,减少灌水定额,第三节 灌溉用水量,什么叫灌溉用水量,如何推求灌溉用水量,灌溉用水量(Irrigation Requirement),灌溉土地需从水源取用的水量,主要用于水源工程的规划设计和区域水资源的宏观管理,灌溉用水量的计算,一种作物的一次净灌溉用水量,一种作物的一次毛灌溉用水量,该作物某次灌水的灌水定额,该作物的灌溉面积,灌溉水利用系数(Irrigation Efficiency)田间所需要的净灌溉水量与水源提供的毛灌溉水量之比,灌溉用水量的计算,综合灌水定额,综合毛灌水定额,某时段内综合净灌水定额,第1种作物灌溉面积比例,第1种作物同时段内的灌水定额,乡镇供水量,农
33、村人畜用水、乡镇工业用水,农村人畜用水:主要考虑水资源条件和生活水平确定,居民生活用水按人均标准计算,牲畜饮用水按牲畜类别及相应标准计算,工业用水:一般按工厂类别和单位产值用水计算,城市居民:150-250L/人d农村居民:50-150L/人d,大牲畜:25-35L/头d中等牲畜:8-25L/头d,第四节 灌水率,灌区单位面积上所需灌溉的净流量,又称灌水模数,输配水工程(渠道、管道)规划设计和调度运行的依据,某种作物一次灌水的灌水率,灌水延续时间,影响因素:作物种类、灌区面积大小、农业生产计划等,小麦,棉花,谷子,玉米,设计灌水率,q,设计灌水率的选取:从修正后的灌水率图上选取延续时间较长的最大灌水率,灌水率图的修正原则:尽量不要改变作物关键生育期的灌水时间调整移动时,以向前移动为主,前后移动不超过3天修正后的灌水率图要比较均匀、连续最小灌水率不应小于最大灌水率的40%,