信息专业英语第1章.ppt

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1、Unit 1 科技英语基础知识(一),1.1 科技英语的特点1.2 词汇1.3 虚拟语气1.4 翻译的技巧,1.1 科技英语的特点科技英语是专指描述科技内容的英语。比起非科技英语,科技英语有以下特点:(1)复杂长句(Long Sentences)多。科技文章要求客观、具体、叙述准确、推理严谨,因此科技英语中常使用长句,一句话里经常包含三四个甚至五六个分句。译成汉语时,必须按照汉语习惯分解成适当数目的分句,才能条理清楚。长句可用两种方法使之简化,以便正确理解。依据谓语动词把复合句分解为一组简单句。依据关键词简化各词组。,例1 This electron beam sweeps across ea

2、ch line at a uniform rate,then flies back to scan another line directly below the previous one and so on,until the horizontal lines into which it is desired to break or split the picture have been scanned in the desired sequence例1.wav此句可先分解和简化为如下的简单句:beam sweeps each line,then flies back to scan ano

3、ther line,it is desired to break picture into lines in desired sequence这些分句的意义是不难理解的。然后把它们有机地组合起来,并恢复其他辅助成分,则可把全句译为:电子束以均匀的速率扫描每一行,然后飞速返回去扫描下一行,直到把被扫描的图像按所希望的顺序分割成行。,例2 The technical possibilities could well exist,therefore,of nation-wide integrated transmission network of high capacity,controlled b

4、y computers,interconnected globally by satellite and submarine cable,providing speedy and reliable communications throughout the world此句虽长,但仍是一个简单句。依据词组的关键词简化后,可得该句的骨架是:possibilities of network exist。分析出了句子的骨架,就可正确把握句子的主题,进而理解整句的含义。该句可译为:因此,在技术上完全可能实现全国性的集成发送网络。这种网络容量大,由计算机控制,并能通过卫星和海底电缆实现全球互联,提供世界范

5、围的高速、可靠的通信。,(2)被动语态多。英语使用被动语态大大多于汉语,科技英语更是如此,在表现手法上,力求客观性,避免主观性和个人色彩,常用被动语态。译时用“被”、“经过”、“受了”、“由于”等,举例如下(加下划线者为被动语态,下同):例3 A database may be designed for batch processing,real-time processing,or in-line processing.,例4 If we consider binary transmission,the complete information about a particular mess

6、age will always be obtained by simply detecting the presence or absence of pulse.例5 Noise can be introduced into transmission path in many different ways,perhaps via a nearby lighting strike,the sparking of a car ignition system,or the thermal low-level noise within the communication equipment itsel

7、f.(热电子的),(3)非谓语动词多。英语语法有一条特定要求,即在英语的每个简单句中只能有一个谓语动词,如果读到几个动作,就必须选出主要动作当谓语,而将其余动作用非谓语动词形式,才能符合英语语法要求。这就是英语为什么不同于其他语言,有非谓语动词,而且用得十分频繁的原因。非谓语动词有三种:动名词、分词(包括现在分词、过去分词)和不定式。,例6 要成为一个名副其实的内行,需要学到老。这句中,有“成为”、“需要”、“学”三个表示动作的词,本句译成英语:To be a true professional requires lifelong learning.可以看出,选“需要(require)”作为谓

8、语,其余两个动作中的“成为”用不定式形式to be,“学”用动名词形式learning,这样才能符合英语语法的要求。例7 把水加热并不会改变水的化学成分。本句有两个动作,即“加热”和“改变”,译成英语:Heating water does not change its chemical composition.本句将“改变”用作谓语,而将“加热”(heating)处理为动名词,连同其宾语water作为本句主语。,(4)词性转换多。英语单词有不少是多性词:既是名词,又可作动词、形容词、介词等。例8 above 介词:above all(things)首先,最重要的是形容词:for the abo

9、ve reason 由于上述原因副词:as(has been)indicated above 如上所指出例9 light名词:(启发)in(the)light of 由于,根据(光)high light(s)强光,精华(灯)safety light 安全指示灯,形容词:(轻)light industry 轻工业(明亮)light room 明亮的房间(淡)light blue 淡蓝色(薄)light coating 薄涂层(5)文体上,大多是论述性、指南性的,多用陈述句、祈使句,平铺直叙,感情色彩较淡。(6)句子结构上,力求简练严谨,因此常采用省略手法和图表表示法。为了使结构严谨,常常用短语。

10、(7)词语上,力求短小精悍,常用复合词。,(8)文章结构上,力求层次分明,多用连接词,例如:first,secondly,thirdly,then,thus,therefore,hence,further,furthermore,moreover,besides,in addition,while,meanwhile,in the meantime,at the same time,whereas,also,at last,finally,in conclusion,as a result,consequently,in order to,however,nevertheless,in fac

11、t,as a matter of fact,in other words,in a word,summarily,as a rule,generally,generally speaking,broadly speaking,in general(9)用词较正规,多为技术性用词。,1.2 词 汇词汇Vocabularies or Words是语言的基础。科技英语中的词汇可分为五类:普通词汇、专业词汇、专业缩写词汇、转义词汇和虚义词。1)普通词汇科技英语作为英语的一个分支,当然要大量地使用普通词汇,尤其是普通词汇中的冠词、动词、副词、介词、形容词、数词、连接词,也部分地使用普通词汇中的名词、代词

12、,但很少使用感叹词。下面是一些例子。,冠词:a(或an),the动词:be,do,take,have,get,give,find,form,increase,obtain,show,work,operate,perform,carry,account副词:all,more,ago,already,before,finally,immediately,nearly,usually,never,frequently,actually,so,slowly形容词:all,great,high,large,more,small,good,big,round,square,hard,little,simp

13、le,complex,basic,common,internal,external,usual介词:about,above,after,among,at,behind,beside,between,beyond,by,except,for,from,in,into,of,off,on,over,up,upon,to,by means of,toward,数词:naught,one,two,ten,twenty-eight,hundred,thousand,million,billion,trillion,first,second,third,one half,two third,a quart

14、er,seven percent连接词:and,as,as if,as well as,both.and,either.or,but,not only.but also,for,if,even if,or,yet,while名词:energy,form,material,line,process,time,result,unit,value,area,field,method,effect,distance,limit,period,direction代词:other,such,that,this,their,these,which,it,its,itself这些词汇在科技英语中的意义和用法与

15、在普通英语中基本上是一致的,因此读者一般不会有多大困难。,2)专业词汇在科学技术的各个领域都有大量各自特有的专业词汇。下面列举一些在通信技术中常用的专业词汇。electron,diode,transistor,field-effect transistor,oscillator,radio,anode,cathode,Ohms law,amplifier,microprocessor,impedance,electromagnetic wave,resonant frequency,phase-shift keying,modem,codec,Nyquist rate,Rayleigh fad

16、ing,transceiver,serial data,transmission,electromagnetic carrier,multi-access,root mean square,asynchronous transmission,radio frequencies,electrical-optical conversion,optical carrier,analog modulation,frequency spectrum,radio-relay transmission,packet switching,fixed telephone service,spectrum all

17、ocation,handover,frequency hopped,multi-path fading,ring network,bus network,gateway,专业词汇数量庞大,常令初涉专业英语的读者胆寒。但是我们稍加仔细观察就会发现,专业词汇绝大部分是名词或名词词组,以及少量形容词。且词义单一,罕有歧义,用法简单。只要注意积累,掌握一定数量的专业词汇(例如1000个以上)并不是太困难的事。,3)缩写词汇在专业英语文献中,还常出现一些专业缩写词汇。尤其是通信技术和电子信息技术中的专业缩写词汇很多,且新的缩写词汇仍不断涌现。更有一些缩写词汇是从不同的原文缩写而成的,故有多义。掌握一定数

18、量的专业缩写词汇(例如200500个)是顺利阅读专业文献所必需的。以下列举一些在通信技术中常见的专业缩写词汇。AC,ac Alternating Current,Adaptive ControlA/D,ADC Analog-to-Digital ConverterCATV Cable TelevisionCAD Computer-Aided DesignCAI Computer-Aided Instruction CPU Central Processing Unit,DSP Digital Signal Processing,Digital Signal ProcessorDC,dc Dir

19、ect CurrentFM Frequency ModulationHDTV High Definition Television IEE Institute of Electrical EngineersIEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronic EngineersLED Light Emitting DiodeLANs Local Area NetworksSNR Signal to Noise RatioWWW World Wide Web,4)转义词汇科技英语中还有不少词汇是从普通词汇中借用、移植过来的,并赋予它们不同于普通应用时的专门含义。

20、但它们也可能以普通词汇的意义出现在专业英语文献中,这就是所谓的转义词汇。它们的数量虽不及前两类词汇多,但因其多义性和转义性,所以是较难掌握的,尤其是对专业不很熟悉的读者更感困惑。下面列举一些在通信技术中常见的转义词。,转义词 普通含义 专业含义 resistance 阻力,抵抗,敌对 电阻(值)current 水流,气流,趋势,当前的 电流 charge 装载,起诉,负责,载荷 电荷,充电 circuit 周围,巡回,绕行 电路 relay 接转,接力 继电器,中继器,中转站 field 田野,场地,范围(电,磁)场 antenna 触须 天线 coherent 一致的,连贯的 相干的,相关的

21、 filter 过滤器,漏斗 滤波器 burst 爆炸,胀裂 脉冲,envelope network spectrum rectifier regulator modulator flip-flop potential carrier determinant line,包络,包迹网络频谱整流器稳压器调制器触发器电位载波,载流子行列式电线,电网,市电,封套,信封 网,网状组织 范围,光谱 修正者 调整者 调节者 后手翻 潜在的,潜力 运载,工具 确定的,决定因素线,管,5)虚义词根据是否具有实际意义,英语词汇可分为实义词和虚义词。尽管虚义词本身没有确切的实际意义,但在句中起着连接、引导、转承、变

22、换、伴随、比较、让步、时序等多种作用,所以对整个句子的含义有着决定性的影响。这就要求读者仔细观察整个句子,甚至相关的上下文,然后才可能对虚词在句中的作用做出正确判断。对不很熟悉专业的读者来说,要做出正确判断显然不是容易的事情。虚义词的数量虽不多,但其使用频率很高。下面举一些例子。例10 The most fundamental noise performance used is known as the signal-to-noise ratio,众所周知,信噪比是最基本的噪声性能。(as引导主语补语)例11 The electrons,as shown in Fig.5,are very l

23、ight.如图5所示,电子非常轻。(as引导主语定语)例12 See the answers as given at the end of this book请参阅本书末尾给出的答案。(as引导宾语定语)例13 As electricity can do work,it is a form of energy电是一种能量,因为它能做功。(as引导原因从句)例14 The new device is designed as an alternative for the old one这个新器件是为取代那个旧的而设计的。(as表示目的,for指明对象)例15 Small as atoms are,

24、electrons are still smaller原子虽然很小,但电子更小。(as引导让步从句),例16 The current increases as the voltage does电流随电压的增大而增大。(as表示伴随)或:电流就像电压那样增大。(as表示比较)as引导伴随或比较从句,具体应选择哪一种,须参考上下文来判断。例17 For all its great size,the machine moves noiselessly尽管体积大,但该机器的运转噪声很小。(for引导让步短语)例18 The circuit,while it contains some nonlinea

25、r devices,can be considered linear尽管这个电路包含一些非线性器件,但它仍可看做是线性的。(while引导让步从句),1.3 虚拟语气科技文写作中常用的虚拟语气形式有以下几种。1)条件式(1)涉及现在或将来的情况。这时,从句用一般过去时,主句用过去将来时。例19 要是没有引力,一切东西都会飞离地球而进入太空。If there were no gravitation,everything would fly off the earth into space.(2)涉及过去的情况。这时,从句用过去完成时,主句用过去将来完成时。例20 如果当时采用了这种方法,就会节省

26、很多时间。If,this method had been adopted(at that time),much time would have been saved.,(3)涉及将来的情况。这一情况多数表示“一旦,万一”之意,从句用“(should+)动词原型”或“were+动词不定式”,主句用一般将来时或过去将来时,有时也可用祈使句。例21 要是原子核具有的中子数太少,就可能发生逆反应。Should the nucleus have too few neutrons,the inverse reaction may(might)take place.(注意本句中从句引导词if省去了,所以把s

27、hould放在从句主语之前了,这一形式在科技文中常见。),2)出现在某些主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中的情况这时与从句中的某个及物动词、形容词或名词有关,所以一定要牢记这些词。常见的动词有:require,demand,suggest,desire,propose,recommend,request,necessitate,insist,order。常见的形容词有:necessary,essential,important,imperative,possible,impossible,desirable,natural,better,reasonable。常见的名词有:requir

28、ement,suggestion,condition,constraint,restriction,demand,recommendation。,(1)在主语从句中。例22 最重要的是所有的解都要在原方程式中检验一下。It is very important that all solutions(should)be checked in the original equation例23 人们希望,开关每闭合一次只产生一个脉冲。It is desired that the switch(should)produce only one clock pulse each time it is clo

29、sed例24 把初级线圈突然地接通或断开是不必要的。It is not necessary that the primary be suddenly connected or disconnected(2)在宾语从句中。例25 这要求该晶体管要适当地加以偏置。This requires that the transistor(should)be properly biased,1.4 翻 译 的 技 巧1.翻译的准则(Criteria of Translation)语言间的翻译应满足信、达、雅三项准则,科技英语的翻译更应注意前两项准则。信(True):译文须忠实于原文的含义,并尽可能保留原文的

30、风格。达(Smooth):译文须通顺流畅,符合汉语规范习惯。雅(Refined):在保证前两项准则的基础上,译文应优美、雅致、简明。译文首先必须满足“信”的准则,这就要求正确理解原文的含义。因此就要特别注意英语词汇相对于汉语的不同用法。下面举例说明一些易犯的错误。,例26 In semiconductor devices,an electrode is an electric and mechanical contact to a region of the device译文1:半导体器件的电极是通向该器件某一区域的电气触点和机械触点。译文2:半导体器件的电极是通向该器件某一区域的电气兼机械触

31、点。译文1是有误的,因为原文中的contact的形容词是electric and mechanical,而并非electric contact and mechanical contact另外,多义词(如以下例句中的operate)的含义选择常是正确翻译的难点。须注意观察上下文,以做出符合专业逻辑的正确判断。,例27 Transit time is the primary factor which limits the ability of a transistor to operate at high frequency渡越时间是限制晶体管高频工作能力的主要因素。例28 In a trans

32、istor the output current depends upon the input current,hence it is a current operated device.晶体管的输出电流取决于输入电流,因此它是电流控制器件。,2.翻译中的变换(Changes in Translation)不同的语言有一定的共性,更有不同的语法规则和习惯,因此忌讳逐字逐句式的硬译。而须在正确理解原文的基础上,做适当的变换以符合汉语的规范和习惯,才能使译文满足“达”的要求。1)词类的变换(Changes Between Word Classes)汉语中动词的使用远比英语多,用法也更为灵活。英语有

33、冠词,而汉语则没有。英语中大量地使用介词,而汉语中却用得不多。两种语言之间的这些区别就需要在翻译中适当变换词类。下面举例说明。,例29 Digital computers are essentially machines for recording numbers,operating with numbers and giving the result in numerical forms数字计算机本质上是记录数字、运算数字和给出数字形式的结果的机器。(译文把原文中的动名词变换成了动词)例30 Noise-figure is minimized by a parametric amplifie

34、r利用参量放大器把噪声系数降到最小。(译文把原文中的介词变换成了动词)例31 The miniature receiving antenna was developed as an alternative to that large one这种小型天线是为取代那种大型天线而研制的。(译文把原文中的名词变换成了动词),2)词序的变换(Changes in Word Order)汉语主要用词序来表示句中各词间的逻辑关系,而英语除用词序外,还常用介词、分词、副词等表示各词的逻辑关系。故在翻译时常需要做适当的词序变换,否则译文不流畅,甚至错误。例32 The main device failure m

35、ode is secondary breakdown译文1:主要器件的失效模式是二次击穿。译文2:器件的主要失效模式是二次击穿。译文1按原序直译,意思却错了。译文2变换了词序,意思却对了。因为此句中的main不是用来说明device,而是说明mode。,例33 An electric field can be produced by any charges present in space译文1:电场可由空间存在的任何电荷所产生。译文2:空间存在的任何电荷均会产生电场。科技英语中大量使用被动语态,而汉语则更喜欢用主动语态。译文2是按主动语态翻译的,其词序当然要做相应的变换。英语常用分词和介词短

36、语进行修饰,它们总是位于被修饰的事物之后。译成汉语时,常需换成前置的词序。,3.省略(Ellipsis)冠词在英语中的使用频率极高,但汉语中却根本没有冠词。英语广泛使用介词、代词表示词语间的逻辑关系,而汉语更多的是借助于词序来表达逻辑关系。因此在翻译中,常需做适当的省略以符合汉语的习惯。例34 Any substance is made of atoms,whether it is a gas,a liquid or a solid任何物质,无论气体、液体或固体,都是由原子组成的。(译文中省去了冠词a),例35 The intensity of sound is inversely propo

37、rtional to the square of the distance measured from the source of the sound.声强与到声源的距离的平方成反比。(译文中省略了冠词the)例36 It is 30 cubic meters in volume体积是30立方米。(译文中省略了代词it和介词in),4.补充(Supplements)科技英语行文简练,且常用省略。因此在译成汉语时,有时需根据汉语的习惯做适当的补充。例37 The attenuation of the filter is nearly constant to within 0.5 dB over

38、the entire frequency band译文1:该滤波器的衰减在整个频带内接近恒定在0.5 dB以内。译文2:该滤波器的衰减近于恒定,整个频带内的变化在0.5 dB以内。译文2做了一点补充,显得更符合汉语习惯。,5.引申(Extensions)直译常常让人感到生硬、拗口,而在正确理解原意的基础上进行适当引申,常可使译文流畅、明了。例38 As rubber prevents electricity from passing through it,it is used as insulating material直译:因为橡胶阻止电通过,所以用作绝缘材料。引申:因为橡胶不导电,所以用作

39、绝缘材料。,例39 The product yield is a sensitive function of process control直译:产品成品率是工艺管理的灵敏函数。引申:产品成品率与工艺管理密切相关。例40 Integrated circuits are more of a science,than of a technology直译:集成电路中的科学比技术多。引申:集成电路与其说是技术,不如说是科学。,例41 At present,the state of most semiconductor device technology is such that the device

40、design and process technology must be supplemented by screening and inspection procedures,if ultimate device reliability is to be obtained and controlled译文:目前,大多数半导体器件的技术尚未十分完善,以至若要获得并控制器件最终的可靠性,就必须辅以筛选和检验,以弥补设计和工艺技术之不足。由以上内容可以看出,译文中不但作了词类、词序、省略、补充等方面的变换,还把原句隐含的意义引申出来,使译文明确流畅。,Unit One Optical Fiber

41、 Communication,Passage A The General System Passage B Advantages of Optical Fiber Communication Passage C Fiber-optics Communication,Passage A The General SystemCommunication may be broadly defined as the transfer of information from one point to another.When the information is to be conveyed over a

42、ny distance,a communication system is usually required.Within a communication system the information transfer is frequently achieved by superimposing or modulating the information on to an electromagnetic wave which acts as a carrier for the information signal.This modulated carrier is then transmit

43、ted to the required destination where it is received and the original information signal is obtained by demodulation.Sophisticated techniques have been developed for this process by using electromagnetic carrier waves operating at radio frequencies as well as microwave and millimeter wave frequencie

44、s.However,“communication”may also be achieved by using an electromagnetic carrier which is selected from the optical range of frequencies.,Definition of communication,通常把信息从一点传送到另一点就称为通信。当信息进行长距离传送时,就需要一个通信系统。在通信系统中,信息传输是通过把信息叠加在电磁波上或对电磁波进行调制来实现的,电磁波起着载送信号的作用。这一经过调制的载频随后被传送到要求(到达)的目的地,在那里被接收,并且通过解调还

45、原成原始信号。在运用电磁载波的领域,高新技术得到进一步的发展,比如射频、微波以及毫米波的频率都被用来作为载频使用。而光波范围内的频率被选做载波时,亦可实现通信。,An optical fiber communication system is similar in basic concept to any type of communication system.A block schematic of a general communication system is shown in Figure 1.1(a),the function of which is to convey the

46、signal from the information source over the transmission medium to the destination.The communication system therefore consists of a transmitter or modulator linked to the information source,the transmission medium,and a receiver or demodulator at the destination point.In electrical communications th

47、e information source provides an electrical signal,usually derived from a message signal which is not electrical(e.g.sound),to a transmitter comprising electrical and electronic components which converts the signal into a suitable form for propagation over the transmission medium.This is often achie

48、ved by modulating a carrier,which,as mentioned previously,may be an electromagnetic wave.The transmission medium can consist of a pair of wires,a coaxial cable or a radio link through free space down which the signal is transmitted to the receiver,where it is transformed into the original electrical

49、 information signal(demodulated)before being passed to the destination.,从概念上讲,一个光纤系统与任何类型的通信系统是一样的,通信系统方框图如图1.1(a)(略)所示,其作用是使信号自信源通过传输媒介到达终端。通信系统由以下几部分组成:与信源相连接的发射端或调制器,传输媒介以及放在终端的接收端或解调器。在电子通信系统中,信源的作用是将原始非电信号(如话音信号等)转变成电信号,然后通过电或电子器件将该信号转变成适合在传输媒介上传输的信号,这一过程通常是通过调制载频来完成的。如前所述,这个载频可以是电磁波。传输介质可以是一对导

50、线、一条同轴电缆或通过自由空间的无线电,链路通过介质将调制好的信号送到接收端,信号在传送到接收端之前,先复原成原始信号(即解调)。,However,it must be noted that in any transmission medium the signal is attenuated衰减,or suffers loss,and is subject to degradations due to communication by random signals and noise,as well as possible distortions imposed by mechanisms

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