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1、Part One Preview Knowledge Kong Nannan,I.Sentence Members,subject(主),predicate(谓),object(宾)attributive(定)adverbial（状）predicative(表)complement(补)appositive(同位语)parenthesis(插入语),知识点扩充：可以带双宾语的常见动词,此类动词以give为代表，常带有“给予”的意思。Allow,assign,ask,award,bring,buy,cause,fetch,give,hand,leave,offer,owe,pay,post,pr
2、omise,read,return,sell,send,show,sing,take,telephone,tell,teach,throw,write.Give sb.sth.Give sth.to sb.Eg.Can you buy me a meal?Can I ask you a question?Cause me a lot of trouble.,The following points may be important.,1.Positions of an appositive 同位语(Pay attention to its translation into Chinese.)(
3、1)normal positions(p6)immediately followed by set off by a comma from noun set off by a colon from appositive set off by a dash from set off by an introducing word or phrase from(namely,that is,such as,for example,.),译法总结(3种)：,这个这一把同位语单独译成一句。The term sensitivity（灵敏度）is often used in radio engineerin
4、g.灵敏度这一术语经常用于无线电工程中。The word“radar”comes from radio detection and ranging.（p6）雷达这一术语来自无线电探测与测距。单独译成一句（一般有逗号分开时）Arithmetic（算术）,the science of numbers,is the base of mathematics.（p6）算术是一门有关数字的科学，它是数学的基础。The decibel is one tenth of a bel,a unit named after Alexander Graham Bell.分贝是贝尔的十分之一，而贝尔这个单位是根据亚历山
5、大格雷厄姆贝尔的名字命名的。,译法总结：,译成“也就是”或用破折号引出This chapter examines the properties of an important nonlinear（非线性的）device,the diode rectifier（整流器）.本章介绍了一种重要的非线性设备整流器。,(2)special positions(了解),主语的同位语处于主语前（一般译成独立的一句；或译成“作为”）appositive,subject A new technology introduced in the 1960s,laser can pierce the hardest s
6、ubstance such as diamond.激光是在20世纪60年代发展起来的一项新技术，它能穿透像金刚石这样最坚硬的物质。一个句子的同位语处于句子末尾（译成单独的一句）,appositive(a noun phrase)A magnet attracts iron materials,a familiar phenomenon.磁铁能吸引铁质材料，这是大家所熟悉的一种现象。,2.Complement补语p7,（1）某些动词带有补足语：let,make,call,find,get,have,keep（2）在被补足的成分和补足成分之间有以下两种关系：A.主表关系(is 判别法)We cal
7、l such a material an insulator.(Such a material is an insulator.)B.主谓关系(拼接试探 判别法)Metals allow current to flow through them easily.金属允许电流容易地通过它们。,双宾语与宾语补语的区别：,试探法：I shall give you a book.(You are a book.Give a book to you.)E.g.The magnetic field strength is assigned a symbol H.(保留宾语，assign 可带双宾；两者没有主
8、表关系)They dont know the exact time to start the experiment.(后置定语，没有主谓关系),3.Parenthetic clause插入语p7,A rule for its judgment:Its being crossed out wontaffect the meaning and the structure of the whole sentence.(1)in the main clause Living things too,it now seems certain,obey the laws of physics and che
9、mistry.It now seems certain that.现在似乎可以肯定的是，生物同样遵循物理和化学的原理。The density（密度）of a substance,we recall,is its mass（质量）per unit volume（体积）.大家记得吧，物质的密度就是其单位体积的质量。,(2)in the sub-clause One of the major problems which faced me in writing this book was“digesting”the vast literature on computer-based library
10、systems and presenting it in what I hope is a clear and concise manner.我在撰写本书过程中所面临的主要问题之一是“消化”有关机辅图书馆系统的大量文献资料，并且以我希望的清晰、简洁的方式来介绍它们。,（3）using“say=let us say”or some type of“what-clause”A resistor of say 100 ohms may be connected across C2.在该容器两端可以并接一个比如说100欧姆的电阻器。The rules must be few,and,what is m
11、ore important,simple.规则必须要少，而且更为重要的是，要简单。which amounts to the same thing“换句话说”what is equivalent“换句话说”what is more important what is more“而且；更有甚者”what is the same thing“同样的是；换个说法（也一样）”,II.Prepositional Phrases,1.Formation(p8)preposition+the object of the preposition(noun or pronoun),2.Functions of a
12、 prepositional phraseAdverbial状语E.g.In the library there are many books in English.(p9)E.g.This experiment should be done with care.care,skill,ease,difficulty,with accuracy,precision,flexibility,rapidity=their corresponding adverbs,补充知识点1,(2)Attribute定语-as a postmodifier only The switch on the wall
13、near the door of the room is for the ceiling light.（p9）门边墙上的开关是用来管顶灯的。(3)Complement补语-mostly the“as-phrase”required by many verbs define A as B 把A定义为B regard A as B 把A当作为B refer to A as B 把A称为BThis parameter（参数）is defined as the ratio of signal to noise.这个参数被定义为信号和噪声之比。,*An increasing number of engi
14、neering designers find it of value to have a working knowledge of electronic computers.越来越多的工程设计者发现，具备计算机使用知识是有价值的。of+interest,use,value,help,importance,significance=名词相对应的形容词*a few set verbal phrases:(keep at work;set in motion)Electricity keeps machines at work.Now set the charges（电荷）in motion and
15、 measure the magnetic force（磁力）.使电荷运转,补充知识点2,(4)Predicative表语 Another common approach is through the use of a symmetrical square wave.(对称方波)另一常用的方法是使用一个对称方波。(5)Parenthesis 插入语-many set phrases(in fact;of course;for example,)For example,we can make an electrical bell with this kind of magnet.,(6)Prep
16、ositional object介词宾语-only after a few prepositions,such as“from,except,to,)The energy from within the earth can be exploited.可以开发来自地球内部的能量。The highest order（度）of accuracy obtainable in using this technique is to within 0.01 percent.用这种技术获得的精度可以达到0.0001。,III.Word Collocations,Set phrases in a word换句话
17、说 take place发生，进行 take the place of代替2.Habitual collocations(1)Some nouns must go with definite verbs.(2)Some verbs,adjectives,and nouns must go with definite prepositions.,2.Habitual collocations,(1)Some nouns must go with definite verbs.质量 improve the quality 效率 raise increase the efficiency提高 能力
18、increase the ability 认识 deepen the understanding 警惕 enhance heighten the vigilance,成就进步 make achievements progress 一致意见 reach complete agreement of views取得 教训 draw lessons 成功 achieve succes 同意 obtain consent作一分析比较；研究 make an analysisa comparison;a study 作一介绍描述；说明give an introduction a description;an
19、 explanation,（2）Some verbs,adjectives,and nouns must go with definite prepositions.,E.g.Laser beams are sent at the moon.(p10)throw aim rush 冲向(vt.)shoot at(vi.)fire at 向开火 emit shout 朝叫喊（欢呼）send point(be)representative of=represent(be)descriptive of=describe(be)characteristic of=characterize(be)par
20、allel to 平行于。(be)similar to类似于。,动词搭配,形容词搭配,Emphasis should be laid on the collocation of a noun with a preposition。,A fixed preposition goes before or after a noun.Before a noun.After a noun An important format of word collocation Format:noun of A preposition B,名词搭配,A fixed preposition goes before o
21、r after a noun.Before a noun 无线电波向四面八方传播。（p11）Radio waves travel in all directions.为此目的，大学生必须至少掌握一门外语。For this purpose To this end,college students must master at least one foreign language.E.g.on a large scale（大规模地）to a great large extent point,degree（在很大程度上）in(a)great large measure（在很大程度上）,A fixed
22、 preposition goes before or after a noun.After a noun,E.g.他们在参加移动通讯国际会议。（p11）They are attending an international conference on mobile communications.E.g.These students are doing an experiment in physics on electricity.这些学生在做物理实验（in后跟大学科，on后跟小学科）the research on into;with;for image processing the answ
23、er key;solution to(a problem)the preface to(a book)an exception to(a rule)the current through(a component)the voltage across(a component)increase decrease;rise;fall;reduction;variation in condition requirement;technique,method;language;skill,equation;expression for,An important format of word colloc
24、ation,Format:noun of A preposition B The translation can be further classified as the followingthree sub-classes:.The“noun”is an ordinary abstract noun.Translation pattern:“A。B的”E.g.The advantage of TDMA over SCPC is that more ground stations can share a single satellite transponder（应答器）.TDMA 与SCPC相
25、比的优点是更多的地面站可共享一个卫星应答器。,.E.g.Translation pattern:“A。B的”the ratio of A to B the effect of A on upon B the relationship of A to B the distance of A from B familiarity of A with B the similarity of A to B,.The“noun”comes from an intransitive verb(不及物动词),in which case“A”is the logical subject of the logi
26、cal action expressed by the“noun.”Translation pattern:“A。B的”This curve shows the dependence of the output on upon the input.该曲线画出了输出对于输入的依赖关系。All conductors offer small resistance to the passage of electrons through them.(pass through)电子流过导体时，遇到的阻力很小。,.E.g.the passage of A through B-pass through the
27、 motion of A round around B the departure of A from B the reaction of A to B A对B的作用 the variation of A with B,.The“noun”comes from a transitive verb,in which case“A”is the logical object of the action expressed by the“noun.”Translation technique:The“noun”is put into a transitive verb.E.g.In solving
28、the problem,the resolution of this force into x-and y-components is necessary.在解这个题的时候，需要把这个力分解为x分量y分量。E.g.Gradually,the usefulness of microprocessors as central processing unit was realized.人们逐渐地实现了把微分处理器用作中央处理器。,.E.g.（p12）a comparison of A with B：把A与B相比较 the resolution of A into B：把A分解为B the expos
29、ure of A to B：使A接触B the use of A as B：把A 用作为B the definition of A into to B：把A定义为B the separation of A from into B,*One More Pattern:（p13）noun(from vt.)of A logical object by B logical subjectThe formulation（确立）of the theory of relativity（相对论）by Einstein was one of the most significant events of the
30、 20th century.,Review,质量 improve the quality 效率 raise increase the efficiency提高 能力 increase the ability 认识 deepen the understanding 警惕 enhance heighten the vigilance 成就进步 make achievements progress 一致意见 reach complete agreement of views取得 教训 draw lessons 成功 achieve succes 同意 obtain consent作一分析比较；研究
31、make an analysisa comparison;a study 作一介绍描述；说明give an introduction a description;an explanation,the research on into;with;for image processing the answer key;solution to(a problem)the preface to(a book)an exception to(a rule)the current through(a component)the voltage across(a component)increase dec
32、rease;rise;fall;reduction;variation in condition requirement;technique,method;language;skill,equation;expression for the ratio of A to B the effect of A on upon B the relationship of A to B the attraction（引力）of A for B the distance of A from B familiarity of A with B,the passage of A through B-pass
33、through the motion of A round around B the departure of A from B the reaction of A to B A对B的作用 the variation of A with B a comparison of A with B：把A与B相比较 the resolution of A into B：把A分解为B the exposure of A to B：使A接触B the use of A as B：把A 用作为B the definition of A into to B：把A定义为B the separation of A
34、from into B,判别某些句子成分方法汇总,1.状语（副词和介词）：修饰动词、形容词、副词，形容动作状态。表示：条件，时间，地点，方式，目的，原因，结果，让步，程度。2.定语（形容词，数词，名词，介词短语）：用来说明名词成分的。3.同位语：二者同一个意思。特别是such as,for example,that is之后的肯定是。4.补语：a.Let,make,call,find,get,have,keep表示使时。b.主表关系：is判别法。主谓关系：拼接判别法。E.g.I shall give you a book.We must keep the room clean.5.插入语：However,in fact,for example,then.去掉了不影响句子意思。,
