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1、大学英语四级,在英语学习中，我们自然会遇到许多生词。这时，许多人立即翻阅字典，查找词义。其实，这种做法是不科学的。它不但费时费力，而且影响阅读速度。事实上，阅读材料中的每个词与它前后的词语或句子甚至段落有着互相制约的关系。我们可以利用语境（各种已知信息）推测、判断某些生词的词义。,一、针对性解释 针对性解释是作者为了更好的表达思想，在文章中对一些重要的概念、难懂的术语或词汇等所作的解释。这些解释提供的信息具有明确的针对性，利用它们猜词义比较容易。,1根据定义猜测词义:如果生词是句子或段落所解释的定义，理解句子或段落本身就是推断词义。例如：anthropology is the scientif
2、ic study of man.In slang the term jam constitutes a state of being in which a person finds himself or herself in a difficult situation.定义的谓语动词多为：be,mean,deal with,be considered,to be,refer to,be called,be known as,define,represent,signify,constitute等。,2.根据复述猜测词义:虽然复述不如定义那样严谨、详细，但是提供的信息足以使阅读者猜出生词词义。复
3、述部分可以是词、短语或是从句。Semantics,the study of the meaning of words,is necessary if you are to speak and read intelligently.在复述中构成同位关系的两部分之间多用逗号连接，有时也使用破折号，冒号，分号，引号，和括号等。需要注意的是：同位语前还常有or,similarly,that is to say,in other words,namely,or other,say,i.e.等副词或短语出现。Capacitance,or the ability to store electric char
4、ge,is one of the most common characteristics of electronic circuits.,Krabacber suffers from SAD,which is short for seasonal affective disorder,a syndrome characterized by severe seasonal mood swings.根据生词SAD后面定语从句which is short for seasonal affective disorder和同位语a syndrome characterized by severe sea
5、sonal mood swings,我们可以推断出 SAD含义，即“季节性情绪紊乱症”。,3.根据举例猜测词义：恰当的举例能够提供猜测生词的重要线索。例如：The consequences of epochal events such as wars and great scientific discoveries are not confined to a small geographical area as they were in the past.,二、内在逻辑关系 根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指运用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系,然后根据逻辑关系推断生词词义或大致义域。,
6、1 根据对比关系猜测词义：在一个句子或段落中，有对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述，我们可以根据生词或难词的反义词猜测其词义。例如：Andrew is one of the most supercilious men I know.His brother,in contrast,is quite humble and modest.,表示对比关系的词汇和短语主要是unlike，not，but，however，despite，in spite of，in contrast 和while 引导的并列句等。A good supervisor can recognize instantly the ad
7、ept workers from the unskilled ones.,2 根据比较关系猜测词义：同对比关系相反，比较关系表示意义上的相似关系。例如：Green loves to talk，and his brothers are similarly loquacious.表示比较关系的词和短语主要是similarly，like，just as，also等。,3 根据因果关系猜测词义：在句子或段落中，若两个事物、现象之间构成因果关系，我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推知生词词义。例如：Tom is considered an autocratic administrator because he m
8、akes decisions without seeking the opinions of others.There were so many demonstrators in the Red Square that he had to elbow his way through the crowd.,4 根据同义词的替代关系猜测词义：在句子或段落中，我们可以利用熟悉的词语、根据语言环境推断生词词义。例如：Although he often had the opportunity,Mr.Tritt was never able to steal money from a customer.T
9、his would have endangered his position at the bank,and he did not want to jeopardize his future.,Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health.They also regard drinking as harmful.,三、外部相关因素 外部相关因素是指篇章(句子或段落)以外的其他知识。有时仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系无法猜出词义。这时就需要运用生活经验和普通常识确定词义。,Husband：Its really
10、 cold out tonight.Wife:Sure it is.My hands are practically numb.How about lighting the furnace?The snake slithered through the grass.在猜测词义过程中，除了使用上面提到的一些技巧，我们还可以依靠构词方面的知识，从生词本身猜测词义。,1 根据前缀猜测词义 He fell into a ditch and lay there,semiconscious,for a few minutes.Im illiterate about such things.,2 根据后缀猜
11、测词义 例如：Insecticide is applied where it is needed.Then the vapor may change into droplets.（附：常用前缀、后缀）,3根据复合词的各部分猜测词义 Growing economic problems were highlighted by a slowdown in oil output.Highlight或许是一个生词，但是分析该词结构后，就能推测出其含义。它是由high（高的，强的）和light（光线）两部分组成，合在一起便是“以强光照射，使突出”的意思。Bullfight is very popular
12、in Spain.,综上所述，利用各种已知信息推测、判断词义是一项重要的阅读技巧。在实践中，我们可以灵活运用，综合运用上面提到的几种猜测技巧，排除生词的障碍，顺利理解文章的思想内容，提高阅读速度。,常用前缀、后缀,常用前缀,anti-against,opposite 反对，针对 antiwarantibody antiterrorism antianxietyauto-of or by oneself 自己做的，自动的 autostopautocriticism autobiographybe-cause to be or have 使，有 befool befriendbi-two,twic
13、e,double 双biparty bimirrorbio-life 生命，生物biomedicine bioanalysisbiodiversity,centi-hundredth part 百分之一 centiliter centimetre co-with,together 共同，和一起coworker cooperatecon-,col-,com-,cor-with,together 共同，和.一起 conjoin collocation compassion correlation,contra-opposite 反对，相反，相对 contraattitude contranatur
14、alcounter-opposite 反counterattack counteract counterpartdis-not,the opposite of 否定，相反disagree dishonest,en-,em-cause to become,put into the stated condition 使成为，使处于.状态enlarge endanger empocketex-former 以前的，前任的expresident exhusband extra-outside,beyond 超出，在之外extraodinary extraartistic,fore-in advance
15、,before,in or at the front 预先，前，在前面的forehead forejudge foreseein-,im-,-il,-ir not 不，非，无indirect illegal immoral irregularin-in,into 内，向内indoor 室内的inter-between,among 相互，在之间 interuniversity interdependent interrelation,intra-inside,within 在之内 intragroup intragenickilo-one thousand 千 kilogram kilowatt
16、 macro-large 大的，宏观的macroclimate 大气候mal-bad,badly 坏，不良，不当 malformation malnutrition maltreat,micro-extremely small 极小的microcomputer microwavemid-middle 中间 midterm midday midwestmini-small,short 极小的，极短的miniskirt minitankmis-bad,badly 坏，不当的misunderstand mislead,mono-one,single 单一的mononuclear monologuem
17、ulti-many,more than one 多multichoice multistore multinationalnon-not 无，非，不 noncooperation nonsmokerout-outside,beyond 超越，胜过outlearn outstanding,over-too much,above,additional 过分，在上面，额外的overhead overweight overdopost-later than,after 在之后postgraduate postwarpre-before,in advance 在之前，预先preview predesig
18、nre-again 再，又recur retell redo,semi-half,partly 半，部分的 semicircle semifinal semiprofessionalsub-under,below,less important 在之下，低于，次于的 submarine substandard subconscioussuper-greater,or more than superstar supernaturaltele-over a long distance/telephone 远程的，电话的telesale teleconference telelecture,therm
19、-,thermo-heat 热thermometer thermocyclingtrans-across,on or to the other side of 横越，贯穿transatlantic transplanttri-three 三triangle tricycleultra-beyond,very,too 超过，极度的ultracold untramodern,un-not 不unfair unfamiliar unbeatenunder-too little,below 过少，在下面underestimate undergouni-one,single 单一的unidirectio
20、nal uniformvice-next in rank below 副vice-president,常用后缀,1.名词后缀-ability,-ibility able,possible 能够的，可能的ability 能力possibility 可能性-age postage 邮资shrinkage 收缩-al approval 同意arrival 到达-an,-ian,-arian 人humanitarian 人道主义者，librarian 图书管理员,-ance,-ence appearance 出现importance 重要性-ancy,-ency emergency 紧急情况 expe
21、ctancy 期待-ant,-ent consultant 顾问study-student 学生-cy fluency 流利-dom freedom 自由-ee employee 雇员trainee 受训者,-er,-or,-ar worker 工人conductor 导体scholar 学者-ery bravery 勇敢-ese Chinese 中国人-ess goddess 女神-ful handful一把的量armful 一抱的量-hood neighborhood 邻居-ics linguistics 语言学,-ion,-ition,-ation collection 收集compos
22、ition 作文situaition 位置-ism Marxism 马克思主义-ist socialist 社会主义者scientist 科学家-ity,-ty authority 权威 cruelty 残忍-ment movement 运动,-ology psychology 心理学-ship friendship 友谊-sion,-ssion decision决定admission许可-ure pressure 压力,2.动词后缀-en strengthen 增强-ify classify 分类-ize,-ise modernize 使现代化,3.形容词后缀-able,-ible chan
23、geable 可变的divisible 可分的-al national 国家的-an,-arian,-ian Christian 基督徒的vegetarian 素食者的-ant,-ent different 不同的insistent 不断的-ary,-ory elementary 基础的contradictory 矛盾的,-ate considerate 考虑周到的fortunate 幸运的-en wooden 木头的woolen 羊毛的-ese Japanese 日本人的-free carefree 无忧无虑的-ful beautiful 美丽的-ic,-ical musical 音乐的al
24、coholic 酗酒的-ish foolish 愚蠢的reddish微红的,-ive decisive 果断的creative 有创造力的-less helpless 无助的homeless无家可归的-like childlike孩子般的ladylike 贵妇般的-ly dayly 每天的manly 有男子汉气概的-ous,-ious dangerous 危险的spacious 宽敞的-some troublesome 使人烦恼的-ward downward 向下的homeward 回家的-y hairy 多毛的springy 有弹性的sleepy，困倦的,4.副词后缀-ly happily 快乐地-ward,-wards eastward(s)向东地upward(s)向上地-wise likewise 同样地otherwise在 其他方面,
