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1、大学英语语法English Grammar,齐大外语学院英语系 高妍 Mar.5 2009,大学英语语法第一讲 主谓一致,第一讲 主谓一致 Subject-verb Concord,“一致”（concord或agreement）指句子成分之间或词语之间在语法形式上的协调关系。主谓一致指主语和谓语动词之间在“人称”和“数”的方面的一致关系，这又叫做“主-动一致”（Subject-verb Concord）。,指导原则,1.语法一致原则（Grammatical Concord)主语为单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式；主语为复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式。The number of errors was
2、 surprising.Jane and Mary look alike.2.意义一致原则（Notional Concord）1）主语形式虽为单数，但意义为复数，谓语动词为复数。The crowd were running for their lives.单数形式代表复数内容的词有：people,police,cattle,militia等。2)主语形式为复数，而意义上却是单数，谓语动词用单数。The news was very exciting.形复意单的单词有news,works（工厂）和一些以ics结尾的学科名称，physics,economics等。3.就近原则（Principle o
3、f Proximity）谓语动词的单复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。如用连词or,eitheror,neithernor,not only,but also等连接的并列主语，如果一个是单数，一个是复数，谓语动词与靠近它的主语一致。Either your students or Mr.Wang knows this.,I.以S结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致,1.以S结尾的表示疾病的名词作主语时谓语用单数 arthritis:关节炎 bronchitis:支气管炎 mumps:腮腺炎 diabetes:糖尿病 phlebitis:静脉炎但是measles(麻疹)，rickets(软骨病)谓语可用单/复数
4、2.以S结尾的表示游戏名称的名词谓语常用单数darts:投镖游戏 dominoes:多米诺骨牌marbles:打弹子游戏 billiards:台球但cards(打纸牌)用复数；当它们表示所用工具时谓语用复数Darts is often played in English pubs.Two darts are thrown at every turn.,3.以ics结尾的学科名称通常用单数mathematics:数学 physics:物理学optics:光学 statistics:统计学politics:政治学 acoustics:声学/音响效果economics:经济学 athletics:体
5、育学mechanics:机械学 semantics:语义学linguistics:语言学 tactics:兵法/策略当这类名词表示学科以外的其它意义时用作复数Statistics is not as difficult as some people think.The latest statistics on crime are beyond description.注:下列以ics结尾的名词仅用作单数classics:杰作,著作 comics:连环图画ethics:伦理学 cosmetics:化妆品,4.以S 结尾的地理名称如山脉，海峡，瀑布，群岛等通常用作复数the West Indies
6、西印度群岛 the Bahamas巴哈马群岛the Himalayas喜马拉雅山脉 the Straits of Gibraltar直布罗陀海峡 the Niagara Falls 尼亚加拉瀑布the Rockies 落基山脉 但如果是国名，则用作单数，如:the United States,the United Nations,the Netherlands（荷兰）。5.由二部分组成的物体通常以S结尾，如果不带“一把”等单位词而单独使用，通常用作复数。scissors剪子 shears 大剪刀 pincers、tongs 钳子 pliers 老虎钳 pajamas 睡衣，宽长裤 suspen
7、ders吊裤带 knickers短裤，灯笼裤 pants 裤子 jeans 工装裤 shorts 短裤 briefs 三角裤 shoes glasses/spectacles 眼镜 binoculars 望远镜 chopsticks如带有单位词，则由单位词的单/复数来决定谓语动词的单/复数A pair of shoes was on the desk.,6.下列以s结尾的名词通常用作复数 archives:档案 arms:武器 eaves:屋檐 contents:内容 goods:货物 suburbs:郊区 thanks:谢意 wages:工资 stairs:楼梯 remains:遗体 mor
8、als:道德，品行 minutes:记录 注:whereabouts(行踪，下落)，dramatics(舞台艺术)可用单/复数7.凡是由-ings结尾的名词常用作复数 clippings:剪下来的东西 filings:锉屑 earnings:收入 diggings:掘出的东西 lodgings:租的房间 surroundings:环境 sweepings:扫拢的垃圾 注:tidings(消息,音信)可用作单或复数,.以结尾的单，复数同形的名词，谓语动词形式取决于这些名词是用作单数还是用作复数；意义不同，单复数也不同 barracks:营房 headquarters:总部 means:方法,手段
9、,工具 series:系列 species:种类 works:工厂 crossroads:十字路口 This glass works was set up in 2008.These glass works are near the railway station.9.少数名词用作单数和用作复数意义不同 Whats the odds?有什么要紧？=what does it matter?（差别）The odds are against us.我们成功的机会很小。（可能的机会）The martyrs remains were buried at the foot of the hill.遗体 H
10、ere is the remains of the temple.遗迹,练习：1.The Alps(covers,cover)an area of 200,000 square kilometers and(is,are)the greatest mountain range in Europe.2.Draughts(is,are)an easier game than chess.3.What(is,are)his politics?4.The remains of Shakespeare(is,are)buried on Stratford-on-Avon.5.Politics(is,ar
11、e)the art or science of government.6.Mr Smiths morals(is,are)above criticism.7.Usually a bird species facing the danger of extinction(gains,gain)public recognition.8 The species of fish in the aquarium(is,are)numerous.,II.集体名词（Collective Noun）作主语的主谓一致,1.通常用作复数的集体名词:people,police,folk,youth,cattle,po
12、ultry,militia,verminHis cattle were still lean.Such vermin as bugs and rats are hard to get rid of.Many cattle are kept.饲养了很多牲畜。Several hundred police were on duty.几百个警察在执勤。The police are searching for him.2.通常用作单数的集体名词:advice,baggage,equipment,information,knowledge,machinery,scenery,news,foliage,me
13、rchandise,furnitureThe merchandise on display in the shop window is very good.All the machinery is new.3.既可用作复数也可用作单数的集体名词：family,army,group,committee,company,government,enemy,class,team,party,club,majority,crowd,audience,jury,union,fleet（舰队）,faculty（能力；大学教职人员），crew，publicHis family are all music lo
14、vers.His family isnt large.His family_ going to have a long journey.The whole family _ watching TV.,练习：1.The jury _in opinion about“sentence of death.”A.disagrees B.disagree C.agrees D.has disagreed2.Today the public _about the way nature is being ruined.A.are concerned B.is concernedC.have been con
15、cerned D.is being concerned3.The committee cant come to a decision because _at odds.A.it has B.they have C.it is D.they are4.The majority _on Bens side,but Peter disagrees with them on two points.A.were B.was C.is D.are,Keys:b d d d,III.并列结构(Coordinate Subject)做主语的主谓一致,1.用and或bothand 连接并列主语，谓语通常用复数T
16、o mean to do something and to actually do something are two separate things.但是当并列主语指的是同一个人，事物或概念时，谓语用单数，这时and后面的名词没有冠词。Truth and honesty is the best policy.The girls teacher and friend is a young doctor.To love and to be loved is the great happiness.To try and fail is better than not to try at all.A
17、 knife and fork is on the table.Bread and butter is our daily food.类似结构有：whisky and soda,strawberry and cream,salt and water,ham and egg,cart and horse，fish and chips等。,2.当and 连接的单数主语前面有 each,every,many a,no 等修饰时，（即 many aand many a;everyand every;eachand each;noand no）谓语动词用单数Many a boy and many a g
18、irl has seen the brighter-than-expected white flash of light.No teacher and no student was present at the opening ceremony.,3.如主语是单数，尽管后面跟有with,together with,as well as,as much as,no less than,more than,rather than,like,but,except,besides,in addition to等引起的短语，谓语动词仍用单数That man,as well as his wife,is
19、accused of molesting minors since 1950s.A professor,together with his students,was sent to work in Nigeria.The room with its furniture was rented.4.由or,eitheror,neithernor,not onlybut(also),not but 等连接的名词或代词作主语时，谓语与邻近的主语取得一致Either you or he is to go.Not only Joan but her sisters know the combination
20、 to the safe which contains the list of the family securities.,练习：1._either he or his accountants going to claim for the loss?A.AreB.Were C.Is D.Does2.Joes father,along with his two uncles,_in New York one more day.A.demand that he stay B.demands that he stays C.demands that he stay D.demand that he
21、 stays3.Every policeman and fireman _on the alert.A.have been B.was C.are D.wereKeys:c c b,IV.代词以及“限定词+名词”作主语的主谓一致,1.由不定代词every,each,each one,each of,another,either,neither,no one,the other,everybody,everything,many a,more than one 等作主语或修饰主语时，谓语用单数。Many a ship has been damaged in the storm.More than
22、 one man believes that the promise of the American Dream is still out of reach for many blacks in the city.2.由“a great many,a good many,a group of,a number of+复数名词”作主语时，谓语用复数。A great many graduates think they are all entitled to make a mistake once in a while.3.all of,some of,a lot of,half of,most o
23、f,the majority of,two thirds of,ninety percent of,the rest of,plenty of,part of,heaps of（堆）等+名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词的单/复数取决于后面的名词或代词的数，因为这些词是中心词Half of the apples go bad.The rest of the land is uncultivated.,练习：1.Although the first part of the book is easy,the rest _.A.are difficult B.has proved difficultC.i
24、s supposed difficult D.have been found difficult2.Mrs.Angel feels very happy when the rest _appearance.A.makes B.make their C.has made their D.have made his3.More than one example _necessary to make the students understand this rule clearly.A.should be B.is C.are D.have been4.Another five weeks _nec
25、essary for us to finish the work.A.are B.were C.is D.will have beenKeys:b b b c,V.数词、量词作主语的主谓一致,1.表加，减，乘，除等算式时，谓语常用单数。如数词是复数形式，如：thousands of,millions of 等，谓词常用复数Ten minus two is eight.Forty divided by eight is five.2.当a portion of,a series of,a pile of,a kind of,a great deal of,a great amount of 等+
26、复数主语时，谓语动词用单数形式A large portion of Emilys poems was found and published after her death.A series of lectures on educational psychology is said to be given by E.Stone.,3.当a flock of,a drove of,a school of,a swarm of,a herd of,a pack of 等集体名词被看作一个整体时，谓语用单数。如指个体，用复数Usually,a herd of African elephants ha
27、s up to one thousand members.4.the number of+复数主语，谓语用单数；a number of+复数主语，谓语用复数A number of Britons were sent to Tehran yesterday.The number of Britons was fifty-four.,练习：1.The number of students in the oral English program training _to 20.A.limits B.is limited C.limited D.are limited2.A series of deb
28、ates between the lecturers _ for the next weekend.A.are scheduled B.was scheduledC.were scheduled D.have been scheduledKeys:b b,VI.分句，从句作主语的主谓一致,1.不定式分句和ing 分词分句作主语，谓语用单数Writing stories and articles is what I enjoy most.2.名词性从句作主语，谓语动词常用单数What caused the accident is a complete mystery.That blacks in
29、 Americas second-largest city fare the worst among all major races in education,health,economics,housing and criminal justice is said by a study released on Wednesday.3.定语从句中从句与先行词的数保持一致I am one of those people who by the general opinion of the world are counted both infamous and unhappy.George is t
30、he one of the brightest confidants who has graduated from Mongolia University.I,who am your friend,will try my best to help you.,4.存在句中，be 的单复数适用就近原则There has to be a lot of give-and-take in any successful marriage.There are four chairs,a table,and a small bed in the room.5.强调句“It is I who.”中，分句动词形式
31、与I要保持一致。非正式英语中，可用me代替I,随后的分句动词常用第三人称单数It is I who am to blame.It is me that was injured in the accident.,练习：1.John is the one of the staff members who _to be transferred.A.is going B.are goingC.have been going D.has been going2.He is one of those persons who_ never satisfied.A.are B.is C.has been D.to be3.What they have done _useful to the people.A.are considered B.is consideredC.have been considered D.will be consideredKeys:a a b,
