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1、,首先，我们来看看最近六年来，完形填空的短文材料究竟有什么特点。,(一)长度:在2007至2010年,填10个空时，短文长度大约是200个词;2011年改为填15个空,当年短文长度没有明显变化,但是2012年短文长度明显增加,达300个词。本书材料在270-330个词之间。,(二)题材:贴近生活，或反映最新科技动态，或体现文化内涵，让人增长知识，形成正确的观点，成为幸福的公民。(三)体裁:主要是说明文和论说文,以及用经历或故事说明某一观点的文章。,(四)难度:一般不会有影响短文理解的超标词，但有时会出现课标单词的派生词，如supernatural,folktale，automatically,
2、recognition,inexpensive等，其词根都是课标中规定的词,考生根据构词法知识不难理解其意义。,只需熟记搭配，不一定需要理解语篇意义即可选出答案的，六年来只考过一个小题，即2009年第21空，考查mistake A for B(误以为A是B)这一固定搭配。,4.不考同义词辨析。六年来，从来没有将在具体语境中其词义或用法难以辨别的两个或几个词语作为同一个小题的选项。一般说来，四个选项的意义，差别较大。,本书2012版曾提醒:“像even，ever，still之类的副词是体现语篇特征的典型词语,非常适合在完形填空中考查,尽管以前尚未考查过，但在今后的完形填空中是有可能考的，决不可忽
3、视。”后来，2012年高考果真考查了still！,请看近六年高考题正确选项的分布情况：,在正确选项中，A、B、C和D所占比例均等，即2007至2010年10空时，正确选项中A、B、C、D各占23个；2011年15空后，正确选项中A、B、C、D各占34个。,在15个小题中，若对14个小题有把握,只有1个题没有把握时，可以根据答案均等的原则去考虑。例如,你的“正确答案”中只有2个B,那么这个没把握的题很可能就是选B了。,温馨提示,(一)上下求索寻信息 因为答案信息点有的在空格前，有的在空格后，有的在前文和后文都有出现，需要综合考虑或相互印证。有时，还要根据上、下文提供的信息，结合常识，进行适当的逻
4、辑推理，才可得出正确答案。不管题目有多难，都一定能在上下文中找到线索。,根据上述对广东高考完形填空的命题研究,我们归纳了以下一些解题方法：,例1 The school decided that when the driver opened both the front and back doors,27 who were getting off the bus should get off first，and students who were getting on should get on 28.27.A.parents B.students C.teachers D.drivers28.
5、A.sooner B.later C.faster D.earlier,解析：27题的答案信息点在空格后的and students who中，关键词是students，故选B。28题的答案信息点在空格前,关键词是first,与first相对应是later,故选B。,答题时,眼睛不能只盯在空格上或只盯在空格所在的这一个句子上,一定要“左顾右盼”,弄清前后的习惯搭配或句式结构。注意,常常不止一个选项前后可以构成搭配关系,这时需要根据上下文的意思来定夺。,2.左顾右盼找搭配,解析：四个选项中,能与后面for搭配的,只有mistook,即mistake A for B(将A误以为B),故选C。,例3
6、On April 12,1888,Alfreds brother Ludwig died of heart attack.A major French newspaper 21 his brother for him and.,A.foundB.misunderstoodC.mistookD.judged,解析：根据动宾搭配,在四个选项中,能与名词the Nobel prizes(诺贝尔奖)搭配的,只有establish(设立),即“设立诺贝尔奖”。用他的大部分钱去“构成/开发/促进”诺贝尔奖,是讲不通的。,例4 Nobel arranged in his will to give the l
7、argest part of his money to 28 the Nobel prizes,which would be awarded to people who.A.establish B.form C.develop D.promote,有时,若单独看空格处或空格所在句,其中两个、三个甚至四个选项填入格中都不错,句子也通顺,但结合全文内容来理解,就只有一个是最佳答案了。因此,选择答案时,一定要考虑到此选项不但在本句中合符语境,而且要在全文中也讲得通,即贯通全文。,3.思前想后通全文,例5 Nobel arranged in his will to give the largest p
8、art of his money to establish the Nobel prizes,which would be awarded to people who made great _ to the causes of peace,literature,and the sciences.A.additionsB.sacrificesC.changesD.contributions,解析：若单独看空格处,选项B、C、D都可以填,make great sacrifices“作出巨大牺牲”,make great changes“发生巨大变化”,make great contributions
9、“作出巨大贡献”;从文章内容或常识来看,诺贝尔奖金应当是奖给那些为世界和平、文学和科学事业“作出过巨大贡献”的人,故只能选D。,例6 Alfred Nobel became a millionaire and changed the ways of mining,construction,and warfare as the inventor of dynamite(炸药).the article read.“Dr.Alfred Nobel,who became_ by finding ways to kill more people faster than ever before,died
10、yesterday.”.Nobel arranged in his will to give the largest part of his money to.A.famous B.sick C.rich D.popular,解析：若单独看空前的became,填四个选项都没有语法错误,但是由前文中的became a millionaire和后文give the largest part of his money可知,rich为最佳答案,故选C。,(一)通读全文，理解大意 重视首句信息,跳过空格,浏览全文,从整体上感知全文,理解短文大意,这是解题的基础。这一步非常重要,万万不可忽视。,在理解短文
11、大意的情况下,结合各选项的意义和用法,与前后词语的习惯搭配,特别是上下文的意义衔接等,初选答案。可以先解决那些自己有把握的问题,对少数难题,暂时跳过,在上文中难以判断的题或许在下文中就有暗示或者明显的提示了,一个在前面不能解答的题或许在填出了另一空后你就会豁然开朗。,(二)瞻前顾后，初选答案,(三)复读全文，解决残敌 借助已经补全的空格,我们已对全文有了更清楚的理解,可以集中解决所遗留的个别难题。(四)再次复读，弥补疏漏 全部做好后,考生务必要结合自己选择的答案重新阅读短文内容，确保全文文意连贯。,根据广东高考完形填空题的特点,只要了解上述三个原则,遵循四个步骤,灵活运用以下五个技巧,任何完形
12、难题都可得到顺利解决。希望同学们一定要理解、掌握以下五个技巧。,某些语义相关联的词语在语篇中共同出现的倾向性，叫词语同现,也有人称之为“词场”。同现词之间有反义或相对关系,或者同类互补关系等,如different与same;cruel与friendly;death(死亡)与destruction(毁灭);ill与pale,patient,nurse,doctor,operation等。,(一)词语同现,一个语篇往往会围绕着某一主题或话题，与此相关的词就可能会共同出现，以实现语篇衔接。如2011年广东高考完形填空的短文,是围绕“把优生从普通班里分离出去会带来严重问题”这一主题展开的，涉及这一主题
13、的可能有“普通班”“特殊班”“优生”“普通生”，以及“学校”“老师”“学习”等等,因此,special,gifted,intelligent,top,regular,average,school,classes,teachers,children,learning这些相互关联的词语就很可能会同时出现在语篇之中。,了解词语同现,对正确解答完形填空题很有帮助。请运用词语同现的技巧，解答以下高考真题，并说明正确选项与哪些词同现。1.(2012广东)We all know that some things are obviously right.For example,it is right to b
14、e to other people.It is also right to look after the environment.Some things are _clearly wrong,too.For instance,we should not hurt or bully(欺负)others,nor should we litter.A.kind B.sensitive C.fair D.generous,A 本段讲有的事正确,有的事错误,right与wrong相对,与下文hurt or bully(欺负)others 意义相对的应是be kind to others,两者为反义同现。
15、,2.(2012广东)For example,they may believe that people should always tell the truth,and that lying is _ acceptable.A.seldom B.rarely C.merely D.never,D believe后的thatand that是两个并列的宾语从句,表达的观点应前后一致。其中,tell the truth与lying相对,而与always相对的应是never。always与never是反义同现。,3.(2012广东)some insist that stealing is alway
16、s wrong,but others think that one does not need to feel so _ when stealing some food to eat,if he lives in a really poor area and he is _.A.nervous B.anxious C.afraid D.guiltyA.begging B.starving C.growing D.wandering,前者选D。根据常识,偷东西（steal）就是犯法或犯罪的(guilty),故选D。其中,guilty与stealing是词语同现,wrong与guilty是近义复现
17、。后者选B。因与poor(贫穷)同现的应是begging(乞讨)或starving(挨饿)，排除选项C与D。又由常识可知“饥饿,饿得要死”才会“偷”，故选starving。,4.(2010广东)You have to push the door with the word“PUSH”to go out of the building and to pull the door with the word“PULL”to _ the building.A.enter B.leave C.open D.close,A 因有push(推)就有pull(拉),有go out of(出去)就会有enter
18、(进入),这就是词语同现。,5.(2009广东)To make sure that he was remembered with love and respect,Nobel arranged in his to give the largest part of his money to establish the Nobel prizes,Nobel had to die before he realized what his life was really about.,A.book B.article C.will D.contract,C 与die(死),arrange(安排后事)同现
19、的应当是will(遗嘱)。,词语复现是指某一个词以原词或同义词等方式在同一语篇中重复出现。语篇中的句子通过复现关系达到相互衔接的目的。词语复现又可分为原词复现、同源词复现(又叫同根词复现)、同义或近义词复现(包括与近义词的同根词复现,如ill与sickness)、上下义复现(即总括与分述,如animal是sheep,tiger,wolf等的上义词；rose是flower的下义词)、反义复现（如wrong与right）等。,(二)词语复现,A.equally B.slightly C.clearly D.increasingly,1.(2012广东)We all know that some t
20、hings are obviously right.For example,Some things are _ wrong,too.For instance,C 显然，Some things are wrong,too与第一句some things are obviously right相对应,由too可知,选与obviously词义相同或相近的clearly,两者为同义复现。,2.(2012广东)Car drivers have to obey traffic regulations that tell them the right things to do on the road to a
21、void crashes.Cyclists who give signals before turning or stopping help prevent _.,A.accidents B mistakes C.falls D.deaths,A 由常识和上文中的avoid crashes可知,此处应是prevent accidents。其中accidents与crash是上下义复现。,3.(2011广东)It has been argued by some that gifted children should be grouped in special classesThere can b
22、e little doubt that _ classes can help the gifted children to graduate earlier and take their place in life sooner.However,A.regular B.special C.small D.creative,B 与前段第一句中special classes的special是原词复现。,4.(2011广东)However,this concern is more often from parents and teachers than from students,and some
23、of these _ simply conclude that special classes should be set up for those who are talented.,A.students B.adults C.scholars D.teachers,B 因adults是上文parents and teachers的上义词,即这是上下义复现,故选B。,根据上下文的逻辑关系来推断正确答案,逻辑关系包括因果关系、对比关系、并列关系、转折关系、让步关系、递进关系、条件与结果的关系等。从五年来的广东高考完形填空题来看,最多的是利用因果关系来推断正确答案。请运用逻辑推断,解答以下试题,
24、并指出正确选项是根据什么逻辑关系推断出来的。,3.逻辑推理,A.interesting B.vital C.easy D.valuable,1.(2012广东)If people follow rules without taking other matters into consideration,it will be _ for them to form what is sometimes called a“black and white”view.,C 由“不考虑其他事情(without taking other matters into consideration)”,即全面地看问题,
25、可推断出,这种人很“容易”形成黑白观(非黑即白)。（因果关系）,2.(2012广东)Such people always stick to their views,even if it means that they may get into _.A.trouble B.power C.prison D.control,A 持“非黑即白”观点的人,即使“惹上麻烦”,也总是坚持自己的观点。(让步关系),3.(2012广东)Some people choose not to eat meat because they believe that it is cruel to eat animals,
26、but others argue that they can eat meat _ and be kind to animals.,A.still B.even C.later D.somehow,A 他们认为可以吃肉,但对动物“依然”是友好的。(转折关系),4.(2012广东)Rules help us live together in harmony,because they show us the right way to _ others.,A.follow B.instruct C.treat D.protect,C“规章制度有助于我们和睦相处,因为规章制度告诉我们“对待他人的正确方
27、式”。分别用“跟着”“指导”“保护”代入,意义不通。(因果关系),5.(2012广东)However,some people argue that rules may be,having observed that rules change all the time,and that some schools have some regulations and others have different ones so who is to what _ is right?,A.disgusting B.confusing C.unsafe D.unimportantA.predict B.ex
28、plain C.decide D.consider,前者选B。因为“规章总是在变(change),学校不同规章也不同(different)”,所以规章可能是“令人困惑的”。(因果关系）后者选C。既然“规章总是在变”“不同学校的规章不同”，那么该由谁来“评判(decide)”什么是正确的呢？(因果关系),6.(2011广东)In the regular class,having no worry about keeping up,they(intelligent children)began to reflect _ on many problems,some of which were not
29、 on the school program.A.directlyB.cleverlyC.voluntarilyD.quickly,C 因为having no worry about keeping up(因为不担心跟不上),所以“自动地(voluntarily)”考虑许多问题,因果推断。(现在分词短语表示原因)。,7.(2009广东)Nobel was _to find out not that he had died,but that,when his time was up,he would be thought of only as one who profited from deat
30、h and destruction.A.upsetB.anxiousC.excitedD.pleased,A 因他发现当自己死后被认为是靠制造死亡获取利润的人,所以他感到“伤心难过”。(在表示情感变化的形容词后的不定式表示原因),将文段意思和我们原有的生活经验、文化背景知识,以及科普常识等结合起来,进行简单推理,从而得出正确答案。事实上,该技巧与“逻辑推断”常常交织在一起的,因为虽有背景常识,仍需简单推理;逻辑推理离不开背景常识。请运用背景常识，进行适当推理，解答以下高考试题。,(四)背景常识,1.(2010广东)In South Korea,we do not need to wait fo
31、r people to get off.One morning,I hurried to the bus,and when the bus doors opened,I _ tried to get on the school bus through the front door.A.politelyB.patientlyC.unconsciouslyD.slowly,C 由前文可知,因韩国不必等别人下了车再上,作者当时是初来美国的韩国人,在韩国土生土长,由常识“习惯成自然”可知,作者早已习惯不等别人先下了再上车,所以看到校车将门打开后,就“无意识地,不知不觉地”上车了。,2.(2008广东)
32、.the Nobel prizes,which would be awarded to people who made great _ to the causes of peace,literature,and the sciences.A.additions B.sacrificesC.changes D.contributions,D 根据常识,奖金应当是颁发给那些为世界和平、文学和科学事业作出过巨大“贡献”的人,make contributions to.对作出贡献。,主要指动词与介词的搭配、动宾搭配及句式搭配等。广东高考完形填空中主要考查动宾搭配。能不能搭配,除涉及词语的用法外,还需结
33、合常识来判断。,5.前后搭配,请运用前后搭配习惯,解答以下高考试题。,1.(2009广东)On April 12,1888,Alfreds brother Ludwig died of heart attack.A major French newspaper _his brother for him and.A.foundB.misunderstoodC.mistookD.judged,C 根据动介搭配,能与后面的介词for搭配的,只有mistook。(注：这类题是极少考查的,五年仅此一题),2.(2009广东).Nobel arranged in his will to give the
34、largest part of his money to _the Nobel prizes,.A.EstablishB.formC.DevelopD.promote,A 根据动宾搭配,应是“设立诺贝尔奖”,即establish the Nobel prizes。,完形填空中,有的题既可以用这种技巧解答,又可用那种技巧来解答,也有的可能要结合两种或多种技巧才能解答。完全可以这样说,只要你熟练掌握并能灵活运用这五个技巧,广东高考完形填空题,不再有难题。但是,所有的方法或技巧都是一种辅助作用,都必须建立在扎实的语言基础之上。如果词汇不过关,句子理不顺,篇章意义不理解,任何方法或技巧都将无济于事。,我们说词语复现对解答完形填空非常有用,但并不意味着与文章中出现的词语复现的选项就是正确答案。我们必须明确,作者运用词语复现的手段,其目的是使语义衔接、语篇连贯。我们使用此技巧解题时,一定要注意上下文意义的关联或衔接,否则,就会出错。因为命题人往往会设置一些与文中词语复现的错误选项,我们千万不要掉入陷阱。,特别提醒：,Thank you!,
