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1、Practical English Writing实用英语应用文写作,Styles and Features in Language of English Practical Writing,Classification of Practical English Writing,英语应用文包括各国政府、民间团体、企事业单位或个人相互往来所使用的书信、商务文书、礼仪文书、契约文书、单据表格、会务文书等。,Language Features and Writing Ways,完整 一篇好的涉外英语应用文，必须对读者（对方或公众）提供所有需要的信息，或者答复读者所提出的一切问题和要求，务必使所有的事
2、情都得到阐明和论述，所有的问题都得到答复和解释。,为了检验你所写的应用文的完整性，我们可以使用5个W(Who,What,When,Where,Why)和一个 H(How)。例如：NOTICE Dec.31,2003 All the staff of Accounts Department are requested to be ready to attend the meeting in the conference room on Tuesday,at 3:00pm,Jan 6,2004,to discuss the financial statement of last year.Acco
3、unts Dept.,Cellulose Tape 1/2x 3yds,with plastic dispenser 700 doz./ditto-but 1/2“x 5 yds,1,000doz.”这是出口商接到的一份定单中有关商品品名，规格和数量的内容。,“纤素带（幅）宽半英寸，长码，带塑料包装容器0打；同上，但（幅）宽宽半英寸，长码，打。”问题是后半句不清楚。“ditto”在这里表示前面提到的商品名称纤维素带，但不能包括“带塑料包装容器”，因此，幅宽半英寸长码的纤维素带是否有塑料包装容器没有说清楚，不完整。所以最好改成：Cellulose Tape 1/2x 3yds,with plas
4、tic dispenser 700 doz.Cellulose Tape 1/2 x 5yds，with plastic dispenser 1000 doz.“这样既完整，又清楚明确，不引起误解。,2.具体 任何一种英语应用文应当具体、明确和有说服力，而不应含糊、笼统和抽象。特别是合同、协议、通知、启事、招领、海报、广告和需要做出具体答复等的信函，必须强调具体使用的事实、数据和时间。,3 清楚清楚，是英语应用文的主要语言特点之一。所谓清楚，就是要确保你所写的内容清楚，不被误解。要写得恰到好处，使读者不假思索就能理解你的要点为宜。要达到上述目的，必须注意下列几点：1)选择简明易懂的词语，尽量避
5、免意义上模棱两可的词语和句子。例如：,As to the steamer sailing from Shanghai to Los Angeles,we have bimonthly direct services.,As to the steamer sailing from Shanghai to Los Angeles,we have bimonthly direct services.“bimonthly”has two meanings here.One is“twice a month”,another is“once every two months”.Revised:a)We
6、have a direct sailing from Shanghai to Los Angeles every two months.(从上海到洛杉矶，每两月一次直达船。),2)注意修饰词的位置，同一修饰词放到句中不同位置，会导致句子的含义不同。,3)注意代名词的指代对象和关系代词与先行词的关系。例如：They informed Messrs.Smith&Brown that they would receive a reply in a few days.Revised:They informed Messrs.Smith&Brown that the later would receiv
7、e the reply in a few days.(史密斯.布朗公司将在近日内得到答复。),4）注意逻辑上的合理，句子结构上的多变，情节上的紧凑和意义上的连贯。首先，必须注意分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语的一致。例如：Being a registered accountant,Im sure you can help us.,Revised:Being a registered accountant,you can certainly help us.(作为一名。)As you are a registered accountant,Im sure you can help us.(因为你是我坚
8、信。),其次是，应当注意句子结构的多变，例如：We have received your letter of April 4.We are sorry for the wrong dispatch.We will do something about it.(单调，乏味)Revised:Thank you for your letter of April 4.We regret that we have dispatched the wrong goods and will do something for compensation.,（你方4月4日来函收悉，谢谢，得知我方发错了货，深表遗憾。
9、我们将为此做点补偿。）第三，意义上的连贯是值得考虑的。,4 简明简明被认为是最重要的写作原则和语言特点，它节约作者和读者的时间。简明指的是尽可能地用精辟的文笔清楚地表达你需要表达的内容。而又毫不损害完整、具体和礼貌。要达到此目的，必须遵循下面几条准则：,（1）长话短说，尽力避免啰嗦。You shouldnt use:Youd better use:at this time-come to a decision-during the time that-express a preference for-due to the fact that-,（1）长话短说，尽力避免啰嗦。You should
10、nt use:Youd better use:at this time-nowcome to a decision-decideduring the time that-whileexpress a preference for-preferdue to the fact that-because,On the basis of-in the matter of-It should be pointed out that-concur(同意，赞成)-initiate(开始)-request(询问)-,On the basis of-byin the matter of-about It sho
11、uld be pointed out that-Please notice thatconcur(同意，赞成)-agreeinitiate(开始)-beginrequest(询问)-ask,acknowledge receipt of(兹收到)-Thank you for,I receivedbe in receipt of(兹收到)-Thank you for,I receivedthe writer(笔者)-I,me,my up to this writing(至今)-so far or omittedWe beg to thank you-Thank you Take an early
12、opportunity(趁早)-act promptly,(2)避免使用怪词、难词及笼统的陈旧的商业术语，尽量用常用词及现代英语表达。比较下列几对句子。例如：I wish to express my heartfelt gratitude to your kind cooperation.(wordy)Concise:Thank you for your cooperation.Please be advised that we have received our invoice No.248.(wordy)Concise:We have received your invoice No.24
13、8.,(3)避免不必要的重复。例如：We have begun to export our machines to the foreign countries.Revised:We have begun to export our machines.Samples will be sent and offers will be make upon receipt of your specific enquiries.(一经收到你方具体询盘，就发盘并寄送样品。),Revised:Samples will be sent and offers made upon receipt of your s
14、pecific enquiries.,5 礼貌 礼貌是国际商务英语应用文特别是国际商务信函的重要语言特点，一封彬彬有礼的书信能使你自己在对方的心目中树立起一种正直、热情、有良好的文化素养和职业道德的形象，使之乐意与你合作，竭诚为你服务。,(1)使用虚拟语气。We would ask you to make a prompt shipment.(请贵方即期装运)We wish you would let us have your reply soon.(务请贵方即期装运)We wish you would let us have your reply soon.(希望贵公司早作答复),We wo
15、uld be grateful if you advance delivery to the middle of June and ship the goods in one lot.(如果贵方把交货日期提前至六月中旬，且做一次性装运，我方将十分感谢。)(2)使用缓和法，避免过分强调或刺激。为了避免过分强调自己的观点或刺激别人，应在写作中使用缓和法。如：,We are afraid that,We would say,We may(might)say，We would think,It seems(would seem)to us that,We would suggest that,As y
16、ou are(may be)aware,As we need hardly point out that,It appears that etc.e.g.,(3)适当地使用被动语态。被动语态比主动语态显得更有礼貌，因为它避免指责动作的执行。例如：You made a very careless mistake during the course of shipment.-改：A very careless mistake was made during the course of shipment.You didnt enclose the price lists in your letter
17、.-改：The price lists was not enclosed in your letter.,(4)尽量避免使用带有强迫语气和引起不快的词语。有些词语，像 demand,意思是asking for(sth.)as if ordering 或者as if one has a right to,即具有强迫命令的语气不应使用，而应当改为request;又如：disgust,意味着hating 有 strong feeling of dislike or distaste之意，不应当使用，又如：must refuse,带有胁迫性的语调，want you to,带有傲慢和长者的口吻等，应改用
18、其他方式表达。,(5)使用表示高兴、感谢和遗憾等词语。1）高兴和乐意的表达法有：It is with pleasure that we have reached an agreement on all the terms.(所有条款达成协议)It is a pleasure for us to sign such a sales contract.(签订销售合同)2）感谢的表达法有：Thank you for your inquiry of July 8.,几种常见的应用文,1.信及信封的写法 2.祝贺信3.感谢信4.邀请信5.个人简历6.通知,便条等告启文,信封格式的一般规则收信人名称和地址
19、应与信函封内名称和地址完全一致，封内地址的每一部分(尊称、头衔、工作部门、姓名、地址、邮编)应写在信封上。但信封上的写信人姓名前无需加头衔或者职称。寄信人与收信人的姓名和地址必须完整。给女士的信函，信封上其姓名前宜用Mrs.或Miss。若其本人有职称或头衔时，则无需同时用Mrs.或Miss。写给夫妇俩同时收的信函，信封上应写成：Mr.and Mrs.xxx。,在信封上,发信人的地址和名称一般在左上角,收信人的地址,名称一般在中间偏右,地址要采取齐头式,门牌要与街道同一行,然后隔行打上城市,州/省和邮编.注意:如果地址一行写不下,第二行的时候要空2格.如:Zhejiang Native Prod
20、uct&Animal By-products Import.&Exp.Corp,信封地址内容及顺序如下：,（1）收信人姓名（或商行名）；（2）收信人头衔、职务或职称；（3）公司（或所属单位、组织、学校）名称；（4）邮政地址（mailing/postal address）和街道地址（street address）,即门牌和路名；（5）城市、邮编、省名或州名、国名。,平头式 和缩进式,如果信函时写给公司而不是个人的话，则应先写公司名称,写公司地址，门牌等。如：,Messrs.Vernon Gregory&Co.,Ltd.72 Flint Street SYDNEY Australia注：Messr
21、s.是Mr.的复数，仅用于公司行号，而该公司行号的名称是由人的姓名所组成。如：Messrs.G.P.Glover&Co.Messrs.Brown,Clarke&Father,但 Messrs.不用于下列情况：公司行号中没有人的姓名，即非人称行号，如 Utility Furniture Co.以定冠词The开头的公司行号，如The United Import Co.Ltd.公司行号中包含有礼节尊称，Sir William Dobson&Sons.写给个人的信函。如果不知道收信人姓名时，信函常寄给与讨论的问题有关的部门。该部门头衔一般被认为可以处理有关问题。如：,The Manager Barmi
22、nster Bank Ltd London EC2 5BP England,几种特殊信封格式的写法当信函需要第三者收转时，则需在收信人的姓名下方写上收转人的姓名并在其姓名前面写上c/o(care of 的缩写，相当于请转收)，如：Mr.Vern Bissell c/o Mr.Bill Fry 1912 SW 6th Avenue.Portland,OR 97201 U.S.A.,(2)托人面呈第三者的信，只需在收信人的姓名下方注明带信人的姓名并在其前加上“Politeness of”、“By Politeness of”、“kindness of”、“Per Kindness of”、“Cou
23、rtesy of”、“By Courtesy of”、“Forward by”、“Per/By/With Favor of”(上述各短语均相当于“敬请某人转交”)即可。如：Mr.John Anderson Politeness of Dr.Henry Smith有时不必写带信人的姓名，只需在收信人姓名前写“Please Forward”,如：,Please Forward Mr.Jonathan Claiborne(3)为了说明所发信函或邮件的类别，写信人往往在信封左下方附上 Air Mail or Par Avion(航空)、Air Mail Registered(航空挂号)、Express、Printed Matter(印刷品)、Photo Enclosed(内附照片)、Immediate(急件)、Secret、Private 等必要的说明。,你来写,请写一个信封,发信人为你自己,收信人为你的一个好朋友,
