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1、雅思基础语法课程 第七讲形容词性从句,王玉龙 Ernie,定语从句,定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。,关系代词与关系副词,关系代词有：who,whom,whose,that,which等。关系副词有：when,where,why等。,关系代词,关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。,who,whom,that,这些词代替的先行词是人
2、的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：Is he the man who/that wants to see you?他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语）He is the man whom/that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语,Whose,Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语,若指物，它还可以同of which互换）,例如：They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。Please pass me the bo
3、ok whose(of which)cover is green.请递给我那本绿皮的书。,which,that,which,that它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：A prosperity which/that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which/that在句中作宾语）The package(which/that)you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.你拿的包快散了。(which/that在句中作
4、宾语）,关系副词,关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。1）when,where,why 关系副词when,where,why的含义相当于介词+which结构，因此常常和介词+which结构交替使用，例如：There are occasions when(on which)one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。Beijing is the place where(in which)I was born.北京是我的出生地。Is this the reason why(for which)he refused our offer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他
5、的理由吗？,that代替关系副词,that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when,where,why和介词+which引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略，例如：His father died the year(that/when/in which)he was born.他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。He is unlikely to find the place(that/where/in which)he lived forty years ago.他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。,看如下两例,判断改错（注：先显示题，再显示答案，横线；用不同的颜色表示出。）（错）T
6、his is the mountain village where I went to last year.（错）I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.（对）This is the mountain village(which)I went to last year.（对）Ill never forget the days(which)I spent in the countryside.习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where,when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。,例1.Is this m
7、useum _ you visited a few days age?A.whereB.that C.on which D.the one例2.Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held.A.whereB.that C.on whichD.the one答案：例1 D，例2 A例1变为肯定句：This museum is _ you visited a few days ago.例2变为肯定句：This is the museum _ the exhibition was held.,解读,在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where,that,on w
8、hich都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。而句2中,主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum词组，可用介词in+which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词(who,whom,that,which,whose)；先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词(where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语)。,限制性和非限制性定语从句,限制性定语从句是先行词不可
9、缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，,两例,This is the house which we bought last month.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）The house,which we bought last month,is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）,非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词,对其进行修饰,这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：He seems not to have grasped what I meant,whi
10、ch greatly upsets me.他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。Liquid water changes to vapor,which is called evaporation.液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。,提醒几点,1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。2）that前不能有介词。3）某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的介词+关系词结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。This is the house in which I lived two years ago.This is the house where
11、 I lived two years ago.Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?Do you remember the day when you joined our club?,as,which 引导的非限定性定语从句,由as,which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。As we know,smoking is harmful to ones health.The sun heats the earth,which is
12、 very important to us.,只用that作关系代词的情况,a)在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。b)在不定代词，如：anything,nothing,the one,all,much,few,any,little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。c)先行词有the only,the very修饰时，只用that。d)先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。.e)先行词既有人，又有物时。举例：All that is needed is a supply of oil.所需的只是供油问题。Finally,the thief hande
13、d everything that he had stolen to the police.那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。,状语从句,地点状语从句 方式状语从句 原因状语从句 目的状语从句 结果状语从句 条件状语从句 让步状语从句,地点状语从句,地点状语从句地点状语从句通常由where,wherever 引导。Where I live there are plenty of trees.我住的地方树很多。Wherever I am I will be thinking of you.不管我在哪里我都会想到你。,方式状语从句,方式状语从句通常由as,(just)asso,as if,as t
14、hough引导 1）as,(just)asso引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在(just)asso结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是正如，就像，多用于正式文体，例如：Always do to the others as you would be done by.你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。As water is to fish,so air is to man.我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。Just as we sweep our rooms,so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.正如打扫房屋一样，我
15、们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。,引导词,2）as if,as though 两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作仿佛似的，好像似的，例如：They completely ignore these facts as if(as though)they never existed.他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）He looks as if(as though)he had been hit by lighting.他那样子就像被雷击了似的。（与事实相反，
16、谓语用虚拟语气。）It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.看来天气很快就会好起来。（实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。）,说明：as if/as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语，例如：He stared at me as if seeing me for first time.他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。He cleared his throat as if to say something.他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。The waves dashed on the rocks as if i
17、n anger.波涛冲击着岩石，好像很愤怒。,让步状语从句,though,although注意：当有though,although时，后面的从句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用Although its raining,they are still working in the field.虽然在下雨，但他们仍在地里干活。He is very old,but he still works very hard.虽然他很老，但仍然努力地工作。Though the sore be healed,yet a scar may remain.伤口虽愈合，但伤疤留下了。（谚语）,典型例题,典
18、型例题1）_she is young,she knows quite a lot.A.WhenB.However C.Although D.Unless答案：C。意为虽然她很年轻，却知道许多You will be late _ you leave immediately.A.unless B.until C.ifD.or答案A。句意：除非你立即走，否则你就回迟到的。可转化为 If you dong leave immediately,you will be late.B、D句意不对，or表转折，句子如为 You leave immediately or you will be late.,as
19、,though 引导的倒装句,as,though 引导的倒装句 as/though引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前（形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前）。Child as/though he was,he knew what was the right thing to do.=Though he was a small child,he knew what was the right thing to do.注意：a.句首名词不能带任何冠词。b.句首是实义动词，其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。Try hard as he will,he never
20、seems able to do the work satisfactorily.=Though he tries hard,he never seems虽然他尽了努力，但他的工作总做的不尽人意。,其他几点,3)ever if,even though.即使Well make a trip even though the weather is bad.4)whetheror-不管都 Whether you believe it or not,it is true.5)no matter+疑问词 或疑问词+后缀ever No matter what happened,he would not mi
21、nd.Whatever happened,he would not mind.替换：no matter what=whatever no matter who=whoever no matter when=whenever no matter where=wherever no matter which=whichever no matter how=however 注意：no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。,时间状语从句,比较while,when,as1）as,when 引导短暂性动作的动词。Just as/Just when/When I stopped my car,a ma
22、n came up to me.2）当从句的动作发生于主句动作之前，只能用when 引导这个从句，不可用as 或 while。When you have finished your work,you may have a rest.3）从句表示随时间推移连词能用as，不用when 或while。As the day went on,the weather got worse.日子一天天过去，天气越变越坏。,表示“一-就-”,表示一就的结构hardly/scarcelywhen/before,no soonerthan和as soon as都可以表示一就的意思，例：I had hardly/scarcely got home when it began to rain.I had no sooner got home than it began to rain.As soon as I got home,it began to rain.注意：如果hardly,scarcely 或no sooner置于句首，句子必须用倒装结构：Hardly/Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain.No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.,
