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1、2023/9/14,天津理工大学,1,EST,Scientific English Writing,Yuan Yongkang,2023/9/14,天津理工大学,2,Contents,2023/9/14,天津理工大学,3,Introduction to Scientific English,Science writing in our country,according to many experts in English is，in fact，scientific translation from Chinese to English.That is to say,all Chinese s
2、tudents are able to write academic papers in Chinese.The problem is how they can put their papers into English.Quite a few professors and graduate students in our country sent their papers to the well-known technical journals abroad,such as the American IEEE and the British IEE.The reviewers comment
3、 may often be like this:What you described in the paper is O.K.,but your English is poor.Please improve it(Or Please rewrite your paper entirely.),2023/9/14,天津理工大学,4,Introduction to Scientific English,Look at the following examples:半导体是其导电率介于导体导电率和非导体导电率之间的物质。常见的有硅和锗。半导体对光和热很敏感，这两者强烈地影响它的导电率。因此，半导体被
4、广泛地用来制作自动计算传送带上的零件等。,2023/9/14,天津理工大学,5,Introduction to Scientific English,Semiconductors are a substance whose conductivity lies/comes/is between that of conductors and that of non-conductors.Common examples are silicon and germanium.Semiconductors are quite sensitive to heat and light,both of whic
5、h have a great effect on their conductivity.Therefore/Thus/So/As a result,semiconductors are widely used for automatically counting parts on conveying belts for many other purposes,2023/9/14,天津理工大学,6,Lesson Plans for the Course,2023/9/14,天津理工大学,7,Articles,Introduction to articles The classification
6、of articlesThe usage of Articles,2023/9/14,天津理工大学,8,Introduction to Articles,Articles,due to the lack of equivalent in Chinese,is a difficult grammatical point for English learners.In writing,it is easy for us to find the wrong use of articles,especially in Scientific English Writing.Therefore,a det
7、ailed explanation of its usage is given in this chapter.,2023/9/14,天津理工大学,9,Classification of Articles,Generally speaking,articles can be divided into three groups.,definite article“the”indefinite article“a/an”zero article,2023/9/14,天津理工大学,10,The Usage of Articles,1.Common cases where articles are u
8、sed before nouns,2.Common cases where articles are omitted before nouns,3.Specific rules for using articles,4.The special positions of some articles,2023/9/14,天津理工大学,11,1.Common cases where articles are used before nouns,(1)单数可数名词前一般要有冠词，泛指时多用不定冠词.e.g.A transmitter consists commonly of several parts
9、.发射机通常是由几部分构成的。A computer system consists of a computer and some peripherals.计算机系统是由计算机和一些外部设备构成的。注意：到底是用a还是an，这完全取决于不定冠词后紧跟的第一个音素（而不是第一个字母），若是元音，则一定要用an。e.g.这是一个n值的函数。This is an n-valued function.昨晚在天空中出现了一个不明飞行物。A UFO appeared in the sky last night.,2023/9/14,天津理工大学,12,1.Common cases where article
10、s are used before nouns,(2)对于前面已经提到的东西、心目中特指的东西、带有后置修饰语（包括短语或从句）的特指的东西前一般应使用定冠词。如：当电流流过导线时，它会遇到一些阻力。这种阻力就成为电阻。When an electric current flows through a wire,it meets some oppositions.The opposition is referred to as resistance.控制系统的设计在很大程度上取决于复变量理论的应用。The design of control systems depends greatly on
11、the application of complex-variable theory.,2023/9/14,天津理工大学,13,（1）泛指的物质名词及不可数名词前不加冠词；表示一类的复数名词前不加冠词。e.g.电广泛的应用于工农业之中。Electricity is widely used in industry and agriculture.铁是物质。Iron is a metal.空气是物质。Air is matter.机器靠电力运转。Machines are run by electricity.,2.Common cases where articles are omitted bef
12、ore nouns,2023/9/14,天津理工大学,14,(2)论文的标题、书籍名称等的冠词可以省去。如：图像处理的研究(The)Research on Image Processing热力学第一定律(The)First Law of Thermodynamics,2.Common cases where articles are omitted before nouns,2023/9/14,天津理工大学,15,(3)图示说明文字中一般可省略冠词如：图2-1 用旋转适量的垂直分量来产生正弦波Figure 2-1 Generation of sine wave by vertical comp
13、onent of rotating vector.(注意：generation前省略了the；sine wave前省略了a；vertical前省略了the；rotating前省略了a。另外，科技英语中不论图示的说明是否是一个句子，末尾均要加句号。)图2-5 安培表电阻对电路中电流的影响Figure 2-5(the)Effect of(the)ammeter resistance on(the)current in(a)circuit.,2.Common cases where articles are omitted before nouns,2023/9/14,天津理工大学,16,(4)可数
14、名词单数形式泛指时可省略冠词（特别是在between A and B，from A to B，the variation of A with B等表达中，A和B之前可以省略定冠词）。如：欧姆首先发现了电流、电压、电阻之间的关系。Ohm first discovered the relationship between current,voltage,and resistance.晶体管是由发射极、基极和集电极三部分构成的。A transistor consists of three parts:emitter,base and collector.,2.Common cases where a
15、rticles are omitted before nouns,2023/9/14,天津理工大学,17,(5)表示职位的名词或者表示独一无二的人之前一般不用冠词。表示职位马萨诸塞州伍斯特市的伍斯特工学院数学系主任塞缪尔兰金博士说。Said Dr.Samuel Rankin,head of the mathematical sciences department at Worchester Polytechnic Institute in Worchester,Mass.表示独一无二功率的单位是每秒1焦耳，这被称为1瓦特，以纪念蒸汽机的开发者詹姆斯瓦特。The unit of power is
16、 a joule per second,which is called a watt(W),in honor of James watt,developer of the steam engine.,2.Common cases where articles are omitted before nouns,2023/9/14,天津理工大学,18,(6)人名的所有格之前不用冠词。此等式被称之为欧姆定律。This equation is known as Ohms Law.根据法拉第定律，在初级绕组中感应出来的电压与初级电感成正比。The voltage induced in the prima
17、ry winding is proportional to the primary inductance according to Faradays law.但如果人名直接修饰普通名词，则其前一般要用定冠词。这个模型被称为波尔模型。This model is called the Bohr model.维恩电桥也可用作频率选择网络。The Wien bridge is also useful as a frequency-selective network.,2.Common cases where articles are omitted before nouns,2023/9/14,天津理
18、工大学,19,(1)名词前冠词可加可不加的几种情况用“系表”结构定义某个参数时标量是只具有大小的一个量。A scalar/Scalar quantity is one that possesses magnitude only.速度是既涉及大小又涉及方向的一个矢量。A velocity/Velocity is a vector quantity involving both magnitude and direction.被称谓的名词前这个量被称为扩散率。This quantity is called the diffusivity.由核聚变释放出来的能量被称为热核能。The energy l
19、iberated by nuclear fusion is called thermonuclear energy.,3.Specific rules for using articles,2023/9/14,天津理工大学,20,(2)名词前加定冠词的特殊情况 表示某个参数的单位时一般要用定冠词。电位差的单位为伏特。The unit of potential difference is the volt.电阻的单位以乔治欧姆的名字命名为欧姆，此人首先发现了电流、电压、电阻之间的关系。The unit of resistance is labeled the ohm,after George O
20、hm,who first discovered the relationship between current,voltage,and resistance.参数带有同位语时，该参数前需用定冠词。变量s the variable s下表i the subscript i营销工具p the marketing tool p,3.Specific rules for using articles,2023/9/14,天津理工大学,21,以下表达中需用定冠词。,3.Specific rules for using articles,any noneneithereitherall of the+名
21、词mostoneeachthe rest这里的所有设备都是国产的。All of the devices here are home made.如果前面的两个条件都不满足，则式（4-1）不易解。If neither of the foregoing conditions is satisfied,then Eq.(4-1)is not readily solved.,2023/9/14,天津理工大学,22,(3)几个名词并列时一般共用第一个名词前的冠词。本书是为想要了解有关CAD/CAM的技术、应用及范围的经理们撰写的。The book is designed for managers who
22、wish to learn about the technology,applications,and scope of CAD/CAM.将冷热水混合后，我们会得到两千克温度为50的水。After the hot and cold water have been mixed,we will have a 2 kg of water at a temperature of 50.,3.Specific rules for using articles,2023/9/14,天津理工大学,23,(4)当表示“比较一下”、“计算一下”、“了解一下”、“考察一下”、“做一比较”、“做一分析”、“做一研究
23、”、“做一讨论”时，抽象名词前一般使用不定冠词。让我们粗略的估算一下那里的压力。Let us make a rough estimate of the pressure there.在例2中对晶体管处于饱和状态下的工作情况作了更为详尽的描述。A more detailed description of the operation of transistor in saturation is given in Example 2.,3.Specific rules for using articles,2023/9/14,天津理工大学,24,（1）定冠词的特殊位置,all+the+复数名词bot
24、h这里的两台设备质量都很好。Both the devices here are very good in quality.我们实验室里所有的仪器都是国产的。All the instruments in our laboratory are homemade.,4.The special positions of some articles,2023/9/14,天津理工大学,25,too so+形容词+a/an+单数名词as.as how这道题太难，10分钟都解不出来。This is so difficult a problem as not to be solved in 10 minutes
25、.在实际应用中，电阻器的功率额定值这一特性往往与其阻值同等重要。In practical applications,the power rating of a resistor is often as important a characteristic as its resistance value.,(2)不定冠词的特殊位置,4.The special positions of some articles,2023/9/14,天津理工大学,26,Assignments,在下列句子的空白处填入适当的冠词（如果必要的话），然后将句子译成汉语。1.The power rating is the
26、maximum power the resistor can safely dissipate without too great _ rise in temperature.2._ successful design of the equipment requires _ detailed knowledge of the performance specifications.3.In _ Bohr model of the hydrogen atom,_ single electron revolves around_ single proton in a circle of radius
27、 R.4.The unit of frequency is _ hertz.5.If _ voltage is applied across _ circuit,_ electric current will flow in _ circuit.,2023/9/14,天津理工大学,27,6.It is necessary to use _ S-shaped tube here.7.The author works at _ University of Texes at _ Arlington.8._ Fig.5-1 shows _ Oersteds experiment.9.We should
28、 use _ 18-volt battery here.10._ study of fluids in motion is one of _ more difficult branches of mechanics because of _ diversity of phenomena that may occur.,Assignments,2023/9/14,天津理工大学,28,Assignments,1、这是一个h参数。To2、现在我们开始讨论一下局域网。To3、班布里奇（Bainbridge）质谱仪（mass spectrometer）是与光谱仪（optical spectrometer
29、）一样重要的仪器。To4、必须求出一个电子通过这段导线需要多长时间。To5、物质的密度等于其单位体积的质量。To,2023/9/14,天津理工大学,29,Assignments,6、地球的半径为6.37106米。To7、这两个参数是相同的。To8、压力的增加总会引起体积的减少。To9、图2-5显示了等式2-2所示的情况。To10、电感的单位是亨利。To,2023/9/14,天津理工大学,30,1.This is an h parameter.back2.We now turn to a discussion of local area network.back3.The Bainbridge
30、spectrometer is as important an instrument as the optical spectrometer.back4.It is necessary to find our how long a time is required for an electron to travel the length of the wire.back5.The density of a substance is the mass per unit volume.back,2023/9/14,天津理工大学,31,6.The radius of the earth is 6.37106 m.back7.These two parameters are the same.back8.An increase in pressure always causes a decrease in volume.back 9.Fig.2-5 shows what is expressed by Eq.2-2.back10.The unit of inductance is the Henry.back,
