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1、1,Unit TwoCriteria&Process of BE Translation,2,He listened to the striking of Big Ben,making every quarter of an hour,and reckoned out how long it left till the City woke again.A.他聆听着议院塔上的大钟的当当钟声，每过一刻钟便做个记号，心里盘算着还得待多久城市才能苏醒过来。B.国会大厦塔楼上的那口大本钟每一刻钟就敲响一次，他谛听着那当当的钟声，盘算着再过多久这座城市方能苏醒过来。,Warm-up activity:,3
2、,Patrick was on the carpet for crashing a company car that he hadnt even asked permission to use.帕特里克未经允许就使用了公司的车并将车撞坏了，他因此站到了地毯上。帕特里克未经允许就使用了公司的车并将车撞坏了，他因此受到了训斥。,4,I have to open the door and go in before everyone.A:我只好当着大家的面推门进去。B.我没法，只好硬着头皮推门进去。,5,Today great trains run on electricity.Electricity
3、 lights the streets of towns and villages.Science uses it everyday.A.今天，大型火车由电驱动。城乡街道用电照明。人们进行科学研究也时刻离不开电。B.今天，大型火车由电驱动。城乡街道用电照明。科学天天用电。,6,In consequence of the infectious disease,almost all the restaurants suffer from complete absence of customers.A.由于受传染病的影响，大多数饭店完全没有客人。B.受传染病的影响，大多数饭店门可罗雀。,7,Theo
4、ries of the Chinese scholars,严复“信、达、雅”faithfulness expressiveness elegance,8,傅雷：神似similarity in spirit“形似神似”,“以效果而论，翻译应当像临画一样，所求的不再形似而在神似-高老头重译序,9,余光中“变通的艺术”,“翻译如婚姻，是一种两相妥协的艺术。譬如英文译成中文，既不能西风压倒东风，变成洋腔洋调的中文，也不许东风压倒西风，变成油腔滑调的中文，则东西之间势必相互妥协，以求两全之计。至于妥协到什么程度，以及哪一方应该多让一步，神而明之，变通之道，就要看每一位译者自己的修养了。”,10,lite
5、ral translation VS liberal translation,Literal translation直译：翻译时尽量保证原作的语言形式，包括用词，句子结构，比喻手段等，要求语言流畅易懂Liberal translation意译：从意义出来，只要求原文大意表达出来，不注意细节，译文自然流畅即可。,11,Smashing a mirror is no way to make an ugly person beautiful,nor is it a way to make social problems evaporate.literal trans.：砸镜子不能使丑八怪变漂亮，也不
6、能使社会问题烟消云散。Revised:就像砸镜子不能让人变美，这样的做法并不能解决实际社会问题。,12,literal translation,哪些句子应该直译 用词与结构相似【词语用法、词序排列、句式结构等各方面相似】This issue is very important 这个问题非常重要。,13,A scientist who does research in economic psychology and who wants to predict the way which consumers will spend their money must study consumer beh
7、avior.从事经济心理学研究并想预测消费者如何花钱的科学家必须研究消费行为。,14,Free translation,It is raining cats and dogs.天上下猫和狗。大雨滂沱,15,Flexible way is required.,Some old people are oppressed by the fear of deathliteral trans有些老年人受到死亡的恐惧的压迫。liberal trans.有些老年人因怕死而惶恐不安。,16,有些句子可以直译，也可以意译，但效果未必相同。,Just as dark clouds cant hide the su
8、n so no lies can cover up the fact直译：正如乌云遮不住太阳，谎言也同样掩盖不了事实。意译：事实是无法掩盖的。,17,It is natural to wonder who could possibly need such precision 直译：人们自然会奇怪有谁会需要这种精确的时间。意译：恐怕没人会需要这种精确。,茅盾先生说：每种语言都有它自己的语法和语汇的使用习惯，我们不能想象把原作逐字逐句、撞其本来的结构顺序机械地翻译过来的翻译方法，能够恰当地传达原作的面貌；我们也不能想象这样的译文会是纯粹的本国文学。好的翻译者一方面阅读外国文学，方面却以本国的语言
9、进行思索和想象；只有这样，才能使自己的译文摆脱原文的语法和词汇的特殊性的拘束，使译文既是纯粹的祖国语言，而又忠实地传达原作的内容与风格，”这就要求译者不仅要透彻理解原作的内存，充分体会原作的风格，还要具备丰富的表达能力和扎实的中文功底。这样，才有可能把原作的内容、思想、风格在译作中忠实地体现出来,19,Key points in literal translation,*理解原文词语在上下文中的确切含义*注意一词多义和词多译这种现象“看”see?Look？watch?看书，看报 read看孩子 look after看朋友 meet a friend逛街随便看看 window shopping,
10、要看一封被归档了的邮件，还要再额外打开3个窗口。(computer English)To examine a filed message required three more windows.谈话结束后，她快速地输入准备看的那处房地产的地址。(real estate)She quickly enters the address of the property into the appointment as she finishes her conversation.,21,He bit off more than he could chew when he agreed to do it a
11、ll by himself.当他同意完全一个人做它时，他咬下了多于他能咀嚼的。【硬译】Revised：当他同意完全由他一个人来做这件事时，他就是在承揽一件自己力所不及的事情。,22,I have read your articles,I expected to meet an older man 我读过你的文章，我期望见到一位更老的人。【硬译】我读过你的文章，想不到你这么年轻。,23,The followings should be noticed in translating idioms,laugh off ones head 笑掉脑袋?笑掉大牙neither fish nor fowl
12、非鱼非鸟?不伦不类,不三不四,24,Listening to classical music is my cup of tea.听古典音乐是我的一杯茶?古典音乐我最爱听touch and go 碰完了就走?一触即发at sixes and sevens 六六七七?乱七八糟,25,可在译入语中找到意思基本对等的成语就用这个成语（套译set translation）,(1)Birds of a feather flock together 物以类聚。(2)Great men are apt to have short memories 贵人多忘事。,26,(3)Agues come on hors
13、e back,but go away on foot 病来如山倒，病去如抽丝。(4)Nothing can be made out of nothing 巧妇难为无米之炊。(5)It is an ill bird that fouls its own nest 家丑不可外扬。,27,Perspectives of translation,The source-language-oriented principle 以译出语为取向的原则【比较倾向于literal translation】He always lives ahead of his salary.他总是生活在他的工资之前？他的生活开销
14、总是超过他的工资收入。他总是入不敷出/他是月光族。,28,2）The target-language-oriented principle 以译入语为取向的原则,【比较倾向于liberal translation】He wanted to learn,to know,to teach.原译:他渴望博学广闻，喜欢追根求源，并且好为人师。over-translateRevised：他想学习，增长知识，也愿意把自己的知识教给别人。,29,2.同时考虑作者和读者的翻译原则,社会符号学(social semiotics)翻译原则：“意义相符，功能相似”correspondence in meaning&
15、similarity in function,30,3.从美学角度提出的翻译原则,许渊冲的“三美说”：音美、形美、意美,31,春晓 A Spring Morning,春眠不觉晓，处处闻啼鸟。夜来风雨声，花落知多少。This morn of spring in bed Im lying,Not woke up till I hear birds crying.After one night of wind and showers,How many are the fallen flowers!,“艺术魅力不在于华丽的辞藻，不在于奇绝的艺术手法，而在于它的韵味。整首诗的风格就象行云流水一样平易自然
16、”,32,Translation criteria for Business English 商务英语文本翻译标准,Practical situation asks for specific criteria of translationStyles of business English:公文体、广告体、论说体、契约体、应用体等。,33,Advertising：persuasive function劝购功能,译文与原文有大致相同的宣传效果，具相近的信息传递功能和移情感召功能。We take no pride in prejudice.I.对于你的偏见，我们没有傲慢。II.对于有失偏颇的报道，
17、我们并不引以为豪。另译法：正义的力量，舆论的导向,34,香港康乐及文化事务署：Quality Services for Quality Life 凝聚新动力 文康展新姿九广铁路公司：The Way Ahead 九铁动力 拓新领域,35,Business Pragmatic materials商务应用文翻译：约定俗成，入乡随俗,包括：项目招商通告、营业执照、招投标文件、请柬等。译者应尽可能的参考相关文件的英语原文，参照他们的内容、格式和文字来翻译。,36,invitation,The Deputy Prime Minister of Australiaand Minister for Overs
18、eas TradeDr.J.F.CairnsRequests the Pleasure of Your Companyat a BanquetOn Tuesday,11 October,2007from 12:30 to 1:30pmIn Hall Three of the Beijing Exhibition CenterTo Mark the Opening of the Australian ExhibitionR.S.V.P.Tel:010-23456789,37,*公司/*阁下：谨定于2007年10月11日（星期二）12时半到1时半假座北京展览馆3号大厅举行宴会，庆祝澳大利亚展览会开
19、展。敬请光临 澳大利亚副总理兼海外贸易部长 杰 弗 凯恩斯博士（请赐复）电话：,38,Translating business correspondence事实准确，礼貌得体,1、准确传达原文的事实信息2、贴切再现原文的礼貌语气3、符合公函问题的语言特征,39,Translating business contracts准确完整，通顺得体,1、用词准确，译文完整 The date of receipt issued by the transportation department concerned shall be regarded as the date of the delivery o
20、f goods.由有关的运输机构所开具收据的日期即被视为交货日期。Revised:由承运的运输机构所开具收据的日期即被视为交货日期。,40,2、行文通顺，条理清楚,The Buyer shall make a claim against the Seller(including replacement of the goods)by the further inspection certificate and all the expenses incurred therefrom shall be borne by the Seller.I.如果买方向卖方提出索赔（包括换货）并出具相应的检验证
21、明，卖方将支付全部费用。II.买方须凭复检证明书向卖方提出索赔（包括换货），由此引起的全部费用将由卖方负担。,41,The Process of Translation,Understanding(comprehension)ExpressingProof-reading,42,Understanding,Taking the following factors into consideration:(1)Type of writing(2)Theme(3)Forms of literature(4)Style(5)Emotions(6)Context of situation,etc.,43
22、,examples,Cannot Beat the Real Things.(Coca Cola)不能打败真正的商品？挡不住的诱惑,44,This company is an international marketing company specializing in fertilizers,chemicals,cocoa,pesticides,coal,agricultural products and many others.这家公司是一个国际营销公司，专营化肥、化工产品、可可、杀虫药、煤炭、农产品以及其他产品。Marketing 怎么能专营产品？此句中marketing=trading
23、Revised:国际贸易公司,45,using translating strategies,“Will you come to see me some time,William?”“AujourDui,”I said.“威廉，你什么时候来看我们呀？”“今天就去”，我用法语回答。(用增词法amplification),46,Avoid:,Translationese 翻译腔-指译文不符合汉语语法和表达习惯，诘屈聱牙，晦涩难懂。Over-representation&Under-representation Every life has its roses and thorns.每种生活都有玫瑰
24、和荆棘。每个人的生活都有甜有苦。,47,Logic relation,Quite a few knockoff cell-phone companies tried to exploit the market by manufacturing knockoff notebooks,but these gained little market acceptance and sales.不少山寨手机公司计划生产山寨笔记本来拓展市场，但是这些笔记本并没有得到大众认可且销量平平。,48,Cultural Background,Everyone on my farm knows that he or s
25、he must sing for his(or her)supper.在我的农场里的人都明白，他/她必须干活才能有饭吃。,49,专业知识 specialist,Dont buy a stock just because short interest is high and you are counting on making a killingby killing the short-sellers.不要仅仅因为空头利率高，而且你指望大发利市（吃掉卖空者）就去购买一种股票。【空头是投资者和股票商认为现时股价虽然较高，但对股市前景看坏，预计股价将会下跌，于是把借来的股票及时卖出，待股价跌至某一价
26、位时再买进，以获取差额收益。】,50,Steps of translation,一稿初译，忠实为主：(2)二稿核对，注重逻辑：(3)三稿定局，润色文字：译文的表达应遵循下述原则：忠实于原文、逻辑清晰、语言规范和注重谋篇,51,tips,适当使用一些文言文词语，特别是成语，不仅可以使译文的语言风格符合原文的文体或专业特点，而且可以收到传神达意、画龙点睛的效果。It seems to be more lonesome in the mountains when birds are singing.鸟鸣山更幽。,52,Tips 正确处理忠实与通顺的关系They have become,through
27、 marketing,word of mouth,and demonstrable reliability,the common pants of America.通过市场营销，口头宣传，以及凭借显而易见的可靠性，牛仔裤已成为美国的寻常裤装。Revised：通过市场营销，口口相传，以及凭借显而易见的可靠性，牛仔裤已成为美国的寻常裤装。,53,Proof-reading,Two times of proof-reading after translation对照原文校对，检查有无疏漏、误译的地方脱离原文审校，检查有无生硬拗口的地方Accurate,natural,economical,54,Ex
28、ercises,1.I will teach him to deceive others.2.This thesis leaves much to be desired.3.A measure of calm gave signs of returning after the flood subsided.4.“Its a gloomy thing,however,to talk about ones own past,with the day breaking.Turn me in some other direction before I go.”,55,Reference answer,
29、I will teach him to deceive others.=I will punish him so that he will not deceive the others again.我要教训他一顿，看他还敢不敢骗人。2.This thesis leaves much to be desired.=This thesis is very imperfect.这篇论文很不理想。这篇论文有很多地方可以改进。,56,3.A measure of calm gave signs of returning after the flood subsided.a measure of=a de
30、gree of/a certain amount of 洪水退了以后，有点恢复宁静的迹象了。,57,4.“Its a gloomy thing,however,to talk about ones own past,with the day breaking.Turn me in some other direction before I go.”“不过，在天亮时谈个人的往事，真扫兴。我走之前，谈点别的吧。”,58,1.In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colors.2.The study had thr
31、ee windows,set with little,old-fashioned panes of glass,each with a crack across it.3.The brokers hour is not only crowded,but minutes and seconds are hanging to all the straps and packing both front and rear platforms.4.It was already two years since he was Secretary General of the UN.,59,Reference
32、 answer,1.In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colors.门口放着一堆雨伞，少说也有十二把，五颜六色，大小不一。2.The study had three windows,set with little,old-fashioned panes of glass,each with a crack across it.书房的窗户有三扇，每扇嵌的都是老式的小块玻璃，每块玻璃上都有裂痕。,60,4.It was already years since he was Secretary General of the UN.他不担任联合国秘书长已经有几年了。,Kofi Atta Annan,Ban Ki-moon,
