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1、More Exercise(语法)虚拟语气1.Why didnt you tell me you could lend me the money?I _(本来不必从银行借钱的)2.By the time you get to New York,I _(已经动身去)London。3.Its time _（采取措施）about the traffic problem downtown.4.It is essential that _(把程序输进计算机)。,neednt have borrowed it form the bank,shall have left for,something was
2、done/some measures were taken,the program be loaded into computer.,More Exercise(语法)虚拟语气5.He insisted that the seats _事先预定).6.If we hadnt made adequate preparations,_(会议是不会开得这么成功的).7._(正是由于她太没有经验)that she does not know how to deal with the situation.(强调句型)8.The room is in a terrible mess;it_(肯定没打扫过)
3、。(情态动词),be booked in advance,the conference wouldnt have been so successful,It is because she is too inexperienced,cant have been cleaned,More Exercise(语法)倒装9.Under no circumstance _(允许游客在草地上行走).10._(他们几乎连一片面包也不浪费)they waste.11.Four thousand dollars _(她付不起).主谓一致,can vistors be allowed to walk on the
4、 grass,Hardly a slice of bread did,is more than she can afford,More Exercise(语法)12.His salary is _.(是我的两倍)倍数13._,(他虽有耐性)he was unwilling to wait three hours.状语从句14.Sound is a tool _(人们通过它互相交流).定语从句15._(样样精通),is to know nothing.不定式,two times/twice as much as mine,Patient as he was,by means of which p
5、eople communicate with each other,To know everything,1.Specialists in intercultural studies say that it is not easy to adapt to lives in different cultures/adapt(oneself)to living in different cultures(适应不同文化中的生活).2.Since my childhood I have found that nothing is moreattractive/appealing to me than
6、reading(没有什么比读书对我更有吸力).3.The victim would have had chances to survive(本来会有机会活下来if he had been taken to hospital in time.4.The finding of this study failed to take peoples sleep quality into account(将人们的睡眠质量考虑在内).5.Thanks to a series of new inventions(多亏了一系列的新发明),doctors and treat this disease succes
7、sfully.6.In my sixties,one change I notice is that I am more inclined to get tired than before(我比以前更容易累了).,7.I am going to pursue this course,no matter what kind of sacrifice I will make(无论我要付出什么样的牺牲).8.I would prefer shopping online to shopping in a department store because the former is more conve
8、nient and time-saving/it is more.(它更加方便和省时).9.Compared with/As opposed to the place where I grew up(与我成长的地方相比),this town is more prosperous and exciting.10.Not until he had accomplished the task(直到他完成使命)did he realize that he was seriously ill.11.The more you explain,the more confused I am(我愈糊涂).12.
9、It is simple.The more preparation you do now,the less nervous you will be before the exam,12.It is suggested that the air conditioner(should)be fixed/installed by the window(要安装在窗户旁).13.The 16-yeat-old girl decided to travel abroad on her own despite the strong opposition of her parents/her parents
10、strong opposition(她父母的强烈反对)14.What most parents are concerned about(大多数父母所关心的)is providing the best education possible for their children.15.What many people dont realize(很多人所没有意识到的)is that Simon is a lover of sports.and football in particular.,所说的话只是 一种主观愿望、假想和建议等。考试的频度非常大。虚拟语气主要分为两大类：谓语使用动词原形 过去时或
11、过去 完成时,虚拟语气语法讲解,一句子谓语需用动词原形的情况,（1）英语中有些表示愿望、建议、命令、要求的动词的宾语从句的谓语需用should十动词原形，美国英语多用动词原形，英国英语可用动词原形或用 should十动词原形两种形式。这些常用动词包括：suggest，propose，recommend，order，demand,command,request，require，insist，desire，ask，urge，advise，move（提议），prefer(宁愿)，determine，resolve，decide，vote，arrange.这些动词变为被动态时，从句谓语仍需用虚拟式。M
12、ary insisted that John come We prefer that the plan should be fully discussed before being put into execution.,that 从句 sb（should）do,2)与这些动词同源的名词的同位语从句或表语从句的谓语动词也需用虚拟语气。与这些动词相应的名词有：suggestionproposalrecommendationorder demandrequestrequirementinsistencedesire advicemotion（动 议）determinationresolutiond
13、ecision/preferencearrangemente.g.He gave orders that the work（should）be started at once,3）在一些形容词后面的从句谓语需用虚拟语气。英语中有些表示必要性、重要性、愿望、建议、惊异、遗憾、要求等意思的形容词，在 It is十形容词十 that从句结构中，从句谓语需用虚拟式。这些常用的形容词有：necessaryimportantvitalessentialimperative(紧急的)/urgent/appropriate/preferable(更可取的)/natural/strange/amazing/de
14、sirable/advisable/incredible（不可思议的；Its imperative that we（should）make a quick decision。It is necessary that he（should）be sent there at once,二、虚拟语气在名词从句中的运用,（1）用于宾语从句,、wish 后面的宾语从句中。一般用虚拟语气，表示一种不可能实现的愿望。其谓语动词形式为：,表现在过去时表过去过去完成时表将来would,might,could动词原形,I wish(that)I were a bird.I wish(that)I had seen
15、the film last night.I wish(that)I wouldcould go.,2.用于表示命令、建议、要求等一类词后面的宾语从句。,insist,order,command,suggest,advise,propose,require,request,demand,desire etc.,We suggested that the meeting(should)be put off.,They insisted that the boy(should)go with them.,注意：suggest 当表示“暗示、表明“讲时，insist 表示”坚持认为“之意时，应用陈述语
16、气。,The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with our work.,The man insisted that he had never stolen the money.,他脸上的表情表明他对我们的工作很满意,那个人坚持说他没有偷钱,在suggestion/proposal/order/plan/advice/idea/request 等名词后的表语和同位语从句中要用“should动词原形”should可以省略,（2）用于表语从句和同位语从句,My idea is that we(should)think it ov
17、er before accepting it.,My suggestion that we(should)have a meeting has been accepted by others.,We all agree to that suggestion that the meeting(should)be put off.,A.在句型“It is important(necessary,strange,natural)that.”中，that 后面的从句中的谓语动词用：should+动词原形 我们有必要出去散散步。Its necessary that we should have a wa
18、lk now.2 她这样做是很自然的。Its natural that she should do so.3 重要的是我们要照顾好病人。Its important that we should take good care of the patient.,（3）虚拟语气在 在主语从句中,B.在It is demanded/suggested/ordered/required.that-clause句型中从句用(should)+动词原型It is demanded that we should work out a plan.,C.在 It is a pity/a shame/no wonder
19、 that.句型中从句也常用(should)+动词原型 Its a pity that you(should)miss a good chance.,1.It is(high/about)time that从句中的谓语动词用过去式或should动词原形，should不能省略,三、虚拟语气在其他从句中,It is high time that you went to school.,2.If only 引导的感叹句（要是该有多好啊)表示现在的情况,应用过去式;如果是过去的情况,应用过去完成时态,If only I knew the answer!If only I had seen the fi
20、lm yesterday!,3.would rather+从句动词用过去式或过去完成时,I would rather you told me the truth.I would rather you had gone there last Sunday.,4.as if(as though)看起来常用虚拟形式，即表示与现在事实相反，用过去式；与过去事实相反用过去完成式(had done).,He treats/treated the boy as if he were his own son.,He speaks/spoke as if he had known about it,5.even
21、 if(even though)即使,Even if he were here,he could not solve the problem.,Even if I had been busy then,I would have helped you.,四 情态动词+have donecould have done 本来可以-might have done 本来可能-should/ought to have done 本来应该做-shouldnt/ought not to have done 本不该做-你本不应该告诉她真相。You shouldnt have told her the truth
22、.neednt have done 本不必做-比较：didnt need to do 没必要做也没有做-我没必要擦窗户。我兄弟做了I didnt need to clean the windows.My brother did it.would have done 本来会去做-,我没有足够的钱否则我会买那本书的,I didnt have enough money,otherwise I would have bought that book.,一、虚拟语气在条件句中,If+主语+动词的过去式（动词be用were),主语+should,would,might,could动词原形,If+主语+ha
23、d+过去分词,主语should,would,might,couldhave done,1、If+主语+动词过去式2、If+主语+were to+动词原形3、If+主语+should+动词原形,主语should,would might,could动词原形,有时虚拟条件不用条件从句而用介词短语、动词不定式等来表示。如：Without contradiction,nothing would exist.没有矛盾就没有世界。We could not have done the work well without your help.要是没有你的帮助，我们不可能做好这项工作。It would be a
24、good idea to go swimming at the Summer Palace.到颐和园去游泳，倒是个好主意。All this would have been impossible in the old society.这一切在旧社会是不可能的。Were-虚拟语气还可用其他形式表示,如without,but for,otherwise,or等,比较级(倍数)：例1：Since my childhood I have found that to me,nothing is more interesting than reading.(没有什么比读书对我更有吸引力)（2006.12）例
25、2：On average,it is said,visitors spend only _(一半的钱)in a day in Leeds as in London.Key:half as much(money)比较中的倍数关系，类似表达还有 twice as much(many)as,比较语法讲解,倍数增减的表示法,is 2.5 times greater than Force N2（考点：倍数+形容词/副词比较级+than）reacts three times as fast as the other one（考点：倍数+as+形容词/副词+as）is 49 times the size o
26、f the moon（考点：倍数+名词）wants to raise the rent by a third（考点：动词+by+数词/百分比/倍数）plan to double their investment（考点：double+名词）,1当“only+状语”位于句首表示强调时用倒装，如不在句首或虽在句首但不修辞状语时用正常语序。Only when you have obtained sufficient data can you come to a sound conclusion.只有当你获得足够的数据时，你才能得出正确的结论。Only in this way can we catch
27、up with the worlds advanced levels in science and technology.只有这样我们才能赶上世界的先进科学技术水平。其他如：only then,only once,only in AmericaChina,only after the accident等。真题【CET-6：2007.6】Only in the small town_.(他才感到安全和放松)参考答案：does she feel secure and relaxed,倒装语法讲解,2never等具有否定意义的词或词组居于句首时用倒装。这类词或词组常用的有：never，seldom，
28、rarely，little，hardly，scarcely，not until，by no means，under no circumstances，under no condition，in no way(决不)，in no case(决不)，neither(nor)，no sooner(than)，hardly(when)，barely(仅仅，几乎不)，on no account，in no circumstances(决不)，not a bit，nowhere，not only，but also等。Not only was Churchill a statesman,but also a
29、 poet.丘吉尔不仅是一位政治家，还是一位诗人。Never in all my life have I heard such nonsense.我从未听到过这种胡说！,3the more,the more结构中的倒装。【CET-4：2006.6】90.The more you explain,_(我愈糊涂).参考答案：the more confused I am,【CET-6：2007.12】The witness was told that under no circumstances_.(他都不应该对法庭说谎)参考答案：should he lie to the court.【CET-6：
30、2007.1】_(直到截止日他才寄出)his application form.参考答案Not until the deadline did he send(out),(我从来没)_ seen such a nice movie.(他不再)_ in charge of this work.(她没怎么)_ think of the consequence.(哪儿也找不到他们)_ to be found.(我几乎听不懂)_ understand what he said.(他很少到别处去)_ anywhere except to the library._ words _ exchange.(他们
31、几乎没交谈),Notes to the TextFocus Study,Never have I,No longer was he,Little did she,Nowhere were they,Hardly could I,Seldom did he go,Few,did they,1.Not even once did this thought come to her mind.2.No sooner were they released by order of the court than they were rearrested by the police.3.By no means
32、 is it easy to pass the test when you are not spending enough time preparing.4.Seldom did the couple go to the theater together during their stay in the USA.5.Not until we understand the person who has the disease can we understand the disease.,主谓一致1由and或bothand连接两个主语时，谓语动词一般要用复数。但当并列主语作为整体或指同一个人、同一
33、事物时，谓语动词用单数。由and连接的两个以上名词，如果前面有eacheveryno时，谓语动词通常采用第三人称单数形式。2就近原则:当oreitherorneithernor或not onlybut also连接一个单数主语和一个复数主语时，谓语动词取决于最接近它的名词或代词的数。意义一致原则:在主语后有“as well as等+名词”结构的句子中，主谓一致不受修饰语或“as well as等+名词”结构中名词的数影响。此外，主语后若跟有accompanied byalong withas much asbesidesexcept(but)An addition toincludingins
34、tead ofno less thannot to mentionin company withlikemore thanrather than(together)with等+名词的结构，也不影响谓语动词的数，例如：Unemployment as well as taxes influences votesTaxes，not to mention unemployment,influence votes,主谓一致语法讲解,后面接上with,together with,along with,as well as,besides,but,except,including,in addition t
35、o,like,no less than,rather than等等做主语，谓语动词与前面的名词或代词保持一致。”,He is going to take part in that party together with me.He,(together)with me,is going to take part in that party.All are here except/but Jimmy.All,except/but Jimmy,are here.All the teachers are at the spot,including our English teacher.All the
36、 teachers,including our English teacher,are at the spot.He tells lies often,as well as his sons(tell lies).He,as well his sons,tells lies.,with,besides,but,except,including,in addition to等都是介词状语部分，前置,as well as,rather than是省略后的分句前置,考点：语法：no matter+疑问词(what,when,who,why,how)或者疑问词+ever引导让步状语从句例如：_(不管任
37、务多么艰巨)，we should try out best and not give up easily.I am going to pursue this course,_(无论我要付出什么样的牺牲).,NO matter how difficult the task is,no matter what kind of sacrifice I will make,No matter(how,who,what,where,etc.)=however,whoever,whatever,wherever,No matter+疑问词 语法讲解,1.不管花多少时间，我总要完成这项工作。,Ill finish the job,no matter how long it takes.,2.不管发生什么事，我一定会支持你。,No matter what happens,I will stand by you.,3.不管谁指出我们的缺点，我们都改正。,No matter who points out our shortcomings,we will correct them.,4.不论我到什么地方，中国永远是我的家乡。,No matter where I go,China will always be my home.,
