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1、Testing listening,听力能力测试命题原则与方法听力测试题型解题思路与应试技巧,Listening skills,Macro-skills:-listening for specific information-obtaining gist of what is being said-following directions-following instructionsMicro-skills:-interpretation of intonation patterns-recognition of function of structures,听力能力微技能,掌握所听材料的中心
2、思想和重要细节理解所听材料的隐含的意思判断话语的交际功能判断说话人的观点、态度等理解句际间的关系，如比较、原因、结果、程度、目的等从连续的话语中辨别语音理解重音和语调,中学考听力能力,能听懂基本上没有生词、浅于所学语言知识的英语国家人士录音的英语材料，每分钟90100个词左右，听3遍，理解正确率达到70%。能听写与课文有关，结构简单、没有生词的材料。语速每分钟为90100个词左右，书写速度为每分钟10个词左右。能听懂录音材料中的基本内容及重要细节，并据此作出分析、理解、推理和判断，考查考生运用所学的语言知识听音、辨义、理解和反应的能力。,高考学生听力能力,1）理解主旨要义；2）获取事实性的具体
3、信息，如时间、地点、人物等。这些信息是理解和把握对话或独白主旨必不可少的内容，也常常是听力部分的重点考查项目。3）对所听内容做出简单推断，如话语发生的场合、说话者之间的关系等，也是听力测试所要考查的重点项目之一。4）理解说话者的意图、观点或态度（教育部考试中心，2005：217-218）。,听力测试命题原则与方法,听力测试命题应遵循原则听力测试命题题型及命题办法,听力测试题应遵循的原则,1题型要根据测试目的来确定，主观题型与客观题型相结合。2原文最好是口语材料，要反映交际功能，涉及词汇应是口语涉及的高频词汇。3原文要适合考生的年龄特点和生活实际。4试题的设计要充分考虑卷面上的阅读负担问题，要突
4、出听力理解的考查，尽量减少阅读量。,5要确保听力题必须通过听作答，通过读题可作答的题没有意义。6选项以3个为宜，力争简洁，这样有助于控制阅读量，也有助于降低命题的难度。7、不设置语法错误的选项，以免混淆考查重点。8、朗读速度以每分钟80100为宜。,语 速,初级英语水平者提议了120150 WPM的语速要求（刘润清，2000：140）以英语为母语者讲英语的语速方面的统计显示，150 WPM大约是中等语速者的语速，语速较慢的120 WPM以下，语速较快者超过了200 WPM。,语 速,George W.Bush在2005年6月11日在白宫发布的每周六向国民的例行广播讲话，其语速为177 WPM,
5、此次广播讲话的主题是Economic security。2003年12月美国总统布什在萨达姆被捕次日发表的讲话的语速仅为125 WPM，这一方面可能是考虑到其听众还有其他国家的人而放慢了语速，另一方面可能是为了表示强调。,2005年全国高考英语试卷（全国卷）听力部分语速统计表,Selecting samples of speech 听力测试的选材,听力材料必须是口语材料，因为听时接收的是口头语言。听力材料难度不要过高。听力材料的量不要过大。听力材料的类型要真实多样。听力材料的内容要有新意。,听力材料的量不要过大,高考英语听力录音文本词汇总量一般稳定在800词左右。2005年录音文本的总词汇量为
6、765词，第1至第10段材料的长度依次为：21 words,33 words,30 words,27 words,27 words(以上为第一节，短对话)，71 words,87 words,94 words,161 words,214words(以上为第二节，较长对话或独白)。,听力材料的类型要真实多样,英语听力测试中所使用的材料一般是准真实（quasi-authentic）材料。所谓真实材料,“是指在现实世界真实交际中所使用的材料”。准真实材料的特点有：听力材料中常出现语法不规范的句子,句子省略现象，如出现一些句子语法结构不完整的句子等。,听力材料的内容要有新意,2005年全国卷听力材料的
7、题材涉及购物（价格），维持谈话主题，谈论圣诞礼物（画），抱怨室友半夜噪音打扰，指路，谈论加班，谈论更换工作，谈论调查报告结论（关于人们如何度过业余时间的社会调查），机场候机厅陌生人之间的闲聊，以及谈论如何安排大家庭的定期聚餐交流等10个话题。,听音辨音题听音理解题听写题,听力测试题型,Testing methods or items 听力测试方法或题型,利用图画、图形或地图，让学生听到指示后完成一项任务；让学生听一句话、简单对话、较长对话、演说，用多项选择检查理解；用填空(gap-filling)或记笔记(note-taking)检查学生听力理解；用听写(partial dictation)检
8、查学生听力理解。刘：P141,Heaton:P64,设计情景交际试题应遵循原则,1.体现互动性，让学生在作答过程中体验到自己是交谈中的角色。2.对功能意念项目的考查可采用选择式，题干呈现小情境。选编的对话要自然，符合基本的英语表达习惯。3.对话内容应适合学生的年龄特点、生活经历和社会实践。可用小对话，考查正确运用日常交际用语的能力。4.针对话题对话可采用开放性的填空形式，为自主交流创造机会与空间。,听音辨音题,该题型的特点是先给出一个（或一句）的语音信号，要求考生在听懂其意思的基础上迅速地对所提供的语音信号作出积极的反应，从题目所给的4个备选项中找出所听到的音。听音辨音题从其考查的辨音内容来看
9、，又分为字母、音素、音组、单词和短语的辨音判断题。,听句子选词语。题型一：听句子，选出你在句中听到的单词或短语【例1】原文：There is a dog under the table.书面选项：A.on B.under C.over【例2】原文：My brother is going abroad for further study next year.书面选项：A.further study B.favorite story C.nice start,听音理解题,该题型的特点是先让考生听一句子（一组对话或一篇短文），在试卷上附有若干根据所听内容设计的检查听力理解程度的测试题，要求考生在听音
10、理解的基础上，迅速正确地完成判断和选择。不仅考查听音理解能力，而且还侧重于考查记忆能力和逻辑思维能力。听音理解题又分为单句理解题、对话理解题和短文理解题。,单句理解题,该题型的特点是要求考生在听完一个句子的录音后，从书面的若干个备选项中，找出所听到的句子或与原句意思相近的句子，或是找出原句子的相应答语或是找出与原句子意思相符的图画。,选出你所听到的句子【例】原文：Both Tom and Jim want to go to Hawaii for a holiday.书面选项：A.Both Tom and Jim would go to Hawaii for a holiday.B.Both T
11、om and Jim wont go to Hawaii for a holiday.C.Both Tom and Jim want to go to Hawaii for a holiday.,听句子，选择意思相同或相近的一项,【例】原文：I prefer pop music to classical music.书面选项：A.I like classical music better.B.I like pop music better than classical music.C.Id like to listen to all kinds of music.,听句子或句组选图画【例】原文
12、：Bill likes ball games.Look!He is playing football with his classmates.书面选项：图A 踢足球 图B 打篮球 图C 打排球,听句子做应答【例1】原文：Would you like to go out with us to have a cup of coffee now?书面选项：A.Id love to,but Im not free now.B.Yes,please,and well have a good time.C.No,its not a good idea,for I like tea.【例2】原文：Im so
13、rry I have broken your cup.书面选项：A.No problem.B.Never mind.C.My pleasure.,对话理解题,该题型的特点是先让考生听一组对话，在听完对话后，接着由第三者根据对话的内容提出问题，要求考生在领会谈话要旨的基础上，从书面四个备选项中挑选能回答所听到问句的正确答案。有的对话理解题要求考生根据对话的内容判断所给句子的正误或选择与对话意思相近的句子。,对话理解题,第一类是根据所听到的对话内容选择正确的答案。第二类是根据所听到的对话内容判断句子的正误。第三类是选择与对话意思相近的句子。,对话理解题,听短对话1、听短对话选择正确答案2、听短对话
14、回答问题3、听短对话及问题选择正确答案4、听短对话及问题选择正确图画,【例】原文：W:(Excuse me,sir.)Where is the nearest bookshop,please?M:Sorry,I dont know.(ErI think you can ask the policeman over there.)W:Thank you all the same.(添加括号中的语句更好些,在实际生活交谈时,经常使用零碎语,如er,mm,hm,ah,well等)Q:Where does the woman want to go?书面选项：（选择式）(文字)A.The book sh
15、op.B.The food shop.C.The bus shop.(图片)A B C(非选择式）_.(The nearest bookshop),听长对话,1、听对话选择正确答案（问题在试卷上）2、听对话及问题选择正确答案（问题在录音中）,【例】原文：W：Are you going to the cinema tonight?I hear there is an American film.M：Id like to.I happen to be free this evening.Whats the film about？W：Its about“How black people were b
16、rought to America from Africa”I remember the name now.Its“Roots”.M：Oh！Its a world famous story written by William Hadley.Ive heard about it,but Ive never read it.W：My mother has bought two tickets already.Lets go togetherM：Thank you,then when shall we meet？W：The film starts at six forty-five.I11 wai
17、t for you at No.3 bus stop at six oclock.Dont be late.M：OK.See you laterW：See you later.Questions:1.What wiIl the boy and the girl do this evening？2.When wiIl they meet at the bus stop？3.Who bought the tickets？书面选项:1.A.See a film.(比They will see a film.更简洁)B.Go for a walk.C.Read a book.2.A.At 6:45.B
18、:At 6:00.(原文信息词At six.用阿拉伯数字体现信息转换)C.At 6:30.3.A.The boy.B.The girl.C.The girls mother.,听对话连线,【例】原文:Ms Liu:What are you doing in Beijing,Tim?Tim:Im studying Chinese at Beijing University.Ms Liu:Thats a good university.Do you think its hard?Tim:A little.I have homework every day,and there are so many
19、 tests!Ms Liu:Well,keep studying,and youll get on well with your studies.Tim:Im sure I will.Ms Liu:By the way,are you parents with you here?Tim:No,Im alone here.What do you do for a living,Ms Liu?Ms Liu:I work in a bank.Tim:That sounds interesting.Ms Liu:Sometimes it is,but its also hard work.Were a
20、lways very busy.Tim:I know how you feel.So,do you take long vacations?Ms Liu:Not really.The bank needs us to work all year.Of course,we can take vacations,but only for a few days or a week.,书面题目：1.Tim A.is working at Beijing University.2.Ms Liu B.isnt in Beijing.3.Tims father C.works in a bank.4.Tim
21、 has D.is a student of Beijing University.E.only a little work to do.F.lots of homework and many tests.Key：1-4 D C B F,听对话或短文在表格或图表中填入正确的信息,原文：A:Hello,whos that speaking?B:Hello,this is Mike.May I speak to Mary,please?A:Im sorry she is not in.she went to the shop just now.B:I m sorry to hear that.A:
22、This is Jack speaking.Can I take a message for you?B:Yes,please.When she comes back,tell her to ring back at about 5:30 this afternoon.Im waiting for her call.I have bought two tickets for the film this evening.Please tell her not to buy any more.A:What is your telephone number,please?B:My number is
23、 5878320.Thank you for your help.A:You are welcome.Bye!B:Goodbye!,试题：TELEPHONE MESSAGEFrom:(1)_ To:_Date:March 23 Time:10:30Message:(3)_(4)_ to him at about(5)_ in the(6)_.Dont buy any more(7)_.His phone number is(8)_.Key:1.Mike 2.Mary 3.Ring 4.back 5.5:30 6.afternoon 7.tickets 8.5878320,短文理解题,该题型的特
24、点是根据短文内容给出若干个不完整的句子或若干个根据短文内容提出的问题，对每一道试题都提供4个备选项，要求考生在正确理解听音内容的基础上，从4个备选项中选出一个正确的答案；有的短文理解题是联系短文内容给出若干个句子，要求考生根据所听到的短文内容，判断所给句子的意思是否正确；有的根据短文的内容给出若干个留有空格的句子、短文或表格，要求考生听音后在空格上填上适当的词，以补全句子、短文或填满表格，使句子、短文或者表格所表达的意思与原听音内容一致。,短文理解题,第一类是听短文选择正确的答案。第二类是听短文后判断所给句子的正误。第三类是短文理解填空题。这类试题不同于听写题，它所填的不是听音的原文，所要填写
25、的内容要以短文提供的相关信息为依据。,（一）听短文选择正确答案（二）听短文回答问题（三）听短文判断正误（四）听短文完成句子（五）听短文填写所缺的单词（听写，很少使用）（六）听短文在表格或图表中填入正确的信息,【例】原文：My name is Li Hua.Im 25 years old.I live at 128 Qingbin Road,Nangang District in Harbin.My telephone number is 86308321.I like listening to music and reading in my free time.Im free on Satur
26、days and Sundays.I graduated from Heilongjiang University.Im very good at English.Id like to be an English teacher in a middle school.Im sure that I can teach English well.试题：APPLICATION FORM(申请表)Job:(1)_Name:Li HuaAge:(2)_Address:(3)_ Qingbin Road,Nangang District in HarbinTelephone:(4)_Interests:(
27、5)_ and reading Key:1.Teacher 2.25/Twenty-five 3.128 4.86308321 5.Music,听写题,该题型的特点是要求考生根据所听到的句子、对话或短文的内容，在空白处填入适当的词，用英语把所听到的内容准确而完整地表达出来。有的听写题要求考生听写一个完整的句子（对话和短文）。这类试题考查考生听力理解和书面表达的能力，较好地反映应试者听音辨音、听音理解及书写的技能。听写题又分为听写填空题和听写句子（对话、短文）题。,听写填空题,该题型的特点是采取填空的形式来完成听写内容，即类似于完形填空题，它由语音信号来提供填空的单词和短语的信息。这类试题相对来
28、说比听写全文难度要低。它是在书面给出的句子、对话和短文中拿掉若干个词，留下一些空格，要求考生在听音理解的基础上，根据听音内容在每个空格中填上一个词，使句子、对话和短文完整。,听写句子题,该题型的特点是要求考生听写完整的句子（对话、短文）。即在不提供任何书面提示下，要求写出所听到的全部内容。这类试题只有听懂了才会写得正确。由于句子是由词语按语法规则构成的，用以表示一个完整意思的语言单位，所以听写句子（对话、短文）也考查了有关词义、词的搭配、语序、句子结构等方面的知识，对考生来说属于难度较大的题型。,情景交际题型及命题办法,（一）选择式【例1】选择适当的语句完成小对话Ive passed the
29、exam._A.Congratulations!B.Bad luck!C.Thank you for telling me D.Its nothing.（考查项目：祝贺用语）,【例2】选择正确的应答1.Oh,no.You neednt write it again.Its good composition except for the spelling mistakes.2.Take the medicine,and youll be all right in one or two weeks.3.Are you all right?Its so late.We were worrying a
30、ll the time.4.I wonder if I could trouble you a few minutes,Mr Simpson.5.Id like to set my watch.It stopped again.Whats the date?6.It seems to me popular music is terrible.The singers all act strangely.They shout instead of singing.7.Slow down,Bret.I see a police car behind us.8.Would you like me to
31、 check on the computer to see if its been taken out?9.Well meet at 6:30 in the restaurant.Will that be fine with you?10.Oh,come on.Look on the bright side.You can have a good rest for a few days and find a better job.,A.Im sorry.Im quite all right,but my car isnt.B.Certainly.What is it?C.Yes,itll be
32、 OK with me.D.I will do better next time.E.Im afraid I cant agree with you.F.Yes,please do.G.Its June 19.H.I hope so.I.My goodness!J.I wish I could be all right tomorrow.,【例3】七选五,A:I decide to improve my English from now on.B:Oh,really?(1)_A:The best time to read English is morning.So I want to read
33、 English for an hour in the early morning.B:(2)_A:And I want to learn English on TV.B:(3)_A:I want to do more exercises and keep a diary in English every day.B:(4)_A:Yes.(5)_B:Great!But you see,you spend so much time learning English every day.Then what are you going to do with the other subjects？A:
34、Ive no idea.A.Why do you plan to do so?B.How do you like my plan?C.Is that all?D.What are you going to do?E.Oh,thats a very good idea.F.Do you need any help?G.Anything else?Key：15 DEGCB,【例4】完形填空A:Oh,dear.I cant fix this seat-belt.B:(1)_A:Oh,thank you.B:Its very easy,like this(2)_ A:Oh,no.I flew from
35、 New York to Paris once,but it was a long time ago.B:I see.(3)_A:Yes.Im going to see my little grandson.B:Oh,thats nice.A:Yes,my daughter lives in Australia and I live in New York,so I dont see her very often.She married an Australian,you know.B:Thats nice.And(4)_ A:Hes only four months old.Im so ex
36、cited.B:Im sure you are.I love children,and I have a daughter myself.Shes two years old.A:How lovely!And do you live in Sydney?B:No,I live in Ireland,but I go to Australia twice a year on business.A:Oh,dear!Whats that noise?B:Dont worry.(5)_A:I see.,1.A.Whats wrong?B.Can I help you?C.Who can fix the
37、 seat-belt?D.Its broken.Let me help mend it.2.A.Is this your first flight?B.How often do you fly to Australia?C.Now,can you fix it?D.Have you ever been to Australia?3.A.Are you going to see your grandson?B.Are you going to stay in Sydney?C.Where are you going?D.Are you going to stay in New York?4.A.
38、Whats your grandsons name?B.How is your grandson?C.How old is your grandson?D.Is your grandson four months?5.A.Were in Australia now.B.I have fixed the seat-belt for you.C.The plane will land D.Were going to take off.Key：15 BABCD,（二）填空式,【例1】用词填空 Ann:Hello.Is Tina there?Tina:Hello,Ann.(1)is Tina.Ann:
39、Could I borrow your CD player tomorrow,please?Tina:Sorry.Its not a very good(2).Could you speak more loudly,please?Ann:Sure.I said,could I borrow your CD player,please?Mine is(3).Tina:Of course.(4)4 do you want it?Ann:Tomorrow if possible.Tina:OK.Ill(5)it to school in the morning.Ann:Thanks!Bye.(Key
40、:1.This 2.line3.broken 4.when 5.bring),【例2】用词语或句子填空（词数不限）A:Something terrible happened to me this morning.B:What _(1)?A:I got a ticket from a policeman.B:Were _(2)?A:No.The police gave me a ticket for littering.B:Oh,Ive warned(警告)you about that.Ive seen you littering a few times before.I thought _(3
41、).A:All I was doing was drinking a bottle of Coke.B:And _(4)?A:WellI threw it on the ground.B:Im afraid _(5).So youll have to.A:ErIll have to pay for it.B:How much is it?A:Its 50 yuan.A lot of money for not throwing my empty bottle in the garbage(垃圾)box.B:Yes,but that will teach you not to litter an
42、y more.,Key：1.happened/is that 2.you driving too fast 3.I thought youd get caught sometime.(or:I thought you would be punished sometime.)4.And what did you do with the empty can?(or:And where did you put the empty can?)5.Im afraid youve done wrong.(or:Im afraid you have made a mistake.Im afraid you
43、are wrong.),【例3】用句子填空(Mrs White-W,Bill-B)W:Hello,82016496.B:Hello.(1)_?W:Sorry.(2)_.Can I take a message?B:Yes.This is Bill,Mikes friend.I want to ask him for some Chinese stamps.He told me he had got some recently.I just want to add some Chinese stamps to my collection.W:OK,Ill tell him.(3)_?B:Well
44、,I wont be home later today.Would you please ask him to ring me tomorrow morning?W:Sure.Has he got your telephone number?B:Oh,sorry.(4)_.The new number is 86733558.W:OK.Ill leave a message on his desk.B:(1)_.Thank you very much.Bye.W:Bye.,Key:1.May/Can/Could I speak to Mike,please?2.He isnt in at th
45、e moment./He is out at the moment.3.Would you like him to ring you back later?/Could you tell him to ring you back later?4.My number has been changed.5.Its really nice of you.,听力解题思路与技巧,听力能力测试有心理、瞬时、信息三个方面的效应，决定听力能力高低的关键在于能否尽快理解所听材料的内在联系，领会其大意，抓住其重点。考前：适应环境，安定情绪，集中精力 心理上做好充分的准备听前：略读题目，找出关键，预测内容听中：捕捉
46、信息，速记要点，优化作答 听后：连贯记忆，前后联系，修正答案,听音辨音题解题思路与技巧,提前默读、去同留异、猜测考点。利用放音间隔和各小题的短暂停顿，提前默读各备选项的单词或词组，找出它们之间读音的差异，去同留异，猜测辨音的重点，做到心中有数，听音时才有针对性。静心倾听、把握句子、识别音义。要稳定情绪，集中注意力，静心倾听播放的录音，在听懂句子意思的基础上，从发音和词义的不同上来识别单词或词组。快速反应、瞬间鉴别、检查验证。听音理解后应快速作出反应，根据所听到的语音信号，瞬时进行鉴别，确定选项，并从句子含义的角度进行检查验证，保证选项的意思与原句子吻合。,注意事项,听音前要迅速浏览并默读各备选
47、项，找出4个备选项读音异同点，从而判断考题意图，确定辨音的主攻方向，才能有的放矢地捕捉到辨音的关键，提高准确率。听音时要注意听清句子的意思，只有真正听懂句子的含义，才能从单词和短语的意思上进一步进行辨别。听音辨音题首先必须要听清录音的发音，否则就无法进行辨音。如果考生自已发音不正确，单词读不准，再加上不能熟练掌握字母及字母组合的读音规则，就很难在听音时准确地辨别相近的、易混淆的音。听音辨音题一般句子只念一遍，时间转瞬即逝。一旦语音信号消失，就不可能再获得，因此，考生要做到精神集中，耳听、眼看、手写同时到位。,单句理解题解题思路与技巧,听前审题、精心鉴别、舍同求异。听音前先认真审题，比较试题所给
48、的4个备选项的句子，通过精心鉴别，舍同求异、排除干扰，抓住4个备选项句子之间差异的关键的信息词，这样可缩小选择判定的范围，使听音过程更有针对性，做到集中精力鉴别相异的关键词语，有利于快速作出反应。听懂句义、把握关键、比较判定。通过对备选项迅速比较、分析后，抓住辨别的关键词语，再认真听录音，在理解句子整体意思的基础上，注意听清和把握关键的词语，并依此进行最后的比较、判定。稳定情绪、逐题复检、检查无误。做完各题的判定选择后要稳定情绪，继续认真地对每道试题进行复查，根据听音所获得的信息，对照每题所选的答案，重新核查、确保无误。,注意事项,听清句子中每个词是领会语意的重要前提条件，考生要特别注意句子语
49、流中连读和不完全爆破等语音现象，因为往往正是由于这些吞音现象造成考生对词义、句子的误解。考生要能掌握各种句型、句式和各种习惯用语所表述的一定意义，这样在听清句子的结构后，就能很快地悟出句义来。听音时对于比较长的句子，要做到先抓住每个意群的意思，而后在此基础上进行语义组合，就可完整地抓住该句所表达的意义。做选择所听到的句子的试题时，如果备选项的句子较长，在听音前没有充分时间通读各句，此时可采用竖看方式比较各句间的不同之处，这样就可以预测突破口，为听音解题提供依据。要做好选择与所听到的句子意思相近的句子这类试题，考生一定要熟练地掌握有关同义替换和转换的知识，才能作出正确的判断。做选择答句的情景反应
50、题时，要听清问句的句首词，这样才能确切把握所问的内容，选择答语时既要注意符合语境的内容，也要注意英美国家的语言习惯和风俗习惯。,对话理解题解题思路与技巧,听前分析、了解信息、把握话题。听音前先快速浏览所给的书面材料，通过分析比较，可以从中得到某些信息和提示，从而预测和把握对话的话题和中心内容。静听对话、捕捉信息、适当记录。在对备选项进行分析、预测了对话的主题后，要以对话人角色进入语境，静听双方所说的话。在听懂大意的同时，有的放矢地捕捉关键信息，必要时作些适当记录，以便作为判断依据。听音过程中对那些显而易见的答案要当机立断，及时作出正确选择。合理推测、善于取舍、核对复查。听完对话录音后，要善于就
