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1、英语测试理论与实践,第五讲 语法从句,第一节 从属分句,复合句（complex sentence）:由一个主句（principal clause）和一个以上的从属分句（subordinate clause）构成。,名词性从句：主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句状语从句：时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句、方式状语从句、比较状语从句,一、状语从句,主要功能是作主句的状语，由完整的主谓句构成。1.让步状语从句though,although,even if/though引导，Mr.Wells is scarcely in sympa
2、thy with the working class.(2005)A Although he is socialist B Even if he is a socialistC Being a socialist D Since he is a socialist,2.as 引导的让步状语从句as引导的状语从句须将表语、状语、动词原型提到as前，如果动词或现在分词放在句首，谓语要补加助动词如do/does/did,will等。Fail as he did,he would never give up.作表语用的单数可数名词放在句首时，该名词前不加冠词。Fool as Jane is,she c
3、ould not have done such a thing.as从句的主语是代词时，主谓不需倒装；如果主语是名词时，则需要倒装。Difficult as it was,they finished it in time.Difficult as was the work,they finished it in time.,Fool Jerry is,he could not have done such a thing.(2010)A who B as C like D that,(3).while 引导的让步状语从句 while 表示“尽管、虽然”时，可以引导让步状语从句，这时while表
4、达并列的转折，即主句与从句的动作是同一时间发生的。While引导的从句通常放到主句前。I sympathize,I cant really do very much to help them out of the difficulties.(2001)A As long as B As C While D Even,(4).no matter how与however引导的让步状语从句No matter与疑问词what,when,where,how连用，或上述疑问词加 ever,都可以引导让步状语从句，两者基本可以互换。No matter how/However sly a fox may be
5、,it is no match for a good hunter.No matter what/Whatever you do,I wont tell you my secret.,the boss says,it is unreasonable to ask me to work overtime without pay.(2009)A Whatever B WheneverC Whichever D However,比较状语从句一般由as 和than 引导It is easier than I thought.I havent done as much as I should have
6、liked.,条件状语从句If,unless,provided/providing(that),so/as long as,on condition that,suppose/supposing(that),in the event that,whether or notThis is an illness that can result in total blindness left untreated.(2000)A after B if C since D unless,时间状语从句引导词：when,after,as 等1.when与while引导的时间状语从句When 表示“当的时候”
7、，指一个时间点（段）的动作；while表示“在同时”，只能表示持续性的动作或状态，不能表示一段时间的或短暂的动作。While Tom was reading,Jack was writing.When he finished his speech,the audience burst into applause.,2.Hardly/Scarcelywhen 和 No soonerthan（一就）引导的时间状语从句，相当于as soon as;Hardly/Scarcely 和 No sooner后面用完成时，when,than 后面用过去时。The couple had no sooner g
8、ot to the station the coach left.(2009)A when B as C until D than,3.the minute/moment/day,the first/second/last time,each/every/next/time等都可以引导时间状语从句。Next time you come to Beijing,you must visit the museum.,4.since表示“自从”，从句要用非延续性动词，主句完成时。Since he lived in Nanjing,I have not heard from him.,Till/unti
9、l表示“直到”,（till不能用于句首）用于肯定句时，主句用延续性动词；否定句中，主句可用非延续性动词。I will wait here until the concert is over.She cant leave until Friday.,5.结果状语从句1）so/suchthat引导结果状语从句So+adj./adv.a(an)Such+n.that 如此以至在 many/few/little n.，只能用soSo many people complained about the heavy traffic that the city government took measures
10、 at last.,2.with the result that 引导结果状语从句The Eskimo language is,therefore,one of the most difficult in the world to learn,with the result that almost no traders or explorers have even tried to learn it.,6.原因状语从句引导词since,as,because;in that,on the grounds thatMen differ from animals in that they can t
11、hink and speak.He was elected as the President on the grounds that he had contributed a lot to the company.,7.地点状语从句引导词 where,wherever,anywhereIll take you anywhere you like.He said he was happy where he was.,8 方式状语从句引导词asI have changed it as you suggested.She did her work her manager had instructed
12、.(2002)A as B until C when D though,Just as 和 much as 也可引导方式状语从句。They tried to conceal this fact much as I did last year.他们设法隐瞒事实，就像我去年做的那样。I cant help seeing things the way they do.,二、关系从句（定语从句）,1、限定性和非限定性定语从句的主要区别A.非限定性定于从句中，先行词和关系代词之间要有逗号隔开。B.限定性定语从句是句子不可或缺的部分，限定；非限定性定语从句起补充说明的作用，翻译时常译作独立的句子，而不是定
13、语。He refused to reveal the man who had beaten him black and blue.I no longer live in Beijing,where air pollution did great harm to my health.,2.which和thatA.关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时可省。It is the only thing(that)we can do for you.B.先行词是anyone,anybody,evryone,evrybody,someone,somebody 时，关系代词多用who或whomIs there any
14、one here who can dance?,C.先行词是不定代词（all,much,few,little,some,any,none,anything,something,nothing,everything）,只能用that引导。Thats all(that)I could do at that moment.D.先行词被形容词最高级或first,last,only,very,no等修饰时，关系代词常用that,He is the only person that I dislike in our class.This is the very pen that you are looki
15、ng for.,E.有两个或两个以上的先行词兼指人和物时，关系代词用thatA victim is a person,animal or thing that suffers pain,death,harm,etc.,3.as1).as和such,the same,as(so)连用，引导限定性定语从句。Such people as wish to leave may do so now.,2)引导非限定性定于从句时，as 和 which 的区别A.as的位置较为灵活，可放在主句前、主句中、或者主句后；which引导的从句只能放在主句后。More American troops are bein
16、g sent to the Middle East,as(which)I have learnt from the newspaper.The telephone,as we know,was the invention of Bell.B.as后如果是被动语态，被动语态中的be动词可省；which后的be 动词同样情况下则不可省。Football and baseball,as played in the US today,are basically modifications of games that originated in England.,4.where相当于 in/at+whi
17、chThis company has now introduced a policy pay rises are related to performance at work.(1996)A.which B.where C whether D what,5.whoseWhose 与名词搭配使用时，可以引导定语从句，在句中作主语或宾语；whose 可以指人也可以指物。The house whose windows are broken is unoccupied.,6.结构“介词whom”或“which+不定式短语”二者作后置定语时，相当于一个定语从句。She is a pleasant gir
18、l with whom to work.She is a pleasant girl to work with.,三、名词性从句,名词性从句指在一个句子中起名词性作用的主谓结构。它可以在主从复合句中作主语、宾语、同位语和表语。名词性从句的语序使用陈述语序。,1.同位语从句A.news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，knowledge,problem,belief,certainty,concept,conclusion,information,statement,probability,answ
19、er,discovery,evidence,explanation,impression,同位于从句多用that引导，疑问代词用who,which,what,疑问副词where,when,why,how,The news that he has won the game is exciting.It is the question where we should have dinner.B.在结构on the assumption that,on the condition that,despite the fact that,on the understanding that,etc中，也可
20、以用同位语从句。,Jack lent me the money on condition that I pay it back next month.There is no doubt the couple did the right thing in coming back home earlier than planned.(2011)A.whether B.that C.why D.when,2.宾语从句1）宾语从句的主要引导词有that,连接代词或连接副词what,which,where,how,why，连词whetherI want to tell you what I hear.,
21、2)whatever,whichever,whoever 引导的宾语从句Ill do whatever you want(me to).3)在in,but,except,save 少数几个介词后可以接that引导的宾语从句，而且已经成为固定搭配。This paper is perfect except that there are some misspellings.,4)be+形容词后跟的从句这类形容词有afraid,sorry,sure,glad,disappointed,delighted,glad.这类从句在概念上接近宾语从句，在结构上接近状语。I am afraid I have made a serious mistake.Im not sure whether he still works there.I am surprised this city is a dull place to live in.(2006)A.that you should think B.by what you are thinking C.that you would think D.with what you were thinking,
