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1、Pragmatics,The study of intended speaker meaningInvisible meaning,how we recognize what is meant when it is not actually saidDepend on a lot of shared assumptions and expectationsHeated Attendant ParkingBABY&TODDLER SALE,Context,Linguistic context known as co-text,a set of other words used in the sa
2、me phrase or sentenceHas a strong effect on what we think the word meansPhysical context:physical location,time and place all influence interpretation of linguistic expressions,Deixis,Some words that cannot be interpreted unless the physical context,esp.the physical context of the speaker is knownPl
3、ace deixis:here,there,yonderPerson deixis:I,you,him,her,themTime deixis:now,then,tonight,last week.,Reference,An act by which a speaker(writer)uses L to enable a listener(reader)to identify somethingMr.Kawasaki:a person goes loud and fast on his motorcycleThe fresh sald:a customer in restaurantChoms
4、ky:a linguistic bookInference:additional info used by the listener to connect what is said to what must be meant.Page 131 examples,Anaphora,Antecedent:first mentionAnaphora:subsequent reference to an already introduced entity Connection btwn referent and anaphora may not always be directI was waitin
5、g for the bus,but he just drove by without stopping.,Presupposition,What a speaker assumes is true or is known by the hearer Have you stopped beating your wirfe?Constancy under negation:two sentences with opposite meanings having the same presuppostionMy car is wreck.Vs.My car is not a wreck.I have
6、a car.,Speech Acts,Term covers action such as requesting,commanding,questioning and informingDirect speech act:Did he?Are they?Indirect speech act:Can you pass the salt?You left the door open.Example on page 133,Politeness,Face:your public self-image,emotional and social sense of self,expects others
7、 to recognizePoliteness:showing awareness of another persons faceFace-threatening act:sth represents a threat to another persons self-imageFace-saving act:sth lessens the possible threat to another persons face,Politeness,Negative face:the need to be independent and to have freedom from impositionI am sorry to bother you Positive face:need to be connected,to belong,to be a member of the groupLets do this together.,
