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1、语法复习十：,动词的语气虚拟语气,一、语气的定义和种类l、语气：语气是动词的一种形式，它表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看 法和态度。2、语气的种类：(1)陈述语气:表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈 述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。如：We are not ready.我们没准备好。What a fine day it is!多好的天气啊!(2)祈使语气:表示说话人的建议、请求、邀请、命令等。如:Open the door,please。请打开门。(3)虚拟语气:表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。如:If I were you,I should st
2、udy English.如果我是你，我就学英语 了。May you succeed!祝您成功！,二、虚拟语气在条件从句中的用法 条件句有两类，一类是真实条件句，一类是虚拟条件句。如果假设的情况是有可能发生的，就是真实条件何。在这种真实条件句中的谓语用陈述语气。如:If it doesnt rain tomorrow,we will go to the park.如果 明天不下雨，我们就去公园。如果假设的情况是过去或现在都不存在的，或将来不大可能发生的，则是虚拟条件句。如:If he had seen you yesterday,he would have asked you about it.
3、如果他昨天见到你，他会问你这件事的。(事实上他昨天没见到 你，因此也未能问你这件事。)在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中，主句和从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气。现将虚拟条件从句和主句的动词形式列表如下:,注:主句中的should只用于I、we，但在美国英语中，should常被would代替；从句中的should 可用于各种人称。,l、表示与现在事实相反的假设和结果。如:If my brother were here,everything would be all right.要是我哥哥在这儿，一切都没问题了。2、表示与过去事实相反的假设和结果。如:If you had taken my advice，you
4、 wouldnt(couldnt)have failed in the exam.如果你按照我的建议去做，你一定不会(不可能)考试不及格。3、表示与将来事实可能相反的假设和结果。如:If it were Sunday tomorrow,I should(would，could，might)go to see my grandmother.如果明天是星期天，我就(可能)去看望我奶奶。If it were to snow this evening,they would not go out.如果今晚下雪，他们将 不出去了。,4、有时条件从句中的动作和主句中的动作发生的时间不一致（表示错综时 间的虚
5、拟语气），这时动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间加以调整。例如:If you had listened to the doctor,you would be all right now.如果你当初听了医生的话，身体现在就好了。(从句动作指过 去，主句动作指现在)5、虚拟条件句可以转换成下列形式:(l)省略连词if。在书面语中，如果虚拟条件从句中有were，had 或 should，可以把if省略，把这几个词放到主语之前，构成主谓倒装。例如:Should he come(If he should come),tell him to ring me up.他要是来了，让他给我打个电话。Were I y
6、ou(If I were you),I would not do it.我要是你，就 不做这事。(2)用介词短语代替条件状语从句。有时假设的情况并不用条件从句表示出来，而是通过介词短语来表示。,如:Without air(If there were not air),there would be no living things.如果没有空气的话，就不会有生物了。But for your help(If it hadnt been for your help)I couldnt have done it.要是没有你的帮助，我就不可能完成这件事。假设的情况有时可以通过上下文或其他方式表现出来。如
7、:I was busy that day.Otherwise I would have gone there with them.(If I hadnt been busy that day,I would have gone there with them.)我那天很忙，否则，我就和他们一起去那儿了。(如果我那天不忙的话，我就)；I would have finished the work,but I have been ill.(If I hadnt been ill,I would have finished the work.)我本来该完 成这项工作的，但我生病了。(如果我没生病的话，
8、我就会完成),6、省去条件从句或主句：表示虚拟语气的主句或从句有时可以省略，但其 含义仍可以推知。(1)省去条件从句。如:You could have washed your clothes yourself.你本可以自已洗衣服 的。省去了“If you had wanted to”)(事实是:你自己没洗衣服，因为 你不想洗。)(2)省去主句(常用以表示愿望)。如:If my grandmother were with me!如果我的祖母与我在一起多好 啊!(事实是:祖母已不在世。)；If only she had not left!如果她没 走就好了!(事实是:她已经走了。),三、虚拟语气的
9、其他用法l、虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法：在“It is important(strange，natural，necessary)that“这类句型里，that所引导的主语从句中的 谓语动词常用“should十动词原形”结构，表示某事是“重要”、“奇 怪”、“自然”、“必要”等意义。如:It is important that every member(should)inform himself of these rules.重要的是每个成员知道这些规则。2、虚拟语气在宾语从句中用法：(1)在动词wish后的宾语从句中，表示与现在或过去的事实相反，或对将来 的主观愿望，从句通常省略连词that。
10、1)表示对现在情况的虚拟:从句动词用过去式或过去进行式(be动词一般 用were)。如:I wish I knew the answer to the question.我希望 知道这个问题的答案。(可惜不知道)；2）表示对过去情况的虚拟:从句动词常用had十过去分词。,如:I wish(wished)I hadnt spent so much money.我后悔不该花那 么多钱。(实际上已经花掉)；3)表示对将来的主观愿望:谓语动词形式为“would十动词原形”。此时要注 意，主句的主语与从句的主语不能相同，因为主句的主语所期望的从句动 作能否实现，取决于从句主语的态度或意愿(非动物名词除外
11、)。如:I wish it would stop raining.但愿雨能停止；I wish you would come soon.但愿你立刻来。(2)在suggest，demand，order，propose，insist，command，request，desire等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用“should+动词原形”，表示建议、要求、命令等。如:I demand that he(should)answer me immediately.我要求他立刻 答复我。,3、虚拟语气在状语从句中的用法(1)在带有even if/even though引导的让步状语从句的主从复合句中，主 句和从
12、句都用虚拟语气，动词形式与含有非真实条件句的虚拟语气相同。如:Even if he had been ill,he would have gone t his office.即 使生了病，他俩去办公室。(2)由as if或as though引导的状语从句表示比较或方式时。从句谓语形式 为动词的过去式(be用were)或“had十过去分词”。如:He treated me as if I were a stranger.他那样对待我，好像我是陌 生人似的。She talked about the film as if she had really seen it.她谈论 那部影片，就好像她确实看
13、过一样。注:如果表示的事情可能会发生，那么方式状语从句中的谓语动词可用陈 述语气。,(3)在in order that或so that引导的目的状语从句中，谓语动词多用“could或might（有时也用should）+动词原形”。如:Mr green spoke slowly so that his students could(might)hear clearly.格林先生说得很慢，好让学生听清楚。4、虚拟语气在定语从句中的用法：在“It is time(that)句型中，定 语从句的谓语动词常用虚拟语气表示将来，动词形式一般用过去式，意 思是“该干某事的时候了”。如:Its(high)ti
14、me we did our homework.我们该做作业了。5、虚拟语气在简单句中的用法(1)情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时，表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼 貌，或委婉的语气，常见于日常会话中。如:It would be better for you not to stay up too late.你最好别 太晚睡觉。(2)在一些习惯表达中。如:I would rather not tell you.我宁愿不告诉你。,(3)用“may+动词原形”表示祝愿、但愿”，此时may须置于句首（多 用于正式文体中）。如：May you be happy!祝你快乐！May good luck be you
15、rs.祝你顺利。,练习:虚拟语气,1.If I _ where he lived,I _ a note to him.B.had known,would have sentC.know,would sendD.knew,would have sent2.If they _ earlier than expected,they _ here now.A.had started,would beC.had started,would have beenD.will start,might have been3.I didnt know his telephone number._ it,I _ t
16、hen.A.Had I known,would ring him up B.Should I know,would have rung him up C.If I knew;would ring him up4.Mary is ill today.If she _,she _ absent from school.A.were not ill;wouldn t beB.had been ill;wouldnt have been C.had been ill;should have been5.Were I to do it,I _ it some other way.A.will do B.
17、would doC.would have done,A.knew,would,B.started,might be,D.Had I known;would have rung him up,D.hadnt been ill;could be,D.were to do,答案,6.I _ him the answer _ possible,but I was so busy then.A.could tell;if it had beenB.must have told;were it D.should have told;should it be7.Without your help,we_ s
18、o much.A.won t achieve B.didn t achieve C.dont achieve 8.You didnt take his advice._ his advice,you _ such a mistake.B.If you had taken;would make C.Were you lo take;shouldn t have madeD.Have you taken;won t have made9.We wish we _ what you did when we were at high school.A.did C.have doneD.should d
19、o10.She wishes she _ to the theatre last night.A.wentB.would go D.were going,答案,C.should have told;had it been,D.wouldnt have achieved,A.Had you taken;wouldnt have made,B.could have done,C.had gone,11.Tom is very short now.His mother wishes that he _ be tall when he grows up.A.could B.should D.were
20、able to12.My sister advised me that I _ accept the invitation.A.could B.must D.might13.He asks that he _ an opportunity to explain why hes refused to go there.A.is givenB.must giveC.should give14.Do you think of Wang Fangs suggestion that he _ Mr.Li to the party?A.will invite B.have invited C.is inv
21、ited15.I insisted that he _ at once.A.be gone C.would go D.might go,答案,C.would,C.should,D.be given,D.invite,B.go,16.Li Ming insisted that he _ anything at all.B.shouldn t steal C.doesn t steal D.steal17.It is quite natural that my coming late again _ them very angry.A.had madeB.would makeC.makes18.H
22、e acted as if he _ everything in the world.B.knows C.has known D.wont know19.Read it aloud so that I _ you clearly.B.will hearC.hearD.have heard20.They got up early in order that they _ they first train.A.caught B.will catch D.shall catch,答案,A.hadn t stolen,D.make,A.knew,A.may hear,C.might catch,21.
23、I am sorry that he _ in such poor health.A.are B.shall be C.were22.That is a good book.You _ it yesterday.A.could buy B.should buy D.bought23.It is high time we _ home.A.will go B.would goC.have gone24.I d rather that you _ home.B.have goneC.will goD.had gone25.If only I _ to the lecture!A.listenB.w
24、ill listen C.am listening,D.should be,C.should have bought,D.went,A.went,D.had listened,答案,26.-If he_,he _ that food.-Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately.A.was warned;would not takeC.would be warned;had not takenD.would have been warned;had not taken27.I didn t see your sister at the mee
25、ting.If she _,she would have met my brother.A.has come B.did comeC.came28.Without electricity,human life _ quite different today.A.is B.will beC.would have been29.He _ you more help,even though he was very busy.B.might giveC.may have givenD.may give30.If city noises _ from increasing,people _ shout
26、to be heard even at the dinner table 20 years from now.B.are not kept;have to C.do not keep;will have toD.do not keep;have to,答案,B.had been warned;would not have taken,D.had come,D.would be,A.might have given,A.are not kept;will have to,31.Mikes father,as well as his mother,insisted that he _ home.A
27、.stayed B.could stayC.has stayed32.Mr.Smith insisted that he _ the work all.B.have doneC.did D.so33.Jane would never have gone to the party _ that Mary would come to see her.A.has she known C.if she know D.if she has known34.If you had enough money,what _?A.will you buy C.would you have bought D.wil
28、l you have bought35.If you _ that film late last night,you wouldnt be so sleepy.A.didnt see B.havent seenC.wouldnt have seen,答案,D.stay,A.had done,B.had she known,B.would you buy,D.hadnt seen,36.Our monitor requested that _.A.all the class studied more carefully the problemB.the problem was more care
29、fully studiedC.with great care the problem could be studied 37.-Would you have called her up had it been possible?-Yes,but I _.busy doing my homework.B.wereC.had beenD.would be38.His tired face suggested that he _ really tired after the long walk.A.had been C.be D.should be39.It is important that we
30、 _.A.shall close the window before we leaveB.will close the window before we leave C.must close the window before we leave40.I didnt know his telephone number,otherwise I _ him.A.had telephoned B.would telephone D.telephone,答案,D.all the class study the problem more carefully,A.was,B.was,D.close the window before we leave,C.would have telephoned,
