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1、语法,(词汇与结构),注:本单元所述各类语法要点同样适用于阅读理解、完形填空、写作等其他类型的测试题。,词汇与结构考核要点,词汇方面:名词:数与格的使用代词:性数格的使用,与名词或人称代词的正确配合冠词:使用冠词的不同场合及其意义上的差别数(量)词:量词的一些特殊用法形容词和副词:原级、比较级和最高级及其各种比较句型的应用,动词:谓语动词针对不同主语时数的变化,以及时态、语态、语气的应用。非谓语动词的使用介词:与动词、名词或形容词构成的短语的运用连词:不同场合连词的选择使用其他:近义词、反义词、形近词的辨别与选用;各种性质词汇之间的搭配或修饰关系;词根及其派生词、合成词及转化词的关系和运用;,
2、结构方面,动词各种时态的运用;谓语动词和主语的配合;谓语动词和非谓语动词之间的配合;主句和从句中动词时态的呼应;动词与主语名词或代词不同结构形式的呼应;关联词在各种复合句中的使用;,主动态和被动态句型的运用;虚拟语气的运用;动词的不定式、现在分词、过去分词和动名词的运用;陈述句、否定句、疑问句(一般、特殊、反问、选择)的运用;某些成语、习语、俚语等固定表达短语或句型的使用;与其它语言习惯不同点、易混淆或易误解之处的辨析。,词汇与结构题型的解题思路一、首先观察考核目的(判断考点)看完题干内容后,观察一下四个备选答案的共性,如都是同一词性的单词时,就基本可以判断出与考核词义相关,可能是选择同义词或
3、反义词;如都是动词词组结构,就是考核固定搭配的词义;如果是各种时态形式的谓语动词结构,就和时态、语态或语气考点相关。二、其次观察前后关系 然后,观察一下题干空缺处前后的单词,分析备选答案是否与其有搭配关系,这样就比较容易选出正确答案。,三、先行排除 经过上述分析后,要先行排除明显错误或无关的答案,缩小分析思考范围。四、顺序思考 把剩余的备选答案,依据词法、句法、语法的顺序进行深入分析,最后找出正确答案。五、相信感觉 有些短语结构的答案,可以根据平时形成的语感立刻选出正确项。这时要相信自己的第一感觉,不要在最后验题时把正确的答案再改成错的。,英语构词法,英语构词法有三种(前言部分已介绍,此处略)
4、:派生法(也称为前后缀法)合成法转化法以下列出常见的前后缀成份,供参考。,常用前缀的含义(prefix)1.改变词性的前缀a-加在名词前构成形容词或副词 如 asleepbe-加在名词或形容词前构成动词 如 befriendem-加在名词前构成动词 如 embeden-加在名词前构成动词 如 enrichout-加在名词或形容词前构成动词 如 outnumber,2.构成反义词的前缀de-(非)decolonize(非殖民地化)dis-(不,非)dislike(不喜欢)il-(非)illegal(非法)im-(不,非)impatient(不耐烦)in-(不)irresponsible(不负责任
5、)mal-(不)malnutrition(营养不良)non-(不)non-economic(不经济)un-(不)unable(不能够),3.构成特定意义的前缀all-纯,全是 all-steel(全钢)all-各个 all-purpose(各种目的)anti-反,抗 anti-inflation(反通涨)arch-大的 archbishop(大主教)arch-头号的 arch-enemy(头号敌人)auto-自动的 automatic(自动的)auto-自己的 autonomous(自治的)bi-双的,二 bilingual(双语的)bio-生物的 biology(生物学)centi-百分之一
6、的 centimeter(厘米),3.构成特定意义的前缀(续1)co-共同 co-operate(合作)counter-反 counter-attack(反攻)down-向下 downhill(下坡)ever-一直 evergreen(常青)ever-越来越 ever stronger(用比较级)(越来越壮)ex-以前的 ex-president(前总统)extra-特别的,超 extra-bright(超亮的)fore-前部的 forehead(前额)fore-预见的 foresee(预见)free-自由的 free-moving(用动名词)(自由运动),3.构成特定意义的前缀(续2)ful
7、l-完全 full-speed(全速)full-全部,整个 full-year(整年)half-半 half-asleep(半睡的)hand-手工的 hand-made(手工制作的)hydro-水力的 hydro-electric(水电的)ill-不好的 ill-tempered(坏脾气的)ill-不适宜的 ill-chosen(选错的)inter-之间的 international(国际的)inter-相互的 interchange(互换)kilo-千 kilometer(千米),3.构成特定意义的前缀(续3)mal-不良的 malfunction(故障)man-人的 man-made(人造
8、的)mid-中间的 midday(正午)milli-千分之一的 millimeter(毫米)mini-微小的 minibus(小巴)mis-错误的 misunderstand(误解)over-过于 overheated(过热的)post-之后的 postwar(战后)pre-之前的 pre-heat(预热)pro-支持,亲的 pro-government(亲政府的),3.构成特定意义的前缀(续4)re-再,重新 repeat(重复)self-自行 self-taught(自学)self-自己的 self-defense(自卫)semi-半 semi-conductor(半导体)sub-从属的
9、sub-company(分公司)super-超级的 super-power(超级大国)super-超的 super-sonic(超音速的)tele-远程的 television(电视机,即远程影像)trans-从到的 translate(翻译)trans-跨越 transSiberian(跨西伯利亚的),3.构成特定意义的前缀(续5)under-不足的 under-heated(加热不足)under-在下的 underwear(内衣)uni-单一的 unify(一体化)up-在上的 upside(上方)up-更新,改进 upgrade(升级)up-乱了的 upset(颠倒,心烦)vice-副的
10、 vice-chairman(副主席)well-好的 well-dressed(衣冠楚楚的)well-很的 well-known(知名的),常用后缀的含义(postfix)1.构成名词的后缀(1)-ability stability-age shortage-al denial-an American-ance performance-ant consultant-ary dictionary-ate doctorate-ation education-cy privacy-dom kingdom-ee employee-eer engineer-ence difference-er driv
11、er-ery machinery-ese Chinese-ess actress-ful handful-hood childhood-ian musician-ibility possibility,1.构成名词的后缀(2)-ing feeling-ion action-ism heroism-ist racist-ity majority-let booklet-man policeman-ment development-ness happiness-or actor-ry bravery-ship friendship-ty safety-ure pleasure-ware sofew
12、are-work homework-y difficulty,2.构成形容词的后缀(1)-able lovable-al national-an African-ant important-ary legendary-ate fortunate-ed amazed-en golden-ent different-ese Japanese-ful beautiful-ian Canadian-ible permissible-ic economic-ical classical-ing interesting-ish selfish-ive active(也可以是名词),2.构成形容词的后缀(2
13、)-less endless-like childlike-ly friendly-ous nervous-some troublesome-wide worldwide-worthy trustworthy-y windy-fold twofold-free tax-free-made man-made-minded open-minded-most foremost-ological biological-poor resource-poor-proof water-proof-rich carbon-rich-side bedside-sized postcard-sized-ular
14、triangular,3.构成副词的后缀-ly clearly-down face-down-first head-first-ward(s)onward(s)-wise likewise4.构成动词的后缀-ate activate-en sharpen-ify purify-ize modernize5.构成数词的后缀-teen sixteen-ty twenty-th fifth(另见教材63页),词汇与结构常见考点简介,一、名词(教材16页):,名词,专有名词,普通名词,名词性成分,个体名词,集体名词,物质名词,抽象名词,可数名词,不可数名词,名词性物主代词及基数词,动名词,the 形容
15、词、序数词,the 动词过去分词,合成名词及复合名词,名词性从句(主、宾、表),人称代词宾格及反身代词,(英语中具有名词性质的成分),考点1:名词变复数时的基本规则(见教材17页),多数名词:词后边直接加s,如 books,apples,kids,studentss,x,ch,sh结尾的词:加es,念iz 如 matches,boxes,classes,benchesy结尾的名词:y变i,再加es 如 study studies,factory factorieso结尾的名词(四种情况):1.辅音+o:加es,念z 如 hero heroes 2.元音+o:加s,念z 如 radio radi
16、os 3.都可以的:volcanovolcanos/volcanoes(个别)4.外来语:只加s 如 piano pianos,f 或 fe 结尾的词:变为v再加es 如 knife knives,wolf wolves,self selves 有个别不变的:roof roofs,belief beliefs,考点2:名词变复数的不规则形式,内部元音字母改变:如 tooth teeth,man men,mouse mice2.词尾加en:如 child children,ox oxen,goose-geese3.单复数同形:如:sheep,fish,duck,deer,people,crew,
17、staff,information,news,advice,means,series,Japanese,Chinese,Swiss,考点3:外来语单复数形式,个别外来语词汇,沿用原有习惯:如:单数 复数 datum data phenomenon phenomena persona personae,考点4:不可数名词的复数形式(由量词表现复数),如:a piece of furniture a few pieces of furniturea news a few pieces of newsa bottle of milk-several bottles of milka slice of
18、 bread some slices of bread,考点5:合成名词(也称复合名词)的复数形式(1)主体(核心)名词变复数father-in-law-fathers-in-law;grandmother grandmothers;stander-by standers-by;(2)无主体名词时,合成名词中最后一个词变复数grown-up grown-ups;go-between go-betweens;the 18-year-old the 18-year-oldsgood-for-nothing good-for-nothings(废物),(3)man和woman构成的合成名词,一起变为
19、复数man-driver men-drivers;woman-teacher women-teachers;特例:man-staff men-staff;man-crew men-crew(4)名词+名词时,在最后的名词上变复数bookshelf bookshelves;chairman chairmen;chairwoman chairwomen;railway railways;,(5)名词+动词,在动词上加复数horse-riding horse-ridings;rainfall rainfalls;handwriting handwritings;(6)形容词+名词,在名词上变复数bl
20、ackboard blackboards;blueprint blueprints;chipped-potato chipped-potatoes;,考点6:复数形式结尾但用作单数的名词trousers(裤子),scissors(剪刀),glasses(眼镜)这中表示成对物品的词的单、复数形式均要用量词表达:a pair of trousers(一条裤子);three pairs of trousers(三条裤子);a pair of scissors(一把剪刀);several pairs of scissors(几把剪刀);a pair of glasses(一副眼镜);five pair
21、s of glasses(五副眼镜)。注:成对成双的物品,量词基本上都是用pair。如:a pair of shoes.但表示一对夫妻时则用a couple of,考点7:带s的学科名称(并非复数)很多学科名称或科技术语都带有s结尾,这时不要误认作复数(辨别方法是这种情况下词尾通常是tics或ics组合)。如 mathematics,statistics,measles(麻疹),politics,physics,考点8:复数形式的特例,带s的动名词,经常用作单数,如 surroundings(周围环境),findings(发现物),belonging(所有物)clothes和cloths的差异
22、 clothes 衣服;cloths 布料,考点9:名词的格(教材17页)(分为主格、宾格、所有格三种。英语名词不涉及主格宾格变化,只涉及所有格。汉语名词这三种格都不存在),(1)一般有生命的名词用s表示所有格,无生命的名词则用of表示所有格。例如:legs of the table the parents house(名词已经有复数的s时,只加即可)(2)几个名词并列时所有格的运用及区别强调各自所有:These are Johns and Marys letters.强调共同所有:These are John and Marys letters.,(3)用所有格表达数量限度an hours
23、drive/two hours drive;a years period/ten years period;one decades growth/three decades growth;five minutes walk a decade of time(量词结构).(4)双重所有格a relative of my mothers(妈妈的一个亲戚);a book of Mr.Smiths(史密斯先生的一本书);a room of theirs(他们的一个房间);three cars of ours(我们的三台车).,考点10:主语名词与谓语动词数的一致性(见教材18页),1)尾部有s的学科名
24、属单数例:Mathematics is a difficult subject to learn.2)主语名词表示一个类别时属单数例:Fish has less fat than meat.3)作为整体表达的数量式主语属单数例:5 thousand dollars is enough for buying this car.Seven days is not enough for finish the task.,4)有后置定语时,要依据核心名词来决定动词的单复数形式例:One of the messages I got is from Susan who told us that she c
25、ouldnt come.(教材17页)None of my classmates has seen that film.Either of them two is going to join the army.Neither of them is a teacher.Three of them are looking for the lost key.,5)集合名词作主语,视要表达的语义来决定动词单复数The police is coming to make an investigation.The police are patrolling along the road.The people
26、 from America is to be our English teacher.The people from America are going sighting in the park.The crew is to resign his job.The crew are to take part in the party.,6)主语后的补充或插入成分不影响主语的单复数:All but our teacher has seen the accident.All teachers as well as the head are singing there.Xiao Wang with h
27、er parents is coming to my house.Eight people,including a six-week-old baby,were injured during the explosion.(教材18页)One classroom,along with seven lads,has been repaired.,7)由以下几个连词构成主语时,动词由靠近的名词决定其单复数:Not only Xiao Wang but also his parents are from USA.Not only teachers but also the president is g
28、oing there.Either he or his classmates are clever enough to do it.Either they or he is to take measures.Neither his brothers nor his youngest sister has been found.Neither his youngest sister nor his brothers have been found.He or his classmates are going to visit there.His classmates or he is going
29、 to visit there.,8)由连词and和bothand构成的主语属复数特别提示:但被描述的人、事或物是一体时,动词要用单数。The professor and head is coming to see us.(一体)The professor and the head are coming to see us.(分列)Xu Zhimo,and his essays,is well-known in China.(插入)Both she and he know me well.(并列)Both of them are from England.(直接作主语)特别提示:and和bot
30、hand都只能用在肯定句中。,9)由but或except构成主语时,由其前边的名词决定动词:We but he are gonging to the hospital to see her.He but we is gonging to the hospital to see her.10)each(every)+单数名词+and+each(every)+单数名词,动词用单数:Each letter and each word is important for your writing.Every letter and every word is written neatly by her.特
31、别提示:但下列情况依据毗邻原则。Every letter and all words are written neatly by her.All letters and the whole article is written neatly by her.,11)量词结构作主语时对动词单复数的要求 量词结构修饰主语时,要依据该结构后边名词的单复数确定动词的单复数:A lot of water is needed.A lot of words have been leant.特别提示:短语、句子作主语时,把这些短语和句子看作名词成分后,仍依据上述各规则。Both reading books an
32、d writing articles are good for your English study.Neither he got there nor he didnt get there was nothing helpful for solving the problem.,题例:,1.Measles(麻疹)_ a long time to get over.A.spend B.spends C.take D.takes 正确答案是D。从词形上看,主语有S,但它只是疾病名称的术语词形,并非复数。解答此题的关键是要认识主语的生词。本题考核点是词义辨析。从词义看,spend和take都是花费、
33、占用时间,但内涵上,spend是主观上主动花费时间去做事,而take是客观上不得不被占用时间。,2.What we have done is far from_.A.satisfactory B.satisfied C.satisfaction D.satisfy 正确答案是C。本题考核介词宾语词性的运用。空缺处前边是介词from,其后边必须接名词性的词,由此排除掉答案A,B和D(前两个是形容词,后者是动词)。,3.Both the kids and their parents _ English,I think.I know it from their accent.A.is B.been
34、C.are D.was 正确答案是C。本题考核点是主语和谓语单复数的一致性。句中的both and结构,要求动词用复数形式,因此选答案C。答案A和D均是单数,且D的时态不对;答案B是动词的过去分词,结构不完整,即使完整也不符合句子的时态要求。,4.Eggs,though rich in nourishments,have _ of fat.A.a large number B.the large number C.a large amount D.the large amount 正确答案是C。本题考核点是不可数名词的量词结构。答案A和B中的number一词用于修饰可数名词。答案C和D中的am
35、ount用于修饰不可数名词。但答案B和D中均用了定冠词,不符合量词结构要求。只有答案C从用词和结构上均符合要求。,5)Two thousand dollars _ enough for the car.A.being B.were C.are D.is 正确答案是D。本题考核点是合成名词作主语时的单复数处理。句中的dollars尽管具有复数形式,但根据该句的逻辑关系,该词只是复合名词的一个组成部分,和前边的数量词共同组成一个单一的整体,因此性质为单数,应选答案D。答案A是非谓语动词;答案B需要有表示过去时态的状语。,6)She has two best friends._ of them is
36、 in the country.A.All B.Both C.None D.Neither 正确答案是D。本题考核点是不定代词数的性质及与动词的一致性。答案A的all和可数名词连用时为复数性质;答案B的both指两个单数的集合,为复数性质;答案C的none是单数性质,但只用在三个及以上的集合中进行逐个否定。只有答案D的neither是单数性质,用在两者中的逐个否定。题干第二句中动词是is,前一句有表明是两者,因此选用neither。,7)Neither John _ his father was able to wake up early enough to catch the morning
37、 train.A.nor B.or C.but D.and 正确答案是A。本题考核点是否定式连词neithernor的运用。题干中句首已有neither,与其配套的必须是也具有否定含义的nor。答案C和D无这种搭配关系。答案B是肯定形式,不能和neither连用。,8)The young _ interested in pop music.A.is B.have C.has D.are 正确答案是D。本题考核点是集合名词的复数内涵。young一词本来是形容词,加上定冠词后转化为名词,本句中没有任何时间和地点状语,说明指的是一般普遍事物,这样主语young就应该看作是集合名词,表示“年轻人”这一
38、类人。由于其内涵是复数,所以只有答案D符合要求。答案B是复数,但和interested in无搭配关系。,9)Mathematics _study or science of numbers.A.isB.areC.wasD.were 正确答案是A。本题考核的是学科名称属单数性质,以及阐述客观事实或规律时要用一般现在时这样两个知识点。mathematics尽管有s,它只是学科名称的一种词形规则,并不代表复数。句子讲的是客观事实。所以用一般现在时即可。(另见教材19页小测验),二、代词(教材39页),代词,人称代词,物主代词,反身代词,相互代词,指示代词,疑问代词,关系代词,不定代词,主格,宾格,
39、形容词性物主代词,名词性物主代词,英语代词的类型,注:疑问代词和关系代词中有些词是同形的,但语法功能不同。,人称代词:用来指代人、事、物的名称的词,具有名词性质。,主格用作主语;宾格用作宾语。,反身代词:用来表示“某某自己”的代词,用来强调动作是由主语自己所做或所承受。,物主代词:表示被修饰的名词的归属性,即表示“某人的”这种所有关系。物主代词分为形容词性和名词性两种。形容词性的只能用来修饰名词,不能直接当名词用;名词性的本身就是名词,可以当名词用,但不能当形容词去修饰别的名词。,名词性物主代词,形容词性物主代词,指示代词:就是表示“这个”、“那个”、“这些”、“那些”的代词。指示代词兼有名词
40、和形容词性质。,特别提示:定冠词the就是这些指示代词的弱化形式,凡是无需专门强调指示代词,都可以用the替代。,相互代词:只有两个,即one another 和 each other。不定代词:用来指代不确定的人、事、物,通常是单数性质。包括两类:,特别提示:上述这些不定代词被形容词修饰时,形容词需置于其后,如 something interesting。,几种不定代词强调数量时的程度感:The most 绝大多数 100%most 大多数 75%many 许多 50%some 一些 25%a little(few)一点(几个)5%little(few)几乎没有 0any 任何一点(一些)n
41、one(not any)根本没有,疑问代词:,关系代词:属于引导定语从句的关联词,指代主句中被该从句修饰的先行词(也可称作核心名词),并在从句中担当某个成分。,考点1:名词性物主代词的使用。例:May I use your bike for a moment?_ is being repaired.itB.meC.myD.mine考点2:物主代词与定冠词同时修饰名词时的正确用法。例:误:the my book 正:the book of mine考点3:不定代词数的确定。例:Everyone should mind _ own business.A.His or her B.theyC.one
42、sD.theirs,考点4:it 在句子中作形式主语或形式宾语例:1._ is hard for us to remember so many new words.A.TheyB.ThatC.ItD.Those 2.He told _ to us that the teacher was coming.A.whichB.itC.whatD.those,考点5:人称代词与连词同用时对谓语动词的影响:例:1.She,he and I are all students.(在口语中多个人称代词并用且其后没有其他成分时 i 可换成me)。2.Neither he nor I am going there
43、.,考点6:不定代词和动词的搭配或呼应:Someone is waiting for you at the school gate.(陈述句,单数性质)Is there anyone in the room?(疑问句,单数性质)There is nobody in the room.(否定句,单数性质)There are somebody playing basketball on the ground.(陈述句,复数性质)There is not any(no)water in the bottle.(否定句,不可数用单数),I forgot to take my wallet.Have y
44、ou got any?(用于问句)No,I havent got any,either.(用在否定句中)Oh,I have got some.I can lend it to you.(用在肯定句中,表示不可数时用单数),None of them know(s)the news.(单复数均可,单数强调个体,复数强调整体)All of us are eager to know it.(复数性质)Each of us is eager to know it.(单数性质)None of us is eager to know it.(单数性质)Both of us are eager to know
45、 it.(复数性质)Neither of us is eager to know it.(单数性质),考点7:other,the other,another,others 的选用:other:形容词性质,用于复数名词,表示“其他的、别的”,;例:This one is not workable.I must find other ways.another:兼有单数名词和形容词性质,表示“任意的另一个”;例:This road is blocked.We should find another.This story is too old.Tell me another new one.the o
46、ther:单数名词性质,表示“两者中的另一个”;例:I have two house.One is in Shenzhen,the other in Beijing.others:名词复数性质,表示“其他的人(事、物)、别人”;例:This is a confidential thing.Please never tell others.This room is for you,and that one is for others.,考点8:疑问句中使用不同不定代词时内涵的变化例:Do you know any people here?你认识这里任何一个人吗?Do you know many
47、people here?你认识这里很多人吗?Do you know some people here?你认识这里一些人吗?,考点9:同级比较句中两端的人称代词的一致性 比较句型最需要注意的是,比较结构两端的被比较成分必须在词性、语法功能上保持一致。例:误:My pet dog is as pretty as you.正:My pet dog is as pretty as yours.误:He studies as hard as you.正:He studies as hard as you do.(注:上例的副词同级比较,口语中可省略后边的动词),考点10:相互代词的选用例:Two of
48、them helped _ and won together high scores.one another B.each otherC.Another D.others 答案C和D不是相互代词。答案A是任何三者以上中的“互相”。each other 是两者之间的“互相”。,考点11:some及some of 结构与主语名词数的关系Some students are going to party.(主语可数)Some water is flowing there.(主语不可数)There are some of books on the table.(主语可数)There is some of
49、 milk in the bottle.(主语不可数)上述各例中some和some of均起着形容词的作用。,考点12:用every 表达“每隔”的含义every three days 每隔三天every ten months 每隔十个月every the other day 每隔一天考点13:some和others的连用 在写作中可以用这个结构表达“一些,还有一些”的含义。如:Some are from Europe,and others from Africa,still others even from Asia.,考点14:不定代词和of搭配时对主语名词数的限定some of 主语名词
50、(可数或不可数均可)any of 主语名词(一般用于可数)none of 主语名词(一般用于可数,动词单复数均可)many of 主语名词(需可数)much of 主语名词(需不可数)(a)few of 主语名词(需可数)(a)little of 主语名词(需不可数)both(either,neither)of(均需可数,用不可数名词并加s时则表示种类。both表示两者“一起都”,either表示两者“分别都”,neither表示两者“分别都不”)all of 主语名词(需可数。用于不可数名词时不能有of并需加上定冠词the)如:all the water in the cup,考点15:ma