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1、Technical English,For Information and Communication Engineering 2023/9/16,Unit Five,National Security in the Information Age,2,概述,知识经济和信息时代信息时代的特征Toffler的第三次浪潮理论信息时代国家安全概念的变化和面临的问题,3,4,5,会改变而且确实变了,后工业化社会中国家安全概念的改变,Conceptions of national security can and do change.A series of new threats to the nati
2、onal security have developed with the transition into the Information Age.New technological developments and an increased reliance on computer-based technology will cause a shift in conceptions of national security for the post-industrial societies.,Unit 5,6,信息基础设施遭到新型攻击技术的破坏、修改，或陷入瘫痪的危险,在崩溃和灾难来临之前大
3、系统的易受攻击性几乎不被人们注意,Nations face the danger of having their information infrastructures destroyed,altered,or incapacitated by new offensive technologies.Accordingly,grand strategies must integrate these new threats and vulnerabilities into their general framework.Although Eugene Skolnikoff argues that
4、the vulnerability of large systems is rarely noticed until disruption or catastrophe occurs,these issues must be dealt with to minimize their economic and political costs.,Unit 5,7,它将如何影响国家和国际政治关系,新技术带来的威胁,说明这些技术以往是如何被利用来威胁社会安全的,Scientists and political leaders must recognize and examine the threats
5、 posed by new technology and how it will affect both national and international political relationships.Here we provide an introduction to these new technologies and suggests ways they have been utilized in the past to threaten security of the society.,Unit 5,8,最后以提出若干政策建议作为结论，在过渡到新的国家安全计划的时期对政策制订者提
6、供协助,它是如何与以往改变基本面貌的重大技术相联系的,是如何在传统的现实主义或自由主义国家安全学派内部进行分析和讨论的,Unit 5,其吸引力和威慑力是什么,The threat is also placed in a theoretical political context by examining how it relates to paradigm-shifting technologies of the past,what its attractions and deterrents are,and how it would be analyzed and addressed wit
7、hin traditional realist/liberal national security schools.1 It concludes with policy prescriptions to assist policy makers in the transition to a new national security agenda.,9,Unit 5,政策制定者和分析人士现在刚刚开始了解政府和政治生活最终会受到信息革命怎样的影响,The need for work in this area is great.Very little work has been done to e
8、xamine security issues related to information technology.David Ronfeldt argues that“with few exceptions,policy makers and analysts are just beginning to discern how government and politics may ultimately be affected by the information revolution.”,10,将它们组织在一起，揭示国家安全隐患并指出对此我们可以做些什么,As a result,we wil
9、l draw from a wide range of material that has been taken from multiple disciplines and weaves it all to reveal national security vulnerabilities and what can be done about them.2,Unit 5,从来自多学科的广泛材料中吸取素材,11,社会发展的模式遵循一系列的浪潮，每一次都比前一次的时间跨度更小,The world is making a transition to a new age.Alvin Toffler re
10、ferred to this transition as the Third Wave,in his 1980 book of the same title.According to Toffler,the pattern of societal development follows a series of waves,each of a lesser time span than the previous.,Unit 5,12,其中每一次都将以往的文化或文明冲刷干净，代之以过去难以想象的生活方式,第三次浪潮将在几十年时间里席卷历史，完成它的进程,Toffler writes:Until n
11、ow the human race has undergone two great waves of change,each one largely obliterating earlier cultures or civilizations and replacing them with ways of life inconceivable to those who came before.3 The First Wave of change the agricultural revolution took thousands of years to play itself out.The
12、Second Wave the rise of industrial civilization took a mere three hundred years.Today,history is even more accelerative,and it is likely that the Third Wave will sweep across history and complete itself in a few decades.,Unit 5,13,他所预言的社会革命如今已经得到认同，被称为信息革命,Tofflers predictions about the coming Third
13、 Wave were written over fifteen years ago,and the societal revolution he predicted is readily acknowledged today as the Information Revolution.,Unit 5,14,以工业为基础的职业的衰落看上去与当初由第一次到第二次浪潮转换期间农业职业的衰落很相像,This terminology is used by many political leaders to describe the transition to a knowledge based econ
14、omy.Various scholars argue that some developed countries have already made the transition into the Information Age and a majority of our jobs are already knowledge-based.In fact the decline in industrial based jobs looks similar to the decline in agricultural jobs brought about by the transition fro
15、m the First to the Second Wave.The swell of the Third Wave is already visible and its crest no longer unimaginable.,Unit 5,15,从这一次阅读中,If this Sunday,anyone were to sit down and read the entire New York Times,he/she would absorb more information in that one reading than the average person absorbed in
16、 a lifetime in Thomas Jeffersons Day.,Unit 5,16,使普通人能拥有像圣经那样以往难得一见的文字材料,这减少了对文字解释的等级制权威的依赖,Information revolutions are not new.Gutenbergs printing press launched an information revolution over five hundred years ago.His invention allowed for the mass distribution of information,permitting common men
17、 to possess otherwise scarce texts like the Bible.4 This created less reliance on hierarchical sources of authority for interpretation of texts and granted anyone with the resources to operate a printing press access to large audiences.5,Unit 5,17,提供了一种可能的空间，使人们的思想和身体得以转换功能从而使过去用体力进行的工作今后变成通过文化（智力）的
18、方式来实现,To take the argument even further,author Kevin Kelly argues that cultural advances,like the printing press“prepared a possibility space that allowed human minds and bodies to shift so that some of what it once did biologically would afterwards be done culturally.”6 Under this view,the printing
19、 press served a dual purpose.,Unit 5,18,减少大脑需要记忆的信息量,It revolutionized the way human beings interact and it contributed to our evolution by decreasing the amount of information our minds needed to store.In this regard,the Information Revolution is similar to the printing revolution.Computers increas
20、e our capacity to store and search for information externally.,Unit 5,19,人们只要想一想 所带来的变化就能了解,Other mediums of communication might be considered revolutionary as well.One need only think of the changes brought about by the invention of the telephone,radio,and television to realize that information rev
21、olutions have their place in history.Each of these technologies increased our capacity to communicate over great distances.,Unit 5,20,这一信息革命是如何先前不同的呢？,In some cases,the communication took place over physical cables,and in other cases the communication took place over frequency waves with no physical
22、 connection required.How does this information revolution promise to be different?,Unit 5,21,在极短的时间里访问、分发以及存储大得不可思议的信息量的能力,在任何有标准电话线或蜂窝式电话覆盖的地方,Unit 5,The difference is our increased ability to access,distribute and store incredibly large quantities of information in very little time.It is now possi
23、ble to send the entire Encyclopedia Britanica across the country in about two seconds.Access to large quantities of information through electronic communications is a realizable goal anywhere there is access to a standard phone line or cellular cell.,22,万维网（WWW）则经历着每年314,634%的增长率,以每月25%的速率增长,In the
24、near future,a series of low orbit satellites will allow electronic communications technology to be utilized from any location on earth.In addition to this,the Internet,currently the worlds information backbone,is increasing at a rate of twenty-five percent per month and the World Wide Web has been e
25、xperiencing growth rates of 341,634 percent per year.,Unit 5,23,劳动力在一个属于第三次浪潮的国家里变成了知识型的,With this increase in interconnectivity and information resources,the labor force of a Third Wave nation becomes knowledge-based.Peter Drucker writes:,Unit 5,24,财富创造的核心将既不是用于生产的资本配置，也不是劳动力,十九世纪和二十世纪经济理论中无论是经典派，马
26、克思主义，凯恩斯学派，还是新经典主义的两个基本要素,The basic economic resource“the means of production,”to use the economists term is no longer capital,nor natural resources,nor labor.It is and will be knowledge.The central wealth making activities will be neither the allocation of capital to productive uses,nor labor the t
27、wo poles of nineteenth and twentieth century economic theory,whether classical,Marxist,Keynesian,or neo-classical.7,Unit 5,25,价值是由劳动生产率和创新所创造的，这两者都是知识在工作中的应用,知识社会的领导集团将是知识的生产者和知识的管理者，他们知道如何配置知识得到高的产出,Value is now created by productivity and innovation,both applications of knowledge to work.The leadi
28、ng social groups of the knowledge society will be knowledge workers and knowledge executives who know how to allocate knowledge to productive use,just as the capitalists knew how to allocate capital to productive use.Yet,unlike the employees under Capitalism,they will own both the means of productio
29、n and the tools of production.,Unit 5,26,表达过类似的意见,后工业时代的关键点在于知识和信息成为社会中战略和改造的源泉,Other scholars have expressed similar sentiments.Daniel Bell echoes Druckers argument when he proposes that“the crucial point about a post-industrial society is that knowledge and information become the strategic and tra
30、nsforming resources of the society,just as capital and labor have been the strategic and transforming resources of the industrial society.”,Unit 5,27,Unit 5,资金或者是资金的物理代表形式,The key financial institutions of knowledge-based societies also become information-based.Today,a majority of the financial tran
31、sactions in many countries do not involve the physical transfer of capital or physical representations of money such as gold or currency,but rather the transfer of information.For example,when money is loaned between institutions no physical transfer of funds takes place.Instead,the informational re
32、presentation of money is exchanged.,28,在工业社会里人们关心 而信息社会必须关注,Unit 5,Information now represents money and“finance no longer has anything to do with money,but with information.”Whereas industrial societies were concerned with protecting physical capital and providing safe routes for the transport of re
33、sources,information societies must be concerned with protecting information and the transfer of information.,29,=Whereas,Where the destruction of bridges was a threat to the national security of an industrial society,the destruction of information networks,especially those involved with financial tr
34、ansactions,is a threat to the national security of information societies.,Unit 5,30,Unit 5,过去一百年的政治学围绕着工业时代的技术,为信息时代而策划设计的一本名字起得恰到好处的杂志互联（Wired）在它的创刊号上关于新技术的出现发表了以下的论述：,This is the nature of conflict of the Information Age.While the politics of the last one hundred years centered around Industrial A
35、ge technology,the politics of the future will be based on Information Age concerns oriented towards the storage,protection and exchange of information.8 The premiere issue of the magazine designed for the Information Age,appropriately named Wired,had this to say about the emergence of new technology
36、:,31,Unit 5,改造和重新构建社会的相互依存关系以及我们个人生活的每一个方面,迫使我们重新考虑和估价以往想当然是正确的实际上每一种思想，每一个行动，每一项制度,The medium,or process,of our time electronic technology is reshaping and restructuring patterns of social interdependence and every aspect of our personal life.It is forcing us to reconsider and re-evaluate practical
37、ly every thought,every action,and every institution formerly taken for granted.,32,Unit 5,随着信息时代的到来，出现了对社会基本结构的新威胁,这种脆弱性导致政治抉择的困难，而只要我们想不断跟上第三次浪潮的大流就要面对这种抉择,Our purpose is to take this concept one step further.We will demonstrate that with the Information Age come new threats to the infrastructure o
38、f the society.Our reliance on computer technology and the quick transition into a knowledge-based economy have left us vulnerable to attack,and that vulnerability creates difficult political dilemmas that must be dealt with should we wish to continue following the currents of the Third Wave.9,33,Uni
39、t 5,一种基于对信息基础设施恶意攻击的冲突新形式,这种新形式是如何很快地发展起来威胁到第三次浪潮国家的安全的,On this account,the following issues must be further studied.First,a new paradigm for conflicts based upon hostile attacks against information infrastructures and how this new paradigm is rapidly developing to threaten the security of Third Wav
40、e nations must be considered.,34,考察对于那些为攻击目的而利用新技术的国家，我们所具有的优势和威慑力,可以从现实主义和自由主义观点来进行考察，推测各方会如何应对确认的国家安全威胁,This issue should be placed in a theoretical context by examining the political advantages and deterrents to nations utilizing the capabilities of new technology for offensive purposes.This can
41、be examined from both the realist and liberal perspective to speculate how each side would respond to the acknowledged national security threat.,Unit 5,35,将这些考虑与总体战略框架结合起来,Unit 5,需要揭示与历史上技术发展的相似性，将它与新技术进行对比，,以做出关于这些新技术会对未来产生的战略冲击的假设,Similarities to historical technological developments need to be ex
42、plored and contrasted with new technology to develop hypotheses regarding the future strategic impacts that these new technologies will have.10 Finally prescriptions and solutions may be proposed for integrating these concerns into the framework of a grand strategy in order to decrease the security
43、threat and facilitate international cooperation in this area.,36,结合课文的思考题,What is the Third Wave?What is the major threat an information society faces?What was the role capitals played in an industrialized nation?How do financial transactions take place in the information age?,37,At the present,stat
44、e of the art microwave amplifiers and oscillator tubes can operate in a frequency range up to 40GHz and solid-state microwave devices up to 100GHz.A.recent and most advanced B.high tech related C.sophisticated D.artistically manufactured,Exercises,38,Exercises,If you are unable to separate man from
45、machine then,Turing says,we will have to attribute intelligence to the computer.A.to make an intelligent computer B.to consider the computer as being intelligent C.to contribute to the computer with intelligence D.to let the computer have intelligence,39,Exercises,As DoD urgently wanted military com
46、mand and control networks that could survive a nuclear war,ARPA was charged with inventing a technology that could get data to its destination reliably even if arbitrary part of the network disappeared as a result of a nuclear attack.DoD urgently needed networks of military command and control that
47、would not be crippled in a nuclear war DoD urgently needed both the military command and the control networks that could save a nuclear war DoD desperately wanted the ability of commanding and controlling the networks in case of a nuclear war DoD eagerly wanted to make military command,and to contro
48、l the network so that they could keep working in a nuclear war,40,Exercises,The public telephone network,which,it should be remembered,is based mostly upon outdated technology,is currently being pressed for a tremendous expansion both in capacity and in the facilities provided.公众电话网目前正受到压力要在容量和所提供的功
49、能方面有一个巨大的扩展，而应当记住，这一电话网大部分是建立在过时的技术基础上的。,41,Exercises,Operation of the radar is based on the measurement of the time it takes for a pulse transmitted from an antenna to get reflected by the object to be detected and to return at the antenna and the receiver.雷达的工作是基于对天线发出的脉冲被所要探测的目标反射，（然后）回到天线和接收机所需时
50、间的测量。,42,Exercises,During an experiment in December 1947,two closely spaced gold-wire probes were pressed into the surface of a germanium crystal.It was found that the voltage output at the collector probe with respect to the base was greater than the input to the emitter probe.It was immediately re
