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1、English for Safety engineering,6 Hazard Reduction Precedence,减少危害的优先次序,-English for Safety Engineering-,Translation paragraph 11,6.4 Special Procedures and Training 6.4专门程序和训练If warning devices are not sufficient to control the hazard or mitigate its consequences,then special procedures and training
2、 are required.如果警报装置不能充分的控制危害或者减轻其结果，那么就要采取专门的程序和训练了。Because people tend to make mistakes much more often under stressful conditions,this obviously is the least desirable method of risk mitigation.因为在紧张状态下，人们经常容易出错，专门的程序和训练就明显地成为减轻风险的最后的选择方法。,-English for Safety Engineering-,Translation paragraph 11
3、,Special procedures can be anything from emergency shutdown procedures when there is a fire in the facility to emergency response actions resulting from a hazardous material spill,such as an overturned tanker truck leaking anhydrous ammonia.专门的程序可以是任何事情，从设备发生火灾时的紧急停工程序，到由于危险物品泄漏，如翻到的油罐车中无水氨泄漏，而进行的紧急
4、响应行动，都是属于专门的程序。,-English for Safety Engineering-,Translation paragraph 11,Of course,like any new system,special procedures should be tested and periodically verified to assure their efficiency.当然，就像任何一个新系统一样，专门的程序必须通过测试和定时校验以保证它们的有效性。,English for Safety engineering,英语否定形式的译法,-English for Safety Engi
5、neering-,英语否定形式的译法,本节主要论述如何正确理解否定的句法手段或词汇手段，确定否定对象和范围，并简要阐述部分否定、全部否定、几乎否定、双重否定、形式否定、意义否定、带前缀否定、否定的转移、常见否定短语等的翻译方法。,-English for Safety Engineering-,1、否定对象和范围,1）否定对象例1The plane did not land in good condition.这架飞机着陆时状况不太好。（英语原文否定词not 否定的是谓语，而汉语译文否定的是补语in good condition）例2Mathematics and the military a
6、re not new acquaintances.数学和军方绝不是初次相识。（英语原文否定词not 否定的是定语new，而汉语译文否定的却是状语“初次”）,-English for Safety Engineering-,1、否定对象和范围,1）否定对象例3The Nazis had not instantly withdrawn from Africa or Sicily merely because of threats to their rear.纳粹过去并没有仅仅由于后方受到威胁而立即从非洲和西西里岛撤走。（疑问中否定词not 变为修饰副词merely because of）,-Eng
7、lish for Safety Engineering-,1、否定对象和范围,1）否定对象例4Some special interest groups,like the ELV(Earth Launch Vehicle)community for example,are going to lobby not to let us do it because they dont want to see us enter the commercial marketplace.launch vehicle 运载火箭；一些特殊利益集团，如地球运载火箭联盟，正在四处活动，企图阻止我们实施计划，因为他们不想
8、看到我们进入商业市场。,-English for Safety Engineering-,1、否定对象和范围,1）否定对象例5Applique system,however,still do not have the capacity to link with state-of-the-art systems like the M1A2 Abrams tank and the AH-64D Apache Longbow attack helicopter.然而，镶嵌式系统并不具备能力与诸如M1A2“艾布拉姆斯”坦克和AH64D“阿帕奇长弓”战斗直升机等最新型的系统联网。state-of-the
9、-art adj.达到最新技术发展水平的 state-of-the-art weaponry 达到最新技术发展水平的武器,-English for Safety Engineering-,1、否定对象和范围,2）否定范围例1There isnt any established theory,or even a generally believed one,about how people store and retrieve information when they need it.Established adj.已制定的,确定的 Retrieve v.重新得到 n.找回对人们如何在需要时储
10、存及检索信息，目前尚无任何确定的理论，甚至还没有一种公认的理论。（虽然英语中否定词只出现一次，而译成汉语是要扩展否定范围，否定两个短句。）,-English for Safety Engineering-,1、否定对象和范围,2）否定范围例2It resembles the familiar clash in wealthy industrialized democracies between security advocates and businessmen over the export of high-technology goods that are available commer
11、cially,but dangerous militarily if not licensed and kept out of the wrong hands.这类似于我们很熟悉的冲突，即在富裕的工业化民主国家中，在高技术产品出口问题上，如果不办理许可证，又摆脱不了海外危险势力的染指，那么这些产品虽然在商业上都是现成的，而在军事上却很危险，这就引起了主张以国家安全为重的人士与商人之间的矛盾。,-English for Safety Engineering-,1、否定对象和范围,2）否定范围例3Without timely and accurate details of the enemys l
12、ocation,strength,and intentions,as well as knowledge of operational forces,the commanders ability to fight battles would be severely restricted.如果指挥员不能及时准确地了解敌人所在部位、实力和意图，又不了解作战部队，指挥员的作战能力会受到严重制约。（虽然英语中Without只出现一次，而译成汉语是要扩展否定范围，否定两个短句。）,-English for Safety Engineering-,2、部分否定,有些不定代词如all,everything,
13、both 及有些副词如always,wholly 等，看上去似乎是“全部，所有，每一个”的含义，但与否定词连用时，表示的概念是“否定整体中的一部分”，而不是“全部否定”，翻译成中文时应为“并非所有”，“并不都”等。例1 Both of the instruments are not precision ones.这两台仪器并非都精密。,-English for Safety Engineering-,2、部分否定,例2Technology in every case has not demonstrated enough maturity to support Army needs,and t
14、he daunting amount of training required to operate many information-age systems has prompted leaders to postpone some initiative.并非在所有情况下，技术都能表明其已成熟到足以支持美国陆军的需要，而且很多信息时代的系统的运作所需要的训练量大得令人却步，以致促使一些领导人推迟一些创意的实施。,-English for Safety Engineering-,2、部分否定,例3All isotopes cannot be manufactured in this way.并
15、非所有的同位素都可以这样制造。例4Not each transistor in the control room is out of order.在控制室例的晶体管并非每个都是坏的。例5Such a mineral substance will not be found everywhere.这样的矿物质并非到处都能找到。,-English for Safety Engineering-,3、全部否定,英语中用来表示全部否定意义，一般有如下一些词：no,none,nobody,nothing,nowhere,never,neither等。None of these metals have co
16、nductivity higher than copper.这些金属的导电率都不及铜高。Neither of the books is of any use to me.两本书中哪本对我也没用。Neither a positive charge,nor a negative the neutron has.中子既不带正电荷，也不带负电荷。,-English for Safety Engineering-,3、全部否定,At least nowadays,there is no way to harness the energy of fusion.至少目前还没有办法利用聚变能。fusion熔化
17、,熔解,熔合,熔接 fusion energy核聚变能No body can be set in motion without having a force act upon it.如果在物体上不施加力，任何物体都不可能运动。Nothing in the world moves faster than light.世界上没有任何东西比光传得更快了。,-English for Safety Engineering-,3、全部否定,Nowhere in nature is aluminum found free,owing to its always being combined with oth
18、er elements,most commonly with oxygen.owing to由于,因.之缘故由于铝总是和其他元素结合在一起，最常见的是和氧结合，因此在自然界根本找不到游离态的铝。,-English for Safety Engineering-,4、准否定,在英语中表示“几乎不”、“几乎没有”等准否定意义时，常使用“hardly,barely,scarcely，seldom,few，little”等。例1The US has well-developed and successful offensive command and control warfare(C2W),elec
19、tronic warfare(EW),and other information warfare(IW)capacities,but these can hardly be characterized as“strategic”.美国拥有健全和成功的进攻性指挥与控制战(C2W)、电子战(EW)和其他信息战(IW)的能力，但这些几乎不能被称做“战略性的”,-English for Safety Engineering-,4、准否定,例2What is a plastic?There are many definitions,but few are really satisfactory.什么是塑
20、料？定义有很多，但几乎任何一种都不真正令人满意。例3The earliest forms of jet-propulsion had little ability to function at rest,in view of the absence of any means of air-compression.in view of 考虑到,由于最早的喷气发动机由于缺乏空气压缩手段，静止时几乎没有工作能力。,-English for Safety Engineering-,4、准否定,例4We could hardly slow down the process of fusion enoug
21、h for any other purpose.我们几乎不能将聚变过程减慢到足以用于其他目的。例5Barely any of our present batteries would be satisfactory enough to drive the electric train fast and at a reasonable cost.我们现有的蓄电池几乎都不足以保证电气火车快速而经济高效的运行。,-English for Safety Engineering-,5、双重否定,双重否定是一种注重修辞作用的语法结构，也就是两个否定意义的词在同一个句子里出现而构成双重否定的语言现象，即否定之
22、否定。双重否定将整个句子变成了强势的肯定。在翻译时，既可译成双重否定，也可译成肯定。例1If it were not enough acceleration,the earth satellite would not get into space.要是没有足够的加速度，地球卫星是不能进入太空的。,-English for Safety Engineering-,5、双重否定,例2Without participating in proficiency testing they would not have identified these opportunities for improveme
23、nt,as the errors have been present in their process for a long period of time.Proficiency n.熟练,精通,熟练程度如果不参加水平测试，他们本来是发现不了这些加以改进的机会，因为长期以来在他们的测试过程中一直存在着这样的错误。,-English for Safety Engineering-,5、双重否定,例3There is no way the shuttle could ever be operated as a purely commercial vehicle without any Nation
24、al Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA)funding.如果没有美国宇航局的任何资助，航天飞机根本不可能作为一种纯商业航天器运行。,-English for Safety Engineering-,5、双重否定,例4In short,microwaves can only travel in straight line.Without a series of relay towers,it is impossible for them to send message over long distances to remote places.总之
25、，微波只能以直线方式传播，要是没有一系列的转播塔，微波就不能越过漫长的距离，将消息传递到远方。例5Hardly a modern industry exists without some dependence on a filtering operation.任何一种现代化工业几乎都程度不同的与过滤技术有关。,-English for Safety Engineering-,6形式否定,有的英语句子在形式上是否定的，而在意义上却并不表示否定，译成汉语时，可译为肯定句。例1Not until the invention of the high altitude rocket did the di
26、rect study of the upper atmosphere become possible.直到发明高空火箭后，才有可能直接研究上层大气。,-English for Safety Engineering-,6形式否定,例2A program written in one of these languages is often called a source program,and it cannot be directly processed by the computer until it has been compiled,which means interpreted into
27、 machine code.用这些高级语言编写的程序通常称做源程序，只有在编译（即翻译为机器代码）后才能有计算机来直接处理。,-English for Safety Engineering-,6形式否定,例3You can not be too careful in doing experiment.做试验越细心越好。例4You can never be careful enough.再仔细也不过分。例5We cant help admiring Madam Curie for her great achievements in science research.我们对居里夫人在科学研究方面的
28、所取得的成就不胜钦佩。,-English for Safety Engineering-,7、意义上的否定,英语中有些词和词组的意义上包含有否定语气，但从字面上看不像否定词。1）动词2）名词3）形容词4）副词5)连词6）介词7）其他词组,-English for Safety Engineering-,7、意义上的否定,1）动词fail 失败，不成，缺乏；lake 缺乏，不足；deny 否认，拒绝；ignore 忽视，不理睬exclude 排除，拒绝；refuse 拒绝；overlook忽略，忽视；miss 失败错过The experiment failed of success.实验没有成功
29、。The value of loss in this equation is so small that we can overlook it.在此方程中，损耗值太小，可以忽略不计。,-English for Safety Engineering-,7、意义上的否定,2）名词neglect 忽略；ignorance 无知；scarcity 缺乏，不足；absence 缺少；缺席；exclusion除外The garden was in a state of neglect.这花园处于没人管的状态。I was in total ignorance.我全然不知。,-English for Safe
30、ty Engineering-,7、意义上的否定,3）形容词free from 免于，没有；far from 远非；few 几乎没有 last 最不可能的 little 几乎没有 short of 缺少These elements are shielded so that they are free from the influence of magnetic field.这些元件已加屏蔽，因此不受磁场影响。,-English for Safety Engineering-,7、意义上的否定,3）形容词Ocean-going ships,equipped with the radar,are
31、safe from collision with other ships or ice-bergs.远洋船装上雷达后，能避免与其他船或冰山相撞。Pure metals have few useful properties.纯金属几乎没有可取的特性。This equation is far from being complicated.这个方程一点也不复杂。He is the last person to tell a lie.他是最不可能说谎的人。,-English for Safety Engineering-,7、意义上的否定,4）副词Barely scarcely hardly only
32、 seldom 5)连词Unless 除非，如果不；rather than 而不是until 直到 nor 也不；but that要不是，若非Unless there is motion,there is no work.如果没有运动，也就不做功。The speed of lifting should be fast rather than slow.上升的速度应该是快的而不是慢的。Glass cannot conduct electricity,nor can rubber.玻璃不导电，橡胶也不导电。,-English for Safety Engineering-,7、意义上的否定,6）介
33、词Without 没有 in stead of 代替，而不是above 在以上 expect 除之外 in place of 代替，用而不用 beyond 超过 out of 在之外，脱离，缺乏In a rocket,the jet is formed by burning chemicals within the engine without external air supply.火箭是利用发动机内部燃烧化学物质而形成喷气，无需外部供应空气。,-English for Safety Engineering-,7、意义上的否定,6）介词We found Beijing changed bey
34、ond recognition.我们发现北京变了，让人认不得了。beyond all comparison 无可比拟beyond all hope 没有希望，绝望beyond belief 难以置信beyond comprehension 不可理解beyond dispute 无可争论beyond control 不受约束，不受控制beyond doubt 无疑beyond expression 难以言喻beyond expectation 出乎意料，不料,-English for Safety Engineering-,7、意义上的否定,6）介词On freezing water expan
35、ds instead of contracts.水在结冰时膨胀而不是收缩。The machine seems out of gear.机器似乎出故障了。out of balance 不平衡，失去平衡out of operation 不运转out of gear 齿轮脱开,失常;混乱，发生故障out of fashion 过时，陈旧out of step 不同步out of repair 失修,-English for Safety Engineering-,7、意义上的否定,7）其他词组keep(save,protect,prevent)from 使不受，避开，阻止anything but 绝
36、不是but for 如果没有，若非，要不是 Keep the petroleum from the fire.It will burst into flame.别让石油靠近火，否则就会烧起来。As rubber prevents electricity from passing through it,it is used as insulating material.橡胶不导电，所以用做绝缘材料。,-English for Safety Engineering-,8、带前缀、后缀的否定,-English for Safety Engineering-,9常见的否定短语的翻译,At no tim
37、e 从来没有；by no means(under no circumstances;in no account)决不Come to nothing 毫无结果 have nothing in common 与毫无共同之处Make no difference 没有关系；没有影响，都一样More often than not 多半，通常，时常Not a bit 一点也不,-English for Safety Engineering-,9常见的否定短语的翻译,not a quarter 远不是，完全不是Not amount too much 没有什么了不起Not to speak of 更不用说，当然Nothing but,nothing else but(than),nothing less than 只不过是，不外是Spare no pains 不遗余力To say nothing of 更不用说了There is no(little)doubt 毫无疑问,
