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1、,Personal Protective Equipment个体防护技术,Personal Protective Equipment个体防护用品,Last line of defense 最后一道防线Careful selection required 需仔细选择,Source:DuPont Personal Protection reproduced with permission,Class exercise课堂练习,What should be included in a PPE programme?个体防护用品程序应该包括些什么？,PPE Programmes个体防护用品程序,Basi
2、s for selection of PPE 个体防护用品Medical screening if required 如需要的话，进行医学体检Training program 培训程序Limitations 限值Proper fitting 合适的佩戴Cleaning,maintenance&storage 清洁，维护和储藏Evaluation of program 评估程序,We Need to Avoid Situations Like This!不应这样操作,Source:N Tresider-reproduce with permission,Global Harmonisation
3、of PPE?全球个体防护用品要求的统一,Currently not in place or on near horizon目前未出现或制定中Standards from:标准来自于ISO 国际标准化组织National 国家AS/NZS,BS,EN,USA,Japan,Korea etcOften different especially for respiratory通常不同 尤其对呼吸防护,Types of PPE个体防护用品类型,Head protection头部防护Eye&Face protection眼睛和脸部防护Hearing protection听力防护Respiratory
4、protection呼吸防护Hands/Gloves protection手部/手套防护Body/Clothing protection身体/衣服防护Foot protection足部防护Protection against falling防跌倒,Control of Hazardous Substances危害物质的控制,Respiratory Protective Equipment(RPE)呼吸保护装备Chemical Protective Clothing(CPC)化学防护服Gloves 手套Eye&Face 眼睛和脸部,Respiratory Protective Equipment
5、呼吸防护设备,Required when:在下列情况需要：Deficiencies in oxygen缺氧Contaminants in particulate form特别形式的污染物Contaminants in gaseous or vapour form气体或蒸气污染物,RPE-General Use Limitations呼吸防护用品 使用限制,Air purifying do NOT supply oxygen 不要直接供氧Do not use when:下列情况不能使用IDLH(Immediately Dangerous to Life&Health)立即危害生命和健康的情况Co
6、ncentrations unknown未知浓度 19%oxygen19%氧含量Unless wearing SCBA or airline/escape SCBA除非穿戴携气式呼吸器,RPE-General Use Limitations(cont)呼吸防护用品 使用限制（续）,Do not abuse or misuse respirator 要仔细使用呼吸防护Do not wear if facial seal cannot be made-beard,facial hair,etc 不要穿戴不能进行面部密封实验的防护用品 胡须，面部头发，等等Do not exceed maximum
7、use concentrations set by regulatory authorities 不要在超过规定的最大浓度情况下使用,Types of Respirators呼吸防护用品类型,Air Purifying 空气净化Air supplied 空气供应,Air Purifying Respirators净化空气的呼吸防护用品,Particulates 颗粒物Dusts,Fumes,Fibres,Mists粉尘，烟，纤维，雾Gases&Vapours 气体和蒸气Combination filters 组合过滤,Air Purifying Respirators(cont)净化空气的呼吸
8、防护用品（续）,Non powered 无动力,“Disposable”一次性,Half face piece半面罩,Full face piece全面罩,Source:3M Australia Pty Limited reproduced with permission.,Air Purifying Respirators(cont)净化空气的呼吸防护用品（续）,Powered 动力性,PAPR送风过滤式,Source:3M Australia Pty Limited reproduced with permission,Particulate Filters颗粒物过滤,Substance
9、Specific Classes e.g.asbestos,lead&Cr6+in some countries在些国家，有些物质有专门的等级，如石棉，铅和六价铬,Gas&Vapour Filters(cartridges)气体和蒸气过滤器（过滤盒）,Examples many other types有很多种类,Source:3M Australia Pty Limited reproduced with permission,Classes of Gas Filters气体过滤的分级,Increasing capacity吸收能力增加Class Auslow(shorter than Cla
10、ss 1)0级 低（比1级低）Class 1low to medium absorption capacity1级 低于中等吸收能力Class 2medium absorption capacity2级 中等吸收能力Class 3 high absorption capacity3级 高等级吸收能力,Different“Amounts&Types of Charcoal”不同数量和类型的活性炭,Source:3M Australia Pty Limited reproduced with permission,“Nuisance level organic”对有机气体无效,Class A1A1
11、级,Class A2B2E2K2P2A2B2E2K2P2级,PAPR A1B1E1P3A1B1E1P3送风滤盒,Combination Particulate&G&V Filter颗粒物、气体和蒸汽组合滤膜,Source:3M Australia Pty Limited reproduced with permission,Substance Specific Filters专用滤膜,Some Countries某些国家Vinyl chloride氯乙烯Benzene苯,Supplied Air Respirators供气式呼吸器,Deliver“breathing quality”air t
12、o the wearer将可呼吸的空气导入防护服Air hose respirator 软管式呼吸器 Airline respirator 输送管式呼吸器SCBA 携气式呼吸器,Source:Drager Safety Pacific Pty Ltd reproduced with permission,Breathing Air Quality可呼吸的空气质量,No objectionable odour 无令人厌恶的气味Not less than 19.5%and not more than 22%by volume of oxygen19.5%-22%浓度之间的氧含量Less than
13、10 ppm carbon monoxide小于10ppm的一氧化碳Less than 800 ppm of carbon dioxide小于800ppm的二氧化碳Less than 1 mg/m3 oil油雾小于1mg/m3,Protection Factor防护因子,“Ratio of outside concentration versus inside conc.”“外部和内部浓度的比率”PF=Ambient Airborne Concentration 周边空气内的浓度 Concentration Inhaled Inside the Respirator呼吸器内可供吸入的气体中 的
14、浓度,Required Minimum Protection Factor所需的最小的防护因子,But whats“acceptable”inside the respirator?呼吸器内部什么浓度才是可接受的Req Min PF（所需的最小防护因子）=Ambient Airborne Concentration（周围空气内的浓度）Acceptable Exp Level or Standard（可接受的等级或标准）,Example例子,xyz dust粉尘Concentration 0.5 mg/m3浓度 0.5mg/m3Exposure standard0.1 mg/m3接触标准 0.1
15、 mg/m3Required minimum PF=0.5/0.1=5所需的最小防护因子=5AS/NZS Tables Half face piece respirator(P1,P2 or P3 filter)半面罩呼吸器（P1,P2或P3过滤器）,Example(cont)例子（续）,If however,然而，Concentration 浓度 1.5 mg/m3Exposure standard 接触标准 0.1 mg/m3Required minimum PF=1.5/0.1=15所需最小的防护因子=15A higher level of protection is now requi
16、red需要更高的防护等级AS/NZS TablesFull face piece or PAPR全面罩或送风过滤式（澳洲/新西兰 标准）,Different“Factors”不同的因素,NO Globalization(yet)of Respirator Standards 没有全球的的呼吸防护用品的标准Differences&debates re“National Factors”不同与争论Required Minimum Protection Factor所需的最小防护因子Assigned Protection Factors指定的防护因子Nominal Protection Factor
17、s一般防护因子Workplace Protection Factors工作场所防护因子Differences within types 不同型号Differences between styles 不同风格,RPE Spectrum呼吸防护装备频谱,Source:3M Australia Pty Limited reproduced with permission,Contaminated Related Selection Factors选择防护因子要注意的因素,Is it a particulate,gas or vapour or both?污染物是颗粒物、气体、蒸气或都有？What i
18、s concentration of contaminant(s)?污染物的浓度是多少？Will respirator failure result in IDLH?呼吸器失效的情况下会不会即刻危害生命？Does contaminant have irritant eye properties?污染物会不会刺激眼睛？,Task Related Selection Factors选择防护因子需要做的,The length of time the respirator will be worn 呼吸器要佩戴的时间Whether the respirator will be worn regular
19、ly 是否有规律的佩戴呼吸器The mobility required of the wearer 呼吸器的移动性如何The nature of the workplace,whether confined or restricted,thermal conditions 工作场所的环境，是否密闭或高温,Task Related Selection Factors(cont)选择防护因子需要做的（续）,The need for communication and 交流的必要性Other PPE which must be worn 佩戴其他个人防护用品的必要性e.g.-safety helme
20、t,ear muffs,safety glasses 例如 安全帽，护耳器，安全眼镜,Operator Related Selection Factors防护因子与操作者有关的因素,Fitness of the wearer to withstand the extra physiological/psychological strain of working while wearing a respirator 当佩戴呼吸器的时候，需观察因舒适性给佩戴者心理和生理上额外造成的紧张Ability of the person to accept the constriction of weari
21、ng the respirator 佩戴者接受压迫感的忍受程度Ability to obtain seal with facial hair 与头发的贴合程度Whether a person wears glasses which may affect the facial seal of the respirator 佩戴的眼镜是否会影响密合性,Operator Related Selection Factors(cont)防护因子与操作者有关的因素（续）,Whether the person has facial features such as scars or acne or othe
22、r aspects that may affect the facial seal of the respirator 佩戴者是否有伤疤、粉刺或其他影响面部密合的面部特征Gender considerations as women often have smaller sized faces and hence may need a smaller sized respirator 女性的面部尺寸更小，所需的呼吸器也更小Ethnic considerations as the shape of facial features varies and must be considered 种族的不
23、同也要考虑,Training培训,Why the respirator is necessary and why the other hierarchy of control measures are not immediately feasible 包括为什么需要呼吸器，为什么其他等级的防护措施不可行How the respirator provides protection 呼吸器能提供怎样的防护Limitations of the respirator,including the service life of filter 呼吸器的使用限制，包括过滤器的寿命,Training(cont
24、)培训,How and why the respirator was selected 为什么和如何选择呼吸器Proper fitting of the respirator 合适的佩戴The importance of wear time 佩戴时间的重要性Maintenance,cleaning and storage requirement 维护，清洗和储存的要求Regular 时间间隔,Respiratory Performance呼吸器的性能,Filter efficiency 过滤器有效性Proper Fit 合适的配戴Proper maintenance 合适的维护Wear Tim
25、e 佩戴时间,Effective protection given by RPE,Effect of Non-wear Time未佩戴时间造成防护效果的影响,Source:3M Australia Pty Limited reproduced with permission,Qualitative Fit Testing适应性定性测试,Isoamyl acetate(banana oil)乙酸异戊酯（香蕉油）Saccharin mist甜味剂Bitrex苦味剂Irritant smoke刺激性烟雾,Quantitative Fit Testing适应性定量测试,Sodium chloride氯
26、化钠Oil mist油雾Particle counters颗粒物计数器,Source:Kenelec Scientific Pty Ltd reproduced with permission,Fit Checking适应性检查,Source:3M Australia Pty Limited reproduced with permission,Cleaning清洁,Frequency depends on extent of soiling 根据污染程度选择清洗频度Mild detergent&warm water 温和洗涤剂和温水Disinfected,rinsed&air dried 消
27、毒，冲洗和风干Care if machine washed 机洗要小心Follow manufacturers instructions 遵循说明书,Maintenance维护,Check before&after use&after cleaning 使用前后和清洗后要检查Disposable style-check for physical damage,missing&damaged straps,deterioration of nose seal material 抛弃型 检查是否有物理损坏，头带有没有丢失或损坏，鼻部密封材料有没有损坏。Reusable style check fa
28、ce piece for cracks,tears,distortion etc,dirt&residues,missing parts(eg valves,valve seats),worn or missing gaskets,missing or deteriorated straps 重复利用性 检查破裂、灰尘、残渣、有无配件丢失，垫片或头带有无丢失或损坏,Maintenance(cont)维护（续）,Particulate filters 颗粒物过滤器replace when damaged or breathing resistance is such that they are
29、difficult to breathe through当损坏或呼吸困难的时候，需替换Gas&vapour filters 气体和蒸气过滤器 finite life replace when smell,taste etc contaminant OR有限的寿命 有异味时续替换Service Life Software-from filter manufacturer使用寿命 咨询过滤盒制造商Regardless of use replace after 6 months from opening开封6个月后必须更换,Maintenance(cont)维护（续）,PAPRs 送风过滤式呼吸器T
30、he head top,air hose,flow rates,pump and batteries must also be checked in accordance with the manufacturers recommendations 必须根据制造商的要求检查头套、皮管、流速、泵和电池SCBA 携气式呼吸器 Are a specialised piece of equipment typically used in IDLH and potentially life threatening situations.Only trained specialists should se
31、rvice this type of RPE 有专用组件用于IDLH（立即危害生命）和可能危害生命的环境。只有训练过的专业人员能才维护这类呼吸器,Storage储存,Close as practical to workplace 用完后需密封Kept clean,dry in contaminant free area 在无污染环境干燥，并保持清洁Away from direct sunlight 避免阳光的直接照射Stored emergency use respirators INSPECT 常备应急用呼吸器-时常检查Service life of gas&vapour filters w
32、hen stored 注意存储的气体和蒸气过滤器的使用寿命,Medical Evaluation,Wearing respirator may place additional burden on respiratory&cardiac system 佩戴呼吸器会给呼吸和心血管系统带来额外的负担Asthma,emphysema,or who suffer from chronic lung disease or those with circulatory or heart disease may be at risk from wearing a respirator 哮喘、肺气肿和其他慢性
33、肺部疾病或循环和心脏病患者佩戴呼吸器会有风险Psychological factors 心理因素a feeling of isolation or 隔绝感claustrophobia which limits their ability to work while wearing a respirator幽闭恐怖症,Poor Storage of Respirators不良储存环境,Note box of respirators stored with solvents etc与溶剂储存在一起的呼吸器,Source:University of Wollongong,Misuse of Resp
34、irators呼吸器滥用,Source:University of Wollongong,Misuse of Respirators(cont)呼吸器滥用（续）,Source:University of Wollongong,Misuse of Respirators(cont)呼吸器滥用（续）,Source:University of Wollongong,Misuse of Respirators(cont)呼吸器滥用（续）,Source:University of Wollongong,Records记录,The process to select the appropriate res
35、pirator 选择合适呼吸器的过程The training provided to the workers 提供的培训Maintenance and inspection programs for respirators 维护和观察Fit test conducted and results of those tests 适合性测试和结果Medical assessment and surveillance(medical confidentiality guidelines)医学评价和检查,RPE Program Evaluation呼吸器程序评估,The reasons for impl
36、ementing the program remain valid,including a review of the concentration of the workplace contaminants 能保持程序有效可行，内容包括审核工作场所污染物的浓度The respirators are being worn in the workplace 工作场所是否佩戴呼吸器The respirators are being worn correctly in the workplace 工作场所呼吸器佩戴是否正确,RPE Program Evaluation(cont)呼吸器程序评估（续）,
37、The maintenance procedures are functioning correctly 维护程序是否运行正常The program continues to meet its intended goals 未与目标偏离,Chemical Protective Clothing化学防护服,CPC can be obtained as one-piece fully encapsulating gas tight(“moon”)suits with attached gloves and boots or as multiple components(eg pants,jacke
38、ts,hoods etc).化学防护服为附有手套和靴子或其他组件（如裤子、上衣，面罩等）的气密性连体服,Source:DuPont Personal Protection reproduced with permission,CPC Where required哪里需要化学防护服,Emergency hazardous material response 应急反应Environmental/contaminated site clean up 污染场所清扫Nuclear applications 核辐射应用Pharmaceutical production 医药生产Chemical waste
39、 management 化学废弃物管理Spray painting 喷漆Petrochemical manufacturing 石化产品生产,CPC Where required(cont)哪里需要,Chemical handling and transport 化学品处理和运输Waste treatment 废弃物处理Biological hazards and medical applications 生物危害和医学应用Asbestos removal 清除石棉Pesticide application 农药应用Food processing 处理食品,Selection Factors选
40、择因素,Chemical substances 化学物质Exposure type 接触类型Chemical protective type 化学防护类型Garment design 款式设计Sewing or construction methods 结构形式Sizing 尺寸Visibility 能见度,Types of CPC化学防护服类型,No Global Harmonisation无全球标准ISO/EN Classification 国际/欧洲标准US OSHA/EPA Guidelines 美国OSHA/EPA指引,ISO/EN国际/欧洲标准,Type 1Gas tight 1型
41、 气密性Type 2Non gas tight 2型 非气密性Type 3Liquid tight 3型 防水型Type 4Spray tight 4型 防喷雾,ISO/EN(cont)国际/欧洲标准（续）,Type 5Against airborne solid particles 5型 抗悬浮颗粒Type 6Limited protective performance against liquid chemicals 6型 有限的抗液体化学品保护性能Partial body chemical protective clothing 局部保护服,USA OSHA/EPA美国OSHA/EPA标
42、准,Type AVapour or Gas Protection A型 蒸气和气体防护Type BLiquid Splash Protection B型 液体喷溅防护Type CParticle or Liquid Splash Protection C型 颗粒或液体喷溅防护Type DNo Hazard Protection D型 无防护危害的功能,Types of Materials材料类型,Many including:包括TyvekNomexSaranexFEPGore-TexProShieldSpun bound,woven,laminated,multilayered or che
43、mically coated etc etc装订、编织、层压、多层或化学涂层等,Chemical Resistance of Materials材料的抗化学性,Penetration movement of chemicals through zippers,seams or imperfections in the material 穿透性 化学品透过拉链、接缝和材料的瑕疵处Degradation involves physical changes in a material as a result of exposure,use or ambient conditions discolou
44、ration,swelling loss of strength or deterioration 劣化 接触、使用和周围环境的原因造成的物理性质改变 褪色，强度损失或质量下降Permeation process by which chemical dissolves in or moves across a material on a molecular basis 渗透性 化学品溶入衣物或以分子形式进入,ASTM Standard Chemical List美国材料试验学会 标准化学品列表,Cross section of different chemical classes and ch
45、allenges for testing materials-15 liquids&6 gases 用不同化学等级的5种液体和6种气体对材料进行交叉测试Manufacturers typically have available test data on hundreds of other chemicals 制造商通常可提供数百种化学品的测试数据,Permeation Tests渗透试验,Rate比率Breakthrough time穿透时间Normalised breakthrough time标准穿透时间,Source:Microgard Limited reproduced with
46、permission,Actual breakthrough,ASTM-Marking level,Useful Sources of Information一些信息来源,NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards NIOSH的化学品口袋导则www.cdc.gov./niosh/ncpc/ncpc1.htmlNIOSH Recommendations for CPC NIOSH对化学防护服的推荐Manufacturers e.g.制造商,Seam Constructions接缝结构,Serged or sewn,Bound,Welded or NSR,Tape
47、d thermobond,Double taped,Source:DuPont Personal Protection reproduced with permission,Clothing Style&Size衣服风格和尺寸,Variety of styles,configurations&sizes 不同的风格，配置和尺寸Hoods,vests,aprons,coveralls to fully encapsulating suits 面罩、背心、围裙、全密闭工作服,Source:DuPont Personal Protection reproduced with permission,F
48、ully Encapsulating Suit全密闭工作服,Valves 阀门,Wide face shield前面罩,Respirator SCBA携气式呼吸器,Loose fitting sleeves宽松的袖子,Attached gloves配套的手套,Airtight closure 密封的门襟,Storm flap,Attached socks&outer boot top cover配套的袜子和有前盖的室外靴,Standard CPC Test Procedures标准化学防护服测试步骤,ISO Standards 国际标准EN Standards 欧洲标准ASTM Standar
49、ds 美国材料试验学会标准NFPA Standards 美国消防协会标准,Chemical Resistance of Material Tests材料的抗化学品测试,Permeation resistance 抗渗透Resistance to penetration 抗穿透Particulate resistance 抗颗粒物Liquid penetration resistance 抗液体渗透Liquid repellency 拒水性,Whole Chemical Protective Clothing Integrity Tests,Leak tightness 密封度Inward le
50、akage 向内泄漏Liquid jet test 液体喷射试验Liquid spray test 液体喷雾试验Particle aerosol inward leakage test 颗粒向内泄漏Limited liquid spray test 有限的液体喷雾测试,Use of CPC化学防护服的使用,Hot zone the contaminated area where workers must wear the appropriate Type or Level of PPE 热区-污染区域，工人必须佩带合适的个人防护用品Warm zone where the equipment&p
