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1、研究生英语阅读教程(基础级 第二版),日期:,Contents,Reading Selection AReading Selection B,Reading Selection AReading Selection B,Reading Selection AReading Selection B,Unit One Efficiency Reading,Graduate students are pressed for time because so many activities demand their valuable time.One of the best ways to handle
2、 the demands and pressures of university life is to become more efficientto get more done in less time.Many students think that the only way to become more efficient is to read faster.This is,however,not the case.Reading efficiency means more than saving time by reading rapidly.Reading effectively i
3、ncludes understanding the ideas the writer is trying to send and organizing those ideas logically to remember them.Your reading efficiency will increase as you develop techniques that improve your comprehension and retention.These in turn will enable you to use your time most economically.,What is r
4、eading efficiency?,Reading efficiency=speed reading+understandingHow to develop our reading efficiency?1.Before reading:Set goals and time limits.Bear some questions in mind.Try to understand the title and the authors intention and to see how the ideas are developed and organized.,2.While reading:Tr
5、y to make predictions about what will be said next.Be on the alter to signal or transitional words.and to the change in meaning of some familiar words.Try to distinguish important details or facts from minor ones.Try to figure out the meanings of unknown words.Underline or circle some words or sente
6、nces or write some notes on the margin.3.After reading,review or recall what youve read,World English:A Blessing or a Curse,Objectives,Pre-reading Activities,Language Points,Text Analysis,Summarization,Exercises and Keys,Reading Selection A:,教学目标:学习相关的生词,短语.掌握一定的阅读技巧,提高阅读能力,并能将所学课文内容分析,概括,归纳,通过撰写篇章分
7、析与全文总结等多渠道提高学生的写作能力.教学手段:多媒体教学与传统教学相结合.教学方法:以学生为中心,任务型教学与小组合作学习.教学内容:Unit One Efficiency Reading Lesson 1 Your Reading efficiency Selection A:World English:A Blessing or a Curse学时分配:8学时,Objectives:,Pre-reading Activities:,Background Information,About the Author,Lead-in,Background Information,I.A Wor
8、ld Language,English has gained status as a world language.Roughly 1/3 of the worlds population has English as its mother tongue.Seventy-five percent of the worlds mail is in English.,English is the official language or is widely usedin the United Kingdom,Ireland,Australia,New Zealand,India,United Ar
9、ab Emirates,Canada,the United States,Panama,Surinam,South Africa,Nigeria,and Kenya in addition to several other countries.,Why has English become a World Language?The British colonizedlarge parts of the world,spreading their language to new areas.The United Kingdom and the United States are both imp
10、ortant nations in the world of trade,business and technology.When engaged in trade and business with these nations,knowing English is an advantage.As non-English-speaking countries realized that,industry and business hired people who knew English,or required their workers to attend language courses.
11、English is the international language of technology.,Any negative effects?,With English being so widespread,it can make those who come from English-speaking countries already feel that they dont need to learn a foreign language,because the world already speaks English.This is unfortunate because one
12、 learns to understand a culture better if one knows the language,and one may also enjoy reading literature in the original language.By knowing only one language(not necessarily English),one misses out on these pleasures.,Ones language is a large part of ones culture,and it would be a shame if langua
13、ges were erased as a result of“the English invasion”.,II.How Many Languages?,There is no agreed total for the number of languages spoken in the world today.Most reference books give a figure of 5,000 to 6,000,but estimates have varied from 3,000 to 10,000.An obvious reason for the uncertainty over n
14、umbers is that even today new peoples,andtherefore languages,continue to be discovered in the unexplored regions of the worldespecially in the Amazon basin,Central Africa,and New Guinea.,Against this steady increase in the world language total,there is a major factor which decreases it.The speed wit
15、h which a language can die in the smaller communities of the world is truly remarkable.The Amazonian explorations led to the discovery of many new languages,but they also led to their rapid death,as the Indians became swallowed up by the dominant western culture.Within a generation,all traces of a l
16、anguage can disappear.In the 19th century,there were thought to be over 1,000 Indian languages in Brazil;today,there are less than 200.A quarter of the worlds languages have fewer than 1,000 speakers;half have fewer than 10,000.,It is likely that most of these languages will die out in the next 50 y
17、ears,and only1,000 or so languages may remain by the 22nd century.The speed of this decline is largely a consequence of the political and economic pressures which are motivating people to replace their traditional language by one which gives them access to the languages of more powerful cultures.,Ho
18、w many languages have there been?Based on what is known about the rate of language change at which new languages develop from a common origin,it is possible to speculate about the number of languages which may have existed since the emergence of a human language faculty.Cautious estimates suggest 30
19、,000;radical ones,over 500,000.,III.How Many Speakers?,Speaker estimates for the worlds top 10 languages:(given in millions),1.Chinese(1071)(Mandarin Chinese:726)2.English(427)3.Spanish(266)4.Hindi(182)(with Urdu:223)5.Arabic(181)6.Portuguese(165)7.Bengali(162)8.Russian(158)9.Japanese(124)10.German(
20、121),About the Author,Dr.Tom McArthur is founder editor of the Oxford Companion to the English Language(1992)and the quarterly English Today:The International Review of the English Language(Cambridge,1985).His more than 20 published works include the Longman Lexicon of Contemporary English(1981),Wor
21、lds of Reference:Language,Lexicography and Learning from the Clay Tablet to the Computer(1986),and The English Languages(1998).He is currently Deputy Director of the Dictionary Research Centre at the University of Exeter.,Lead-in,Graduate students are pressed for time because so many activitiesdeman
22、d their valuable time.One of the best ways to handle the demands and pressures of university life is to become more efficientto get more done in less time.Many students think that the only way to become more efficient is to read faster.This is,however,not the case.Reading efficiency means more than
23、saving time by reading rapidly.Reading effectively includes understanding the ideas the writer is trying to send and organizing those ideas logically to remember them.Your reading efficiency will increase as you develop techniques that improve your comprehension and retention.These in turn will enab
24、le you to use your time most economically.,New Words and Expressions:,Language Points,point up,emphasize;highlight 强调；清楚说明(line 2,para.2),美国官员强调了这些政策的种种相似之处。,US officials pointed up the similarities in these policies.,约翰尼的成绩单清楚地表明他的数学才能。,Johnnys report card points up his talent for maths.,take in,in
25、clude 包括(line 8,para.2),这一真理兼容了两种极端看法。,The truth takes in both extremes.,每个人都上了名单。,The list takes in everybody.,take in,understand 理解；领会,学生们发现他教的课容易理解。,The students find it easy to take in what he teaches.,我不清楚她对他作出的解释理解了多少。,Im not sure how much of his explanation she took in.,take in,deceive;trick
26、欺骗；使上当受骗,即使阅历最深的人在某些场合也会上当。,Even the most experienced eye may be taken in on certain occasions.,for good or ill,whether the effect will be good or bad 不论结局好坏；不管结果如何(line 1,para.3),他觉得还想留在队中，不论结局怎样。,He felt he wanted to remain part of the team,for good or ill.我们必须仔细审视这项决定对其他人可能产生的影响，不论是好的还是坏的。We must
27、 examine the effect this decision may have on other persons,for good or ill.那些掌权的人总是利用机会行使自己的权利，不管是好是坏。Those who have power will always take the opportunity to exercise it,for good or ill.,by and large on the whole 大体上，总的说来，一般来说(line 3,para.3)总的来说，这是一本好书。By and large,it is a good book.总的来说，我认为重要的是招聘
28、合适的人。By and large I think the emphasis should be on recruiting the right people.,Benign kind,gentle,harmless;friendly 善良的，宽厚的，慈祥的(line 3,para.3)和蔼的教师 a benign teacher 友善的太空生物 a benign creature from space Mother often looks at me with a benign smile.benign A benign tumor is one that will not cause de
29、ath or serious illness（肿瘤）良性的 检验表明肿块是良性的。Tests showed the lump to be benign.,benign A benign climate,environment,system,etc.is one that it is easy or pleasant to live in or with（气候，环境，制度等）宜人的，温和的 温和的气候 a benign climate,die out become less and less common and eventually disappear completely 完全消失；灭绝；绝
30、种(line 14,para.5)这个部落的传统生活方式正在逐渐消失。The tribes traditional way of living is dying out.现今超市林立，传统的杂货店正在迅速消失.Traditional grocers shops are fast dying out now that there are so many supermarkets.这些物种目前几乎已灭绝。These species have now almost died out.,lay sth.at sbs door.lay the blame/responsibility(for sth.)
31、on sb 将（谋事的）责任归咎于某人；认为某人对某事负有责任(line 2,para.6)罢工的责任被认为在顾主方。Responsibility for the strike was laid at the door of the employers.国会议员拜恩指责军方隐瞒事实的真相。Congressman Bain lays the cover up at the door of the armed forces.,leave aside not want to discuss or take into account a particular subject or aspect of
32、something 姑且不谈，暂不考虑(line 1,para.7)且不说经费问题，你真的认为你的提议能解决我们的问题吗？Leaving aside the financial implications,do you really believe your proposal will solve our problem?我们暂时别讨论不利的方面，先来看看有利的一面吧。Leaving aside for a moment a discussion of the disadvantages,lets turn to the advantages.,crystal clearextremely ob
33、vious or easy to understand显而易见的；非常清楚的；极易懂的(line 2,para.10)她的动机现在很明显：她是想找条出路。Her motives were now crystal clear:she wanted a way out.我非常清楚地表明了自己的立场，我决不会同意投他的票。I made my position crystal clear that I would never agree to vote for him.凡是他认为不清楚的地方，他都逐一提出了异议。He challenged every point which he did not fi
34、nd crystal clear.,invoke feelings of a particular kind cause somebody to have these feelings 引起，唤起(the last line,para.10)他们尽力激发人们对这项改革的热情。They did their best to invoke popular enthusiasm for the reform.invoke a principle,a wise saying,etc.quote or refer to it in order to persuade people to do someth
35、ing 援引，援用 这些原则被援用来与金融改革的提议相抗衡。These principles were invoked in opposition to proposals for financial form.她援用法律为自己辩护。She had invoked the law in her own defense.,evoke transitive,to produce a strong feeling or memory in someone:His appearance is bound to evoke sympathy.Her speech evoked a hostile res
36、ponse.,kill something off phrasal verb,1 to cause the death of a lot of living things=destroy:Pollution is rapidly killing off plant life.2 to stop or remove something completely=destroy:These figures kill off any hope that the economy is poised for recovery.,constitute verb,1 not in progressive to
37、be considered to be something:Failing to complete the work constitutes a breach(违背，违反)of the employment contract.The rise in crime constitutes a threat to society.2 not in progressive if several people or things constitute something,they are the parts that form it:We must redefine what constitutes a
38、 family.20 boys and 30girls constitute the class.3 transitive usually in passive formal to officially form a group or organization:The Federation was constituted in 1949.,aggrandize vt.,1 not in progressive to be considered to be something:Failing to complete the work constitutes a breach(违背，违反)of t
39、he employment contract.The rise in crime constitutes a threat to society.2 not in progressive if several people or things constitute something,they are the parts that form it:We must redefine what constitutes a family.20 boys and 30girls constitute the class.3 transitive usually in passive formal to
40、 officially form a group or organization:The Federation was constituted in 1949.,aggrandize vt.,1 to enhance the status of 提高The movie aggrandizes the bad guys and makes the cops look like dopes(笨蛋).2 to make greater in size,amount,or number=increase A generous grant enabled the library to significa
41、ntly aggrandize its collection of books.aggrandizement also aggrandisement British English uncountable:when a person or country tries to increase their power or importance,used to show disapproval:the misuse of authority for personal aggrandizementlinguistic aggrandizement:语言扩张,aboriginal adj.,1 als
42、o Aboriginal relating to the Australian aborigines2（formal）relating to the people or animals that have existed in a place or country from the earliest times=indigenousaboriginal n.a dark-skinned member of a race of people living in Australia when Europeans arrived,Encarta trademark,a type of encyclo
43、pedia(=a product with articles about many different subjects)which is produced only on a CD-ROM,and is not available as a printed book.It is a multimedia product,with pictures,sound,pieces of film etc.微软的电子百科全书,sustain vt.,1.to make something continue to exist or happen for a period of time=maintain
44、:She found it difficult to sustain the childrens interest.He was incapable of sustaining close relationships with women.the policies necessary to sustain economic growth2.(formal)to suffer damage,an injury,or loss of money:Two of the fire-fighters sustained serious injuries.Some nearby buildings sus
45、tained minor damage.The company has sustained heavy financial losses this year.,3.(formal)if food or drink sustains a person,animal,or plant,it makes them able to continue living:They gave me enough food to sustain me.4.(formal)to make someone feel strong and hopeful:The thought of seeing her again
46、was all that sustained me.5.(formal)to hold up the weight of something=support:He leant against her so heavily that she could barely sustain his weight.6.(formal)to support an idea or argument,or prove that it is right:This argument is difficult to sustain.,sustainable,1 able to continue without cau
47、sing damage to the environment:The government should do more to promote sustainable agriculture.the sustainable use of rainforest resourcesCycling is a totally sustainable form of transport.environmentally sustainable development2 able to continue for a long time:The party is promising low inflation
48、 and sustainable economic growth.,adverse,1 not good or favorable:They fear it could have an adverse effect on global financial markets.2 adverse conditions:conditions that make it difficult for something to happen or exist:The expedition was abandoned because of adverse weather conditions.adversely
49、 adverb:developments which had adversely affected their business,indigenous formal,indigenous people or things have always been in the place where they are,rather than being brought there from somewhere else=native indigenous to Blueberries(蓝莓，紫浆果)are indigenous to America.the many indigenous cultur
50、es which existed in Siberia,apparatus,1 uncountable the set of tools and machines that you use for a particular scientific,medical,or technical purpose=equipment:Astronauts have special breathing apparatus.2 countable the way in which a lot of people are organized to work together to do a job or con
