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1、,写文章的过程包括立主题、写提纲和动笔写三大阶段。短文应试写作分为五个步骤。审清题目看到写作题后，首先关键的一步是审清题目：认真分析题目所包含的内容和信息，判断出命题者的意图。构思选材构思时要注意：思路要开阔，想象力要丰富。选材是在写作意图的驱动下，自觉地、有目的地搜集写作素材的过程。,草拟提纲在正式写作之前，对文章从内容到结构有明确而清晰的筹划，才能保证作文既紧扣主题，又有条不紊。初学者最好还是写提纲，应试写作更是如此。三种常用的提纲：潦草提纲字迹潦草，只言片语。以作文题“The Advantage of Travel”为例，这种提纲可能是：See place of interestMeet
2、 different people Keep us healthy,标题式提纲,简洁醒目，以短语（尤其是名词短语）列为标题。这类提纲有两个要求：标明段落层次，同一层次起码两个并列项。.enjoy places of interestEnjoy beautiful scenery in different placesSee places read of in books Visit famous cities and scenic spots.Know people and their customsMeet people with different interestSee strange
3、and different thingsTaste different food.Benefit us both mentally and physicallyGain knowledge of geography and historyKeep us healthy,句子式提纲,每一部分的内容用完整的句子列出，对议论性强的严密文章更为适合，这些句子实质上是各段的主题句。.Travel is beneficial to us in at least three ways.(introduction).First,we can see the beautiful scenery in diffe
4、rent places.Second,we will meet different people.Third,by travelling we can keep healthy.Travel has now become more popular.(conclusion),写作初稿应力求一次性写作成功。考生既要写得快，又要写得准确、工整、美观。正确使用句子结构、修辞和表达方式，尽量使用自己熟悉的单词、句型和表达方式。检查修改修改主要应着眼于内容。,第二节 写作的基本方法,定义法定义法（definition）是用来说明的一种方法。用定义法在叙述某一事物或论证某一概念时，需要读它进行定义。X is
5、 Y.（X代表被定义项，Y代表定义项，“is”是联项）A letter is a written or printed message from one person to another.X is Y+who（which或where）引起的定于从句X refers to Y.（X applies to Y/X is applied to Y）X is defined as Y.（X is called Y）X means Y./By X we mean Y./X is meant Y.By civil rights we mean,politically,freedom.,主题句主题句的概念
6、在英语篇章中，一致性原则通常体现在各段的主题句里。一个比较规范的段落通常由三部分组成：主题句，展开句或推展句和结论句。主题句是全段核心。,主题句的位置,主题句在段中可以居首、居中，也可以居尾。主题句在段首Progress in science and the improvement of living conditions have led to the rapid growth of the world population.Modern science,for example,has made it possible for babies to grow up healthily and
7、for people to live longer.With improved living conditions,particularly in the countryside,people tend to have larger families.As a result,the world population has increased so rapidly that it has now exceeded 6 billion.,主题句在段尾Throwing criminals in jail is an ancient and widespread method of punishme
8、nt,but is it a wise one?It does seem reasonable to keep wrongdoers in a place where they find fewer opportunities to hurt innocent people,and where they might discover that crime doesnt pay.The system has long been considered fair and sound by those who want to see the guilty punished and society pr
9、otected.Yet the value of this form of justice is now being questioned by the very men who have to apply it:the judges.The reason,they say,is that prison doesnt do anyone any good.,主题句在段中Just as I settle down to read or watch television,he demands that I play with him.If I get a telephone call,he scr
10、eams in the background or knocks something over.I always have to hang up to find out whats wrong with him,Baby-sitting with my little brother is no fun.He refuses to let me eat a snack in peace.Usually he wants half of whatever I have to eat.Then,when he finally grows tired,it takes about an hour fo
11、r him to fall asleep.,主题句在段首与段尾Good manners are important in all countries,but ways of expressing good manners are different from country to country.Americans eat with knives and forks;Japanese eat with chopsticks.Americans say“Hi”when they meet；Japanese bow.Many American men open doors for women；Ja
12、panese men do not.On the surface，it appears that good manners in America are not good manners in Japan，and in a way this is true.,But in any country，the only manners that are important are those involving one persons behavior toward another person.In all countries it is good manners to behave consid
13、erately toward others and bad manners not to.It is only the way of behaving politely that differs from country to country.,怎样才能写好主题句,主题句首先应该是完整句。主题句应有明显的导向。Good health is very important to everyone.主题句应尽量具体。,列举法/分类法,列举法通过举例，分类法将被说明的对象按照一定的标准划分成不同的类型。次序关系词Afterward,eventually,finally,first,firstly,fu
14、rthermore,lastly,moreover,next,second,secondary,then短语Above all,first and most important,in addition,in the end,in the second place,last but not least,to begin with,to conclude,to start with.Last but not least,our thanks should go to the technicians working behind the scenes.I want to be a kindergar
15、ten teacher:to begin/start with,I have some kindergarten educational background,and secondary I am always very happy with those little kids.,递进法,递进关系词Additionally,again,also,besides,moreover,further,furthermore,likewise,similarly,meanwhile短语As well,equally important,in addition,in other words,last b
16、ut not least,not onlybut also,onethe other,one the one handon the other hand,or rather,that is,in the same way,that is to say,whats more,what is more similar.,例证法例证法在确定段落的主题后，举出实例来说明观点。He is a very mean person,as an illustration,he is only willing to lend money to his son at high interest.Just as fi
17、sh cannot live without water,human beings cannot live without oxygen.Like love,diamond becomes more precious with time.,因果法,在议论文中使用因果法进行论证具有较强的说服力。表示因果关系常用如下方法：用名词cause（后接of）或reason（后接for）表示原因。One of the causes of the accident was poor communication.用连接词语therefore，so，thus，hence，accordingly，consequen
18、tly，as a result，as a consequence等表示结果。We do not have enough money.Thus we cannot buy a new car.用从属连词because，since，as，now（that），seeing that等引起从句表示原因。Since weve got a few minutes to wait for the train,lets have a cup of coffee.,动词或动词短语cause，produce，effect，lead to，result in，bring about，be responsible f
19、or，give rise to等可以表示因果关系。An increase in demand often results in/leads to/causes/produces higher prices.用介词短语because of，due to，owing to，on account of，as a result of，thanks to等表示原因。On account of the rise in prices,we must also charge more.,比较与对比法,比较与对比是说明和论证的方法。引起比较与对比的常用词语有：比较关系词Accordingly，although，
20、but，conversely，correspondingly，despite，equally，however，instead，like，likewise，meanwhile，nevertheless，otherwise，similarly，still，unlike，whereas，while，yet短语And yet，at the same time，but yet conversely，different from，equally important，even so，in comparison（with），in/by contrast（with/to），in spite of，in the
21、same way，not onlybut，on the contrary，on the other handThe full coverage of their scandal could damage their reputation conversely,it will give them a lot of free publicity.,The teacher pronounced every new word as loudly as possible,and asked her students to do likewise.Men must wear a jacket and ti
22、e;similarly,women must wear a skirt or dress,not pants.,类比法用类比法进行论证必须注意两点：一是类体必须真实可靠，而是类体和本体必须有共同属性。Science and technology also play an important role in our socialist construction.We may say,our socialist construction is just like a skyscraper,while science and technology are its base.Without the b
23、ase,the skyscraper cant be built.Therefore,we should try our best to contribute to the development of science and technology so as to provide a more solid base to build our country.,第二章 写作技巧第一节 如何开篇,Pattern 1：When asked about_，the vast/overwhelming majority of（most/many/quite a few）people say/think/
24、believe/answer that_.But other people regard/view/see/think of _ as _.,When asked about the biggest problem today,many people say that it is the serious energy crisis.They are afraid that the world will soon run out of oil and run short of food.But other people hold optimistic views:they regard it a
25、s a natural result of the economic development and believe it will be only solved with further advances in economy and technology.,Pattern 2:When it comes to_,some people think/believe that_.Others argue/claim that the opposite/reverse is true.There is probably some truth in both arguments/statement
26、s,but_.,例：When it comes to international sport such as the Olympic Games and the World Cup soccer game,some people believe that it creates goodwill between the nations and that if countries play games together they will learn to live together.Others say that the opposite is true:that international c
27、ontests encourage false national pride and lead in misunderstanding and hatred.There is probably a little bit of truth in both arguments,but in recent years the Olympic Games have done little to support the view that sports encourage international brotherhood.,（2）定义法,用一句话或几句话来说明题中的关键词，给出关键词的定义。On mo
28、desty（论谦虚）How to Use Our Brain（如何使用我们的智慧）Modesty is a virtue which means having a lower opinion than is probably deserved，of ones own ability，knowledge，skill，and success.Human brain is the most complex and intelligent mechanism in the world.It is the major factor that distinguishes man from animals.
29、,（3）背景导入法标题：Housing Problem 开篇：With the development of industry and increase of employment in cities,more people are swarming into cities.As a result，accommodations have become very difficult.,Pattern 1:Recently the problem/issue/question/phenomenon of _has drawn/aroused public/popular/grave/world-w
30、ide attention.caused/aroused wide/general/considerable/international concern.been in the limelight.,The problem of development vs.environment has now been in the limelight（aroused wide/general/considerable/international concern）.Nowhere is the clash more visible than in China,where the worlds larges
31、t population faces pollution,deforestation and acid rain on a large scale.,（4）设问法,Pattern 1：“Why do/have_？”Many people often ask/pose the question like this.Why does the idea of progress loom so large in the modern world?Many people often ask the question like this.Surely because progress of a parti
32、cular kind is actually taking place around us and is becoming more and more manifest.Although mankind has undergone no general improvement in intelligence or morality,it has made extraordinary progress the accumulation of knowledge.,Pattern 2:“Why_？/Can_？”of all the complaints/questions/discussion/d
33、ebate I have heard from_，this is the one most frequently uttered/voiced.,“Why do we have to learn all this dumb stuff？”Of all the complaints and questions I have heard from my classmates during my college life，this was the one most frequently uttered.I would answer that it can widen your mind and pr
34、epare you for your future life.,（5）引语法,Pattern 1:One of the great early men/writers/philosophers/scientists said/wrote/remarked that_.If this is true/the case,then the present/current view/value/attitude/situation should make us wonder whether_.（ponder over_.）One of the great early socialists said t
35、hat the status of women in a society is a pretty reliable index of the degree of civilization of that society.If it is true,then the present low status of women in management should make us ponder about whether our management is civilized at all.,Pattern 2:,Knowledge is power./Genius is 2 percent in
36、spiration and 98 Percent perspiration.Such is the opinion of/remark made by Bacon/one of the great men.This view/remark has been shared/confirmed now/time and again by more and more people/many historical events.Education is not complete with graduation.Such is the opinion of Mortimer J.Adler,a grea
37、t American philosopher.Now more and more people share his opinion.No college or university can educate its students by the time they graduate;and no one should be content to simply end his education with high school education or college education.Education is a lifetime study.,第三节 议论文、说明文写作技巧英语短文可以分
38、为四种类型：对立观点型；问题解决型；说明利弊型；阐述主题型。,对立观点型实用模板一：X is Y that/which_.However,there is no consensus of opinions among people as to how to face X.Some people consider that_,on the contrary,some other people argue that_.As far as I concerned,Im for the latter and against the former.For one thing,_ _.Just like
39、people say,_.For another thing,_,实用模板二：,A and B has become a hot topic among people,especially among the young and heated debates are right on their way.Many people are inclined to competition.In their opinion,A_.They believe that,to some extent,A_.By contrast,there are still many people who wont ag
40、ree.They argue that B_.For my part,I think it reasonable that we advocate A.but we cant ignore B._.Only together with B will A_.,问题解决型,People are now facing with a big problemX,which is becoming more and more serious.In the first place,_.In the second place,_.What makes things worse is that_,taking
41、_ for a shining example.,Confronted with X,we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation.For one thing,_.For another thing,_.A case in point is that_.,In conclusion,we should know about the problem of X,and object to_.Only in this way can we_ in the future.（84words）,阐述主题型T
42、here is an old famous saying,“_”.Which means_.It is the experience of our forefathers,however,it is correct in many cases even today.A case in point is_.Similarly,_.,When it comes to_,it is also the case._.From what has been discussed above,we should understand the meaning of“_”more clearly.On the o
43、ne hand,_.On the other hand,_.The best way is to_.,说明利弊型,X now plays such an important part in so many peoples lives that it is essential for us to try to decide whether it is a blessing or a curse.Obviously,X has both advantages and disadvantages.As if often pointed out,X_.However,(if not managed properly),others(who strongly object to)maintain that X can create many problems too._.For my part,whether the ultimate effect of X is good or not,one thing is certain that X in itself is neither good nor bad.It is the uses to which it is put that determine its value to society.(94words),
