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1、Chapter 17,Second Language Acquisition/Learning,Acquisition barriers,Reasons for the problems experienced in L2 acquisition-during their teenage or adult years-limited time for L2 at school-busy with other things-already have L1 to use for communicative purposes-adults tongues get stiff,Acquisition
2、and learning,Acquisition:the gradual development of ability in a language by using it naturally in communicative situationsLearning:a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of the vocabulary and grammar of a language.,Joseph Conrad phenomenon:the ability of adults to master aspects of the writt
3、en language,but still speaking with a foreign accentSome features(vocabulary,grammar)of L2 are easier to acquire than others(phonology)The critical period has passedThe process of lateralization of the brainThe optimum age:10-16 years old(flexibility and maturation of cognitive skills),The affective
4、 filter,Barrier to acquisition that result from negative feelings or experiences.Teenagers are typically more self-conscious than young childrenLack of empathy with the foreign cultureinhibitions,Focus on method,Grammar-translation method:long list of words and a set of grammatical rules have to be
5、memorized,and the written language rather than the spoken language is emphasizedAudio-lingual method:emphasizing the spoken language,involving a systematic presentation of the structures of the L2,moving from the simple to the more complex,often in the form of drills which the student had to repeat,
6、Communicative approachesReaction against the artificiality of pattern-practice and also against the belief that consciously learning the grammar of a language will necessarily result in an ability to use the languagebased on a view that the functions of language should be emphasized rather than the
7、forms of the language,Focus on the learner,A shift from concern with the teacher,the textbook and the method to an interest in the learner and the acquisition processThe tolerance of errorsCreative constructionPositive transferNegative transfer/interference,Interlanguage:some in-between system used
8、in L2 acquisition which certainly contains aspects of L1 and L2,but with is an inherently variable system with rule of its ownFossilization:containing many features which dont match the target language,and they do not progress any further,their interlanguage is said to have fossilized,MotivationA la
9、nguage-learning situation that encourage success and accomplishment must consequently be more helpful that the one that dwell on errors and correctionscomprehensible input-foreigner talk-negotiated inputcomprehensible output(task-based learning),Communicative competence:the ability to use the L2 acc
10、urately,appropriately,and flexiblyGrammatical competence:involves the accurate use of words and structures in the L2Sociolinguistic competence:the ability to interpret or produce language appropriately.It enables the learner to know when to say according to the social context,Strategic competence:the ability to organize a message effectively and to compensate,via strategies,for and difficulties;the ability to overcome potential communication problem in interaction,
