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1、,Unit Five Speech on Hitlers Invasion of the U.S.S.R.Detailed Study of the Text the news was brought to me of Hitlers invasion of Russia:awake:v.To rouse from sleep;waken adj.Completely conscious;not in a state of sleep.醒着的 wake,waken和 awake,awaken这两对词自中古英语以来就形成令人不解的一组词。四个词有相似的意思，尽管在用法上有差异。只有 wake用于
2、“保持清醒”的意义，如在 waking（而非 wakening)and sleeping,every waking hour（清醒和睡眠，每一个醒着的时刻）。,Wake在与 up一同用时也比 waken更常用；并且 awake和 awaken从不出现在这种语言环境中：She woke up（很少用 wakened up；从不用 awakened up或 awoke up)。有些作家指出 waken应只用作及物的而 awaken只用作不及物的，但有很多文学上的用法先例,如 He wakened early（他醒得早）和 They did not awaken her（他们没惊醒她）。在比喻意义上
3、 awake和 awaken更普遍 the“of”phrase modifies the noun“news”.It is an adjective phrase.invade invasion2.This changed conviction into certainty:In the past it was my belief that Hitler would soon attack the Soviet Union;but now it was no longer a belief,it had become a fact,2)conviction:a very firm and si
4、ncere belief坚信；确信 Examples:I speak in the full conviction that our cause is just.From the way she spike,you could tell she as speaking from conviction.Note:Conviction generally implies that a prior doubt existed and now has been removed because one has been convinced or assured of the truth.convict:
5、To find or prove(someone)guilty of an offense or crime,especially by the verdict of a court宣告有罪（常与of连用）To show or declare to be blameworthy;condemn谴责 He was convicted of murder.他被判犯有谋杀罪。,3.I had not the slightest doubt where our duty and our policy lay:lie:exist,be found,reside Examples:1)in unity l
6、ay strength 2)We know where our problems lie,and we have begun to solve some of them.3)The bitter experience of the past few years has show that prosperity lies in unity and cooperation.4)The next step lies with us.5)In battle,the art of command lies in understanding that no two situations are ever
7、the same.4.Nor indeed what to say:Nor had I indeed the slightest doubt as to what I was(ought)to say.,5.There only remained the task of composing it:“It”refers to“What I was to say”The only task left was to put what I was going to say;to work out the statement.6.I asked that notice should be given t
8、hat I would.:The“that”clause is an appositive clause.Give notice:inform(the B.B.C.)7.Presentlywith detailed news:presently:before long,shortly,soonHasten:(cause to)move or happen faster,connoting urgency or sometimes a sudden and premature resultExamples:The storms approach hastened our departure.ha
9、ste指“急速的行动”,其原因可能是环境压力,也可能是强烈的愿望,如:,She made haste to tell her mother the good news.她赶快将好消息告诉她母亲。hurry指“仓促忙乱的动作”,如:the hurry of city life忙乱的城市生活。speed 指“快速的动作”,暗指“不忙乱、有效率”,如:increase the speed of an assembly line提高装配线的速度。H-makes waste.More haste less speed.More haste worse speed.欲速则不达。Marry in haste
10、 and repent at leisure.谚结婚太急,后悔莫及。,enormous,immense,huge,vast,gigantic,colossal,titanic,tremendous这组同义词的一般含义是“极大的”。enormous不仅表示“块头”和“数量”方面的“大”，而且可以表示程度方面的“极大”，并且具有反常(abnormality)的内涵。He earned enormous sums of money and was paid as much as 100 for a single appearance.他挣得的钱是极多的，一次出场就付给他一百英镑之多。immense
11、表示“特别大的”意思，其内涵是无法测量(immeasurableness)The Titanic turned just in time,narrowly missing the immense wall of ice which rose over 100 feet out of the water beside her.,泰坦尼克号及时地转了方向，勉强避开了高耸在它旁边超过海面一百英尺的一块巨大的冰墙。huge 强调体积方面的“巨大”Four days after setting out,while the Titanic was sailing across the icy waters
12、 of the North Atlantic,a huge iceberg was suddenly spotted by a lookout.启航四天后，泰坦尼克号在穿过北大西洋多冰的海域时，了望员突然发现了一个巨大的冰山。vast 强调幅员“辽阔广大”It is a vast expanse of desert.那是一片辽阔的沙漠。colossal 字面上的含义是“巨大的”，比喻如同Rhodes岛(土耳其西南)上Apollo神巨像那么大(120英尺高)。这个词常用来表示大得惊人或难以置信(stupendousness,incredibility),Even by modern standa
13、rds,the 46,000 ton Titanic was a colossal ship.即使按照现代的标准看，那46,000吨的泰坦斯尼克号也是一艘巨轮。titanic原义指“泰坦神族的”(古希腊神，为泰坦族，身材庞大，并有惊天动地的力量)，常用来形容体积大而且力量大的机器。泰坦尼克号巨轮用Titanic为船名，即表示此船不仅巨大而且载重能力也强，经得起远航中的风浪We have been making titanic effort to achieve our purpose.我们一直在作极大的努力，以达到我们的目的。tremendous用于表示“大得惊人的”In his day,Me
14、ndoza enjoyed tremendous popularity.门杜萨在全盛时期极受人们欢迎。,8.had surprised a large portion:surprise(v):attack suddenly and without warning;come upon suddenly or unexpectedly突袭；奇袭surprise,astonish,astound,amaze作为动词在一起比较的一般含义是“使吃惊”。surprise 是通用词，它的含义是使人一愣。这种吃惊可能包含着高兴也可能包含害怕或忧虑。astonish 在现代英语中通常表示某事使人震惊得难以置信。
15、astound 比 astonish 的词义强得多，常用于表示某件事你虽然认为有可能，但与你所发现的实际情况之间有很大差距。The police were astounded when Mrs Ramsay told them what she had done.,当莱姆赛夫人把自己所做的事告诉了警察时，他们为之骇然。amaze 所表示的吃惊中包含着使人迷惑不解、困窘或惊疑不定。Scientists have been amazed to find that it can cut through the hardest rock with great ease,科学家惊诧地发现，它可以轻而易举
16、地钻穿最坚硬的岩石。Grounded(past participle):lying stationary on the airfields.When the Germans attacked,they took the Russians by surprise and destroyed a high percentage of Soviet airplanes before they could take off.9.And seemed to be driving forward:and seemed to be advancing rapidly,and their attack was
17、 fierce10.I suppose they will be rounded up in hordes:,round up:herd together,collect together(people or animals who are scattered;or who have fled,etc.)horde:A large moving crowd or throng一大群；群众 crowd指“无秩序地聚集在一起的一大群人”,如:A crowd of people were waiting in front of the gate.一大群人在门前等着。throng指“蜂拥行进的人群”,
18、它不及crowd 口语化,如:throngs of celebrators at Times Square 在时代广场举行庆祝活动的人群。swarm 指“一大群杂乱无章移动的人”,如:a swarm of sightseers 一大群观光者。3)You cant find the antecedent of“they”in the previous sentence because it is in quotes.“They”means the Red army-men.,4)I think the Red army-men will be surrounded and captured in
19、 surprisingly large numbers.11.There was not time to consult the War Cabinet:consult:to ask advice of;discussThe War Cabinet:On 10 May 1940,Churchill formed a national government(coalition government)with him as the Prime Minister and Attlee from the Labor Party as the deputy Prime Minister.12.We al
20、l felt the same on this issue:On the issue of Hitlers invasion of the Soviet UnionWe had the same attitude;we shared the same view13.the following account may be of interest:account:a descriptive report(of)interest:quality of exciting or holding ones attention,14.Mr.And Mrs.Winant were staying:Mr.an
21、d Mrs.Winantwere visitors(or guests)15.He thought that Hitler was counting on enlisting:count on:depend on依靠enlist:win the support of;get the help or services of;obtain(help,sympathy,etc.)Can I enlist your help in collecting money for the people made homeless by the foreign invaders?He tried to enli
22、st their sympathies.2)sympathy:a feeling of approval of or agreement with an idea,a cause,etc.3)Right Wing:the more conservative or reactionary section of a political party,group,k etc 4)Hitler was hoping that if he attacked Russia,he would win in Britain and the u.S.The support of those who were,in
23、 Britain and the u.S.The support of those who were enemies of of Communism.16.We should go all out to help Russia:go all out:make ones utmost effort全力以赴,鼓足干劲17.The same would be true of the U.S.A.:true of:true concerning;true as regards the united States would do the same;this would also be the atti
24、tude of the U.S.croquet:槌球18.he reverted to this theme:revert:go back to a former subject;talk about again指回到一个较早的、通常不太理想的状态、习俗、主题或信仰Part of them.reverted to their former prejudices in regard to Lincoln,revert to type重返旧观；恢复原状“This theme”refers to the subject they had been talking about during dinne
25、r,namely Hitlers imminent attack and their stand.19.I asked whether for him,the arch anti-Communist,thiswas not bowing down in the House of Rimmon:A metaphor and biblical allusion Whether he was not renouncing his previous attitude towards communism;whether he was not changing his position since he
26、had all along been opposed to communism 20.My life is much simplified thereby:In this way,my life is made much easier for me to decide on my attitude towards events.thereby:by that means,as result of that,21.If Hitler invaded Hell I would make:If Hitler should attack Hell,a most hated place,I would
27、still say a word in favour of the Devil,the foe of mankind,in the House of Commons;I would say a word in favour of anyone who is attacked by Hitler,no matter how bad,how wicked or evil he had been in the past.2)reference:an individual allusion or direction of the attention.Examples:They never made a
28、ny reference to their need for technology from the oil companies.In his address to the combined Assembly,Sadat made veiled references to the Soviet union and said,“The days of dependence are over”,22.to the effect:having that result or implication;with.General meaning23.except for:1)apart from e.g.E
29、xcept for an old lady,the bus was empty.I know nothing about him except for the fact that he lives next door.He answered all the questions except for the last one.2)but for;if it were not for;without,e.g.Except for you,I should be dead by now.She would not leave the place except for the children.24.
30、He devoted the whole day to it:“It”refers to“the speech”25.The Nazi regime is devoid of all theme and principle except appetite and racial domination:,devoid(of):completely without;destitute or empty of 缺乏的,空的,无的(of)be devoid of common sense缺乏常识A well devoid of water is useless.无水的井没有用途。theme:a recu
31、rring,unifying subject or idea appetite:very strong desire;an intense and prolonged desire The Nazi state does not have any ideal or guiding principle at all.All it has is a strong desire for conquest and rule bythe“Aryan”race,the allegedly(声称)most superior race in the world.,26.It excels all forms.
32、:1)the Nazi regime is very cruel and it invades other countries in most savage way.It can carry out its cruel invasions so effectively that it beats(surpasses)any action of this kind in human history;the Nazi regime is very effective in cruel suppression of and savage attack on other countries;in th
33、is respect it is worse than any other known form of evil.2)纳粹政权在残酷镇压和疯狂侵略方面，极为拿手，人类过去这方面的一切卑劣行径都望莫及。3）efficiency：The Nazis ran the war like a successful big business；e.g.they kept full records and documentation of all their atrocities(残忍).Gas chambers are excellent,examples of efficient and inexpens
34、ive mass killing.27.No one has been:consistent:marked by steady continuity throughout;showing no significant change or contradiction;continually keeping to the same principles 一贯的，始终如一的;和.一致的（with）What you say is not consistent with what you do2)For the past twenty-five years I have always been the
35、firmest opponent of communism and have never changed my position.3)no.to be more than e.g.No American of his time was more national in his interest or universal in his friendship than was Roosevelt.,28.I will unsay:I will not take back a single word of what I have said about communism.unsay:take bac
36、k or retract(what has been said);withdraw or disavow(a statement,a promise)关于共产主义,我说过的话一句也不收回.The author makes it very clear here that he remains an anticommunist politician and he feels no twinge of conscience for what he had said about communism.This positive,unyielding statement makes the contras
37、t brought about in the following sentence more striking.,29.But all this fades away:“All this”refers to communism and his opposition to communism.But compared to the painful sight that is now opening out to our view,all the evils of communism and my opposition to communism become insignificant.The e
38、vils of communism mean nothing as compared with the crimes committed by Nazi Germany on Soviet soil.So I shall bury past differences.(or:So I shall no longer bear any grudge against the Soviet Union.)bear/have/nurse a grudge against sb.怀恨某人unfold:become clear,more fully known 4)spectacle:Here it mea
39、ns a deplorable(悲惨的),painful sight.,30.The past:Flash(away):pass swiftly and suddenly;to move quickly out of sightLets forget the past:the crimes the communist regime committed,the foolish things it did(e.g,the Non-aggression Pact)and the tragic suffering of its people 31.Which their fathers:Fathers
40、 refers to forefathers,ancestors Till:(old English literary)work the soil for the production of crops,as by plowing,harrowing,hoeing,sowing,m etc.immemorial:extending back beyond memory;ancient古老的,无法追忆的4)on which their ancestors have worked from ancient times 32.ah,yes,for there are times:,There are
41、 times(critical times)when everyone,without exception.will pray.Even the Russians will pray.Sometimes,at critical moments,everyoneeven communists turn to prayer.This is a very interesting point for discussion;its an example of projecting ones own beliefs and culture onto the rest of the world.It is
42、based on an assumption of human nature which allows people to universalize the traits and beliefs of particular cultures;so,e.g.prayer is seen as“natural”.This is ethnocentrism(民族优越感),a common characteristic of virtually any cultural entity.33.For the safety:“The bread-winner”,“their champion”,all r
43、efer to the same person because they are all in the singular.为他们亲人的安全而祈祷,为他们养家糊口的人,他们,的勇士,他们的保护者的归来而祈祷.34.Where the means:wring:get by force,threats,persistence,etc.2)Where people have to work very hard on the land in order to keep the family going;where people have to do back-breaking work to wring
44、 a little food out of the poor soil35.but where are still:primordial:existing at or from the beginning;basic 原始的,基本的,根本的2)Although life is hard,people still enjoy basic human pleasures.36.maiden:a girl or young unmarried woman 37.I see advancing upon all this:I can see the Nazi army launching violen
45、t attacks on all this.,2)The object of“see”is“the Nazi war machine advancing upon all this”3)“All this”refers to the villages,the peasants and their primordial joys.4)clanking:referring to the metallic sound made by the swords and sabres(in scabbards)worn by the officers 5)heel-clicking;referring to
46、 the noise made by the boots of the officers coming to attention and shouting“Heil Hitler”6)dandified:referring to the uniforms with shoulder-boards,insignia(徽章，袖章),decorations,etc.打扮得华丽的7)Prussian officers:The core of the officers of the Wehrmacht(the armed forces of Nazi Germany)was Prussian.38.it
47、s crafty expert agents:,Fresh:recently returned tie down:(obsolete)reduce to bondage;enslave cow:To frighten with threats or a show of force.用威胁或显示武力的手段吓唬2)the S.S agents who specialize in genocide(种族灭绝)and who have just accomplished the task of crushing and enslaving a dozen countriesNote:Hitler as
48、signed a unit of S.S.men to every army unit,with express orders to annihilate a large portion of the population.39.I see also the dull:1)The German soldiers are stupid,obedient,easy to manage,savage.They move on in massive formation from one place to another,sowing destruction and death,just like a
49、large crowd of moving locusts,eating up everything in the fields.,2)Churchill uses an apt simile,comparing the German soldiers spreading of destruction.soldiery:集合词士兵,军人,军队40.still smarting:smart:feel pain and resentmentMany a(or an,another)followed by a singular noun or pronoun is equivalent to man
50、y followed by the corresponding plural.whipping:(informal)defeat the Luftwaffe(the Nazi air force)have suffered severe losses in the aerial Battle of England.Now they feel happy because they think they can easily beat the Russian air force without heavy loss.,41.behind all this glareglare:a rather v
