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1、1,商务合同的翻译,2,讨论：,外贸合同有哪些内容,3,Huzhou Import&Export Co.addressSales Contract s/c no.:date:The buyers:Address:The buyers agree to buy and the sellers agree to sell the following goods on terms and conditions as below:,4,1)Commodity description,2）Packing:in cases,in bales in boxes of a dozen each,100 box
2、es to a wooden case,5,3)Time of shipment:in OCT.12th w/t at Hongkong before the end of OCT.4)Port of loading,port of destination:5)Terms of Payment:by sight L/C,the L/C must reach the sellers before May 1st.by D/P,by D/A 6)Insurance:to be covered by the sellers for 110%of the invoice value against a
3、ll risks as per CIC dated January 1,1981.,6,7)Inspection:8)Quantity/Quality Discrepancy:9)Force majeure:10)Arbitration:The sells-the buyers-,7,Tranlation of Business Contract,一、商务合同概述二、商务合同的构成部分三、语言特色四、商务合同与协议的翻译五、商务合同与协议翻译实例,8,一、商务合同概述,A contract is an agreement,which legally binds the parties conc
4、erned.在由Steven H.Gifts编著的“Law Dictionary”中，contract被定义为“a promise,or a set of promises,for breach of which the law gives remedy,or the performance of the which the law in some way recognize as a duty.”合同是一种承诺，违反承诺可以得到法律救助，在某种意义上，法律将履行该承诺看作是一种补偿。综上可见，合同是平等主体之间设立的确定民事权利和义务的法律协议。,9,合同英语属于庄重文体（the froze
5、n style），是各种英语文体中正式程度最高的一种。总体来说，这种正式性体现在内容的专业性、语言的严谨性和结构的完整性等方面。,10,合同种类,正式合同 Contract(P197)协议书 Agreement确议书 Confirmation备忘录 Memorandum订单 Order意向书 Letter of intent,11,根据当事人之间的权利和义务关系，主要可做如下分类：Contracts for International Sale of GoodsContracts for International Technology TransferContracts for Sino-f
6、oreign Joint VenturesContracts for Sino-foreign Contractual Joint VenturesContracts for International Engineering ProjectsContracts for Compensation Trade,12,Contracts for Sino-foreign Cooperation Development of Natural ResourcesContracts for Foreign Labor ServicesContracts for International Leasing
7、 AffairsContracts for Sino-foreign Credits and LoansContracts for International Build-Operate-Transfer,13,二、商务合同的构成部分,一.约首(the head)1.合同名称 Title2.前文（前言）Preamble 1)Date of signing 2)Signing parties 3)Each partys authority 当事人的合法依据 4）Place of signing 5)Recitals or WHEREAS clause 定约缘由,14,二.本文（Body)定义条款
8、（Definition clause)基本条款（Basic conditions)一般条款（General terms and conditions)合同有效期限（Duration)终止(Termination)不可抗力（Force Majeure)合同的让与（Assignment)仲裁（Arbitration)适用法律（governing law)诉讼管辖（Jurisdiction)通知手续（Notice)合同的修改（Amendment)其他（Others),15,三.约尾（the tail)结尾语包括合同的份数、使用的文字和效力等（Concluding sentence)签名（Signat
9、ure)盖印（Seal),16,三、语言特色,1.Use many formal words and professional words 多使用正式或法律上的用词1）At the request of Party B,Party A agrees to send technicians to assist Party B to install the equipment.应乙方要求，甲方同意派遣技术员帮助乙方安装设备(help)2）Party A shall repatriate the patient to China and bear the cost of his passage to
10、 Beijing.甲方应将病人遣返中国，负责病人回到北京的旅费。（send back),17,三、语言特色,3)The term“Effective date”means the date on which this Agreement is duly executed by the parties hereto(至此,正式).“生效日”的意思是指本协议经订约双方签字的日子。（signed）,18,Compare the following two kinds of words and expressionsTerminate,stop commence,beginbe deemed to,b
11、e regarded as in lieu of,in place of prior to,before whatsoever,whatever,19,More formal words in the contract:in accordance with otherwiseprovided thatbe deemed to In accordance with the date of shipment,20,Indemnity n.a promise to protect someone from money lost or goods damaged;赔偿的保证repayment for
12、this；赔偿金An insurance contract that promises to pay for the replacement or repair of lost of damaged goods赔偿物e.g.to arrange an against loss 办理损失赔偿 to demand an for the delayed payment 因延期付款要求赔偿,21,Money demanded by a victorious nation at the end of a war as a condition of peace is an.战争结束时，战胜国作为和平条件索
13、取之款项称为“赔款”。,22,Infringement:violation n.违反；违背；侵犯；侵害,copyright infringement,版权侵犯,patent infringement,专利侵权,trade-mark infringement,侵犯商标权,商标冒用,infringement of contract,违反合同,infringement of freedom,侵犯自由,23,Force majeure:an unexpected and unavoidable event that causes or allows a contract to be changed o
14、r cancelled if it has a force majeure clause.e.g.As a result of force majeure the transaction was not completed.基于不可抗力的因素，交易未能完成。,24,Arbitration:the settling of a dispute by means of a neutral third party rather than by a court of law.仲裁（通过中立的第三方不通过法庭解决纠纷）e.g.They decided to settle the dispute by.他们
15、决定通过仲裁解决争议。,25,改错,Contractor shall assure full responsibility for the entire project work until its acceptance.在项目接收之前，承包方应对工程承担全部责任。Full set clean on board marine Bill of Lading issued to the order of the shipper and blank endorsed.承运人签发的全套整洁、已装船的海运提单，空白背书。The payment shall be made by confirmed,irr
16、evocable and documentary LC.付款方式为经确认的、不可撤销的、书面信用证。,26,在以上三句中，acceptance、clean、to the order of、confirmed和documentary的翻译均未能完全真实表示合同意思，这些词的中文完整意思分别是“验收”、“清洁”、“以为抬头”、“保兑的”和“跟单”。由以上各例可见，由于对商务合同中专业词汇的错误理解和翻译，从而传达了一种错误信息从而可能引发法律纠纷。,27,2.用语力求准确、明白、严密 Party A shall send technicians at Party Bs expense to tra
17、in Party Bs personnel within 30 days after signing the Contract.甲方应于签约后三十天内派遣技术员培训乙方的人员，有关费用由乙方承担。This Contract can only be altered,amended or supplemented in accordance with documents signed and sealed by authorized representatives of both parties.本合同的修改补充应按双方授权代表签名盖章的文件，才能进行。,28,三、语言特色,3.Use old E
18、nglishTo make the compound words by adding after,by,in,of,on,to,under,upon,or with after here,there,or whereHereafter:in this document and after this point 此后,以后Hereby:in this way or by this letter以此,特此,由此Thereby:by that 按此,借此,从而,由此Therefrom:from that从那里,29,Whereas Party A is willing to employ Party
19、 B and Party B agrees to do as Party As engineer in Beijing,it is hereby agrees as follows.鉴于甲方愿聘请乙方,乙方同意应聘为甲方在北京的工程师,双方协议如下:In consideration of the mutual covenants and agreement herein contained,the parties agree as follows.双方考虑到在此提出的契约和协议,同意如下条款.,30,三、语言特色,4.Use the synonymous word with its relev
20、ant words多用成双成对的同义词Terms and conditions 条件 null and void 无效 free and clear of 无 able and willing 能够并愿意any duties,obligations or liabilities所有责任applicable laws,regulations,decrees,directives,and rules 适用法律法规,31,any and all 全部charges,fees,costs and expenses 各种费用covenants and agreements 合同，协议customs an
21、d usages 惯例import duty and tax 进口税捐keep secret and confidential保密licenses and permits 许可packing and wrapping expenses 包装费rights and interests 权益settle claims and debts 清理债务ships and vessels 船只sign and issue 签发 support and maintenance 维护 use and wont 习惯，惯例,32,1）This Agreement made and entered into by
22、 and between ABC Co.and XYZ Co.ABC 公司和XYZ公司双方签订本协议。2）All documents,letters,telegrams and telexes interchanged between both parties before the signing of the Contract shall become null and void automatically from the date on which the Contract comes into force.双方在签约前交换的所有文件、书信、电报和电传，应从本合同生效之日开始自动失效。,
23、33,5、注意may、shall、should、will、may not、shall not等词语的法律内涵May、shall、should、will、may not、shall not等词的确很常见，但是在合同中这些词具有特殊的意义，所以翻译起来要极其谨慎，避免引起纠纷。a.May：在表示合同上的权利（Right）、权限（Power）或特权（Privilege）的场合中使用。若表示某种权利在法律上具有强制性的时候，更多的是“be entitled”。b.Shall：在合同中并不是单纯的将来时，一般用它来表示法律上可以强制执行的义务（Obligation）。如未履行，即视为违约，并构成某种赔偿
24、责任。所以，shall在译文里，通常表示“应该”或“必须”，当然，也有不翻译的时候。例如：,34,The parties hereto shall,first of all,settle any dispute arising from or in connection with the contract by friendly negotiations.Should such negotiations fail,such dispute may be referred to the Peoples Court having jurisdiction on such dispute for s
25、ettlement in the absence of any arbitration clause in the disputed contract or in default of agreement reached after such dispute occurs.双方首先应通过友好协商，解决因合同而发生的或与合同有关的争议。如果协商未果，合同中又无仲裁条款约定或争议发生后未就仲裁达成协议的，可将争议提交有管辖权的人民法院解决。,35,The quality and prices of the commodities to be exchanged between the ex-imp
26、orters in the two countries shall be acceptable to both sides.货物的质量和价格必须使进出口双方都能接受。The formation of this contract,its validity,interpretation,execution and settlement of the disputes shall be governed by related laws of the Peoples Republic of China.本合同的订立、效力、解释、履行和争议的解决均受中华人民共和国法律的管辖。shall没有译出。,36,
27、c.Should：在合同中通常只用来表示语气较弱的假设，多翻译成“万一”或“如果”，极少译成“应该”。The board meeting shall be convened and presided over by the Chairman.Should the chairman be absent,the vice-Chairman shall,in principle,convene and preside over the board meeting.董事会会议应由董事长召集、主持；若董事长缺席，原则上应由副董事长召集、主持。,37,d.Will：一般使用在没有法律强制的情况下，也用做表
28、示承担义务的声明，但语气和强制力比Shall弱。e.May not（或shall not）：用于禁止性义务，即“不得做什么”。,38,Sentence features,Use a lot of complete and long sentences with attribute and adverbial modifier to form the simple sentences and compound sentences,39,The stylish featuresCorrect and precise,Hereinafter called以下称为 Unless otherwise s
29、tipulated in除非在中另有规定This shall prevail over则以为准,40,商务合同与协议的翻译,一、准确严谨faithfulness&accuracy商务合同的专业性和兼容性越来越强，为了避免产生歧义，涉外商务合同的翻译必须把“准确严谨”作为首要标准。合同文本是合同双方当事人真实意思表示的文字形式的记录，因此合同文本的翻译不同于文学翻译，一般不讲究文采韵味，而要求必须准确严谨反映当事人的意思表示。,41,要做到译文准确严谨，首先要做到用词准确（accuracy）。比如，accept在一般情况下译为“接受”、“认可”，但在商务合同中，该词一般要翻译成“承兑”，相应地，
30、acceptor就要翻译成“承兑人”。Shipping advice和shipping instruction从表面上看意思相近，但在商务合同中，应该做出区分：前者是“装运通知”（由卖方发给买方的通知，告之买方货已装运的具体事宜），后者是“装运指示”（由买方向卖方在货物运出前，发出的装运指示，卖方完全按照买方的意图做好装运事宜）。shipment date和delivery date，从字面翻译来看，都可以翻译成“装货日期”，但是前者指的是货物装船启运（离港）日期，后者是指货物的到货（到港）日期。,42,Use the correct and precise words If Party A
31、insisted on its original quotation,Party B will have to cover its requirements elsewhere.如果甲方坚持原报价，乙方将只能从其它渠道购进所需之货物。Party B shall cover the goods with particular average.乙方将对该货物投保水渍险。In order to cover our order,we have arranged with Dalian Branch,the Bank of China,a credit for USD 86 000.为支付我方订货货款，
32、我方已委托中国银行大连分行开立86 000美元的信用证。,43,要保持译文的完整（completeness）。商务合同的翻译一定要保持译文的完整性，决不能只保持原文与译文在词语表面上的对等。例如：Payment:By irrevocable L/C at sight to reach the Seller 30 days before the time of shipment.支付：买方应当在装船前30天将不可撤销的即期信用证开到卖方。,44,二、规范通顺expressiveness&smoothness合同文本是一种法律文件，属于庄严性文体。翻译商务合同时还应该把规范通顺视为另一大原则。所谓
33、“规范”，是指译文必须符合法律语言的特点，尽量体现出契约文体的特点。而所谓“通顺”，是指译文应当符合汉语的语法要求，使译文清晰易懂。,45,During the period from the date of effectiveness to the termination of the Contract,the two Parties shall hold a meeting very year to discuss problems arising form the execution of the Contract.原译：在合同生效之日起到合同终止之日的期间内，双方每年举行一次会议，讨论
34、合同发行中出现的问题。原文在理解上没有什么特别困难的地方，译文意思也算正确，但只对原文逐字逐句翻译，显得呆板，改译为：本合同有效期间，双方应每年正式会晤一次，以讨论本合同履行期间存在的问题。,46,The date of Bill of Lading shall be taken as the conclusive proof of the date of shipment,six(6)days grace shall be allowed for shipment earlier or later than the time agreed upon by the Parties.In the
35、 event of the goods for one order being shipped in more than one lot,each lot shall be deemed to be a separate sale on Contract.原译：提单的日期应为交货日期的最后证明。双方允许交货比约定的时间早交或迟交六天。一次订货多于一批装运，那么，每批货应被当作是合同的单独买卖。原译文表达累赘，结构松散，不合乎汉语契约文体的简约风格。改译为：交货日期以提单所载日期为准，双方同意在合同约定的交货期的基础上，允许有前后六天的装运宽限期。若一次订货分批装运，则每一批货为合同项下的单独买
36、卖。,47,One-third of the total amount shall be paid with the order when the Contract is signed,one third by documentary bill when shipment is effected,and the balance by clean bills when the goods have arrived.合同签订时先预付货款总额的三分之一，装船后凭跟单汇票再付三分之一，剩余的三分之一在货物抵达时凭光票一次性付清。译文充分利用添加的横线部分充分表明了原条款的三个付款阶段：交货前、交货时、
37、交货后，使得层次清楚，表达通顺。,48,注意事项,酌情使用公文惯用词语慎选容易混淆的词语 If Party A insisted on its original quotation,Party B will have to cover its requirements elsewhere.如果甲方坚持原报价,乙方则只能从其他地方购进所需货物,49,相关词语连用来限定责任或时间和/或 and/or强调合同是双方签定by and between用大小写文字重复金额正确 使用货币符号A$-AUD-Australian Dollar 澳元US$-USD-United States Dollar美元,5
38、0,商务合同与协议翻译实例,Contract of BusinessNo.DateBuyersSellers,51,This CONTRACT is made by and between the Buyers and the Sellers;Whereby the Buyers agree to buy and the Sellers agree to sell the undermentioned goods on the terms and conditions stated below:Name of commodity and specifications:,52,Quantity:Price:Packing:Shipment:Port of Destination:Terms of Payment:The Buyers The Sellers,53,商业买卖合同 编号 日期 买方 卖方 兹经买卖双方同意,由买方购进,卖方出售下列货物,并按下列条款签定本合同:商品名称和规格:,54,数量:价格:包装:装船日期:目的口岸:付款方式:买方 卖方,
