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1、The Telencephalon,山东大学医学院解剖教研室李振华,External feature,The telencephalon consists of right and left cerebral hemisphere,partially separated by cerebral longitudinal fissure.The cerebral transverse fissure intervenes between the hemispheres and the cerebellumEach hemisphere has three surfaces:superolater
2、al,medial and inferior,Three principal sulci Central sulcus 中央沟Lateral sulcus 外侧沟Parietooccipital sulcus 顶枕沟,Central sulcus,Lateral sulcus,Parietooccipital sulcus,Five lobes Frontal lobe 额叶Parietal lobe 顶叶Temporal lobe 颞叶Occipital lobe 枕叶Insular lobe 岛叶,Frontal lobe,Parietal lobe,Occipital lobe,Temp
3、oral lobe,Insular lobe,Sulci and gyri of Superolateral surface,Frontal lobe:Precentral sulcus 中央前沟Superior frontal sulcus 额上沟Inferior frontal sulcus 额下沟Precentral gyrus 中央前回Superior frontal gyrus 额上回Middle frontal gyrus 额中回Inferior frontal gyrus 额下回,Sulci and gyri of Superolateral surface,Precentral
4、 sulcus,Precentral gyrus,Superior frontal sulcus,Inferior frontal sulcus,Superior,middleand inferioe frontal gyri,Parietal lobe:Postcentral sulcus 中央后沟 Postcentral gyrus中央后回 Intraparietal sulcus 顶内沟 Superior parietal lobule 顶上小叶 Inferior parietal lobule 顶下小叶 Supramarginal gyrus 缘上回 Angular gyrus 角回,
5、Sulci and gyri of Superolateral surface,Postcentral sulcus,Postcentral gyrus,Superior parietal lobule,Supramarginal gyrus,Angular gyrus,Intraparietal sulcus,Temporal lobe:Superior temporal sulcus 颞上沟Inferior temporal sulcus 颞下沟Superior temporal gyrus 颞上回 Middle temporal gyrus 颞中回 Inferior temporal g
6、yrus 颞下回 Transverse temporal gyri 颞横回,Sulci and gyri of Superolateral surface,Superior temporal sulcus,Inferior temporal sulcus,Superior temporal gyrus,Middle temporal gyrus,Inferior temporal gyrus,Transverse temporal gyri,Sulci and gyri of Superolateral surface,Precentral sulcus,Precentral gyrus,Su
7、perior frontal sulcus,Inferior frontal sulcus,Superior,middleand inferioe frontal gyri,Postcentral sulcus,Postcentral gyrus,Superior parietal lobule,Supramarginal gyrus,Angular gyrus,Superior temporal sulcus,Inferior temporal sulcus,Superior temporal gyrus,Middle temporal gyrus,Inferior temporal gyr
8、us,Sulci and gyri of medial surface,Corpus callosum 胼胝体 Callosal sulcus 胼胝体沟 Cingulate sulcus 扣带沟Cingulate gyrus扣带回 Marginal ramus 缘支Paracentral lobule 中央旁小叶Calcarine sulcus 距状沟 Cuneus 楔叶 Lingual gyrus 舌回,Sulci and gyri of medial surface,Corpus callosum,Callosal sulcus,cingulate gyrus,Cingulate sulc
9、us,Marginal ramus,Paracentral lobule,Calcarine sulcus,Cuneus,Parietooccipital sulcus,Lingual gyrus,Sulci and gyri of inferior surface,Olfactory bulb 嗅球 Olfactory tract 嗅束 Olfactory trigone 嗅三角 Anterior perforated substance 前穿质 Collateral sulcus 侧副沟 Occipitotemporal sulcus 枕颞沟 Medial occipitotemporal
10、 gyrus 枕颞内侧回 Lateral occipitotemporal gyrus 枕颞外侧回 Hippocampal sulcus 海马沟 Parahippocampal gyrus 海马旁回 Uncus 钩 Hippocampus 海马 Dentate gyrus 齿状回,Hippocampal formation 海马结构,Inferior surface,Olfactory bulb,Olfactory tract,Olfactory trigone,Anterior perforated substance,Collateral sulcus,Occipitotemporal s
11、ulcus,Medial and lateraloccipitotemporal gyri,Parahippocampal gyrus,Uncus,Hippocampus,Dentate gyrus,Hippocampal formation,Histology of the cerebral cortex,Archicortex 原皮质(hippocampal formation 海马结构)Paleocortex 古皮质(rhinencephalon 嗅脑)Neocortex 新皮质(most of cerebral cortex),3 cell layers,6 cell layers,F
12、unctional location of cerebral cortex,First somatic motor area 第一躯体运动区,Position:located in precentral gyrus and anterior portion of paracentral lobule,First somatic motor area第一躯体运动区,Characters Representation is inverted,but head and face are uprightA body part is represented by a cortical area prop
13、ortional to its use rather than its size Receiving fibers from postcentral gyrus,VA,VL and VPL,sending out fibers to form pyramidal tract,controlling voluntary movements,First somatic sensory area第一躯体感觉区,Positionlies in postcentral gyrus and posterior portion of paracentral lobule,First somatic sens
14、ory area第一躯体感觉区,Characters Sensory representation,like motor area,is crossed and invertedReceiving and interpret sensation from opposite side of body,Auditory area 听区,Located in transverse temporal gyriReceive auditory information from both ears,Visual area 视区,Lie on either side of calcarine sulcus
15、in medial surface of occipital lobe Visual cortex of one hemisphere receives impression from temporal part of retina of same side and nasal part of opposite sideLesions of visual cortex produce contralateral homonymous visual field defections,Vestibular area平衡觉区:located in front of superior temporal
16、 gyrus Olfactory area 嗅觉区:located near the uncusTaste area 味觉区:located at frontal operculum,Language area 语言中枢,It is dominant in left hemisphere in right-handed personMotor speech area 运动性语言中枢Located in posterior portion of inferior frontal gyrusDamage:motor aphasiaWriting area 书写中枢Located in poster
17、ior portion of middle frontal gyrusDamage:agraphiaAuditory speech area 听觉性语言中枢Located in posterior portion of superior temporal gyrus Lesion:sensory aphasiaVisual speech area 视觉性语言中枢Located in angular gyrusLesion:alexia,Lateral ventricle 侧脑室Position:located in cerebral hemispheresFour parts Central
18、part:lies in parietal lobe Anterior horn:extends into frontal lobe Posterior horn extend into occipital lobe Inferior horn:extend into temporal lobe,Internal structures,Communicationlateral ventricle interventricular foramen third ventricle,Basal nuclei 基底核,Corpus striatum 纹状体Lentiform nucleus 豆状核 C
19、audate nucleus 尾状核Claustrum 屏状核Amygdaloid body 杏仁体,Globus pallidus 苍白球,putamen 壳,Neostriatum 新纹状体,paleostriatum 旧纹状体,White matter,Association fibers 联络纤维 Run between gyri within the same hemisphereCerebral arcuate fibers 大脑弓状纤维Superior longitudinal fasciculi 上纵束Inferior longitudinal fasciculi 下纵束Unc
20、inate fasciculus 钩束Cingulum 扣带,Commissural fibers 连合纤维 run between left and right hemisphere Corpus callosum胼胝体:rostrum,genu,trunk,spleniumAnterior commissure 前连合Fornix and commissure of fornix 穹隆和穹隆连合,Projection fibers投射纤维:connect cortex with lower part of brain and spinal cord and they include bot
21、h ascending and descending fibers Internal capsulePosition:a thick lamina of white matter lying between caudate nucleus,thalamus and lentiform nucleus,Three partsAnterior limb of internal capsule 内囊前肢Lies between caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleusContaining frontopontine tract and anterior thalam
22、ic radiationGenu of internal capsule 内囊膝Is angle at which anterior and posterior limbs meetContaining corticonuclear tractPosterior limb of internal capsule 内囊后肢Lies between thalamus and lentiform nucleusContain corticospinal tract,corticorubral tract,central thalamic radiation,parieto-occipito-temp
23、oro-pontine tract,acoustic radiation and optic radiation,Anterior thalamic radiation,Frontopontine tract,Lentiform nucleus,Corticorubral tract,Parieto-occipito-temporo-pontine tract,Acoustic radiation,Optic radiation,Head of caudate nucleus,Corticonuclear tract,Corticospinal tract,Dorsal thalamus,Ce
24、ntral thalamic radiation,Medial geniculate body,Lateral geniculate body,Limbic system边缘系统,CompositionLimbic lobe:includes septal area,cingulated gyrus,parahippocampal gyrus,hippocampus,dentate gyrus,temporal pole,anterior part of insular lobe and so onAssociated subcortical nuclei:amygdaloid body,septal nuclei,hypothalamus,epithalamus,anterior nucleus group of thalamus,tegmentum of midbrainFunction:concerned with visceral activities,olfaction,emotion and memory,so this system is called visceral brain,
