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1、旅游学概论,LYXGL,天津商业大学商学院旅游管理系,绪 论,绪论,概要一、世界旅游发展状况1、世界旅游状况2、中国旅游发展状况（1）入境旅游（2）国内旅游（3）出境旅游二、旅游学的研究对象和课程性质三、旅游学科的研究以及本课的内容简介四、旅游学的研究方法五、Career Possibilities,学习目的,通过绪论学习，你能够：理解旅游学与旅游科学了解旅游学的研究对象以及本课程的主要内容了解旅游学的研究方法,绪论,一、世界旅游发展状况1、世界旅游状况客观原因：二战之后，生产的机械化、自动化程度提高，商品经济高度发展。导致一方面人们的生活节奏越来越快；另一方面，收入也随之提高，带薪假日延长。
2、主观原因：为了调节精神生活减轻心理负担，恢复体力和脑力，以便再生产出质量高的劳动力，投入新的生产过程，旅游便成为生活中不可缺少的部分。于是各种类型的旅游者纷纷加入国际旅游的行列。从下图可以看出，国际旅游人数逐年增加，旅游外汇收入呈递增趋势。,Source:WTTC,Travel and Tourism CanDouble in Size by 2011,Travel and Tourism will continue to expand faster than the economy as a whole and faster than comparable industries.By 201
3、1 Travel&Tourism is expected to account for:*Over twice the output at$7.0 trillion*More jobs-260 million employeesGrowth depends on enlightened government policy,、中国旅游发展状况,入境旅游 国际旅游 旅游包括两方面的内容 出境旅游 国内旅游,中国政府出于赚取外汇的目的，于七十年代末八十年代初首先发展了国际接待旅游业（即入境旅游）；由入境旅游带动中国公民的国内旅游；进而产生了一定的出境旅游市场。中国旅游业的发展模式：入境旅游国内旅游出
4、境旅游,（1）入境旅游 Inbound Tourism,The mode of Chinas tourism development is quite different from that in most of the development countries in the world.For political and economic purposes,China started its tourism activities based on inbound travel only.As a developing country,China gives priority to inbo
5、und tourism for its foreign exchange earnings.,中国国际入境旅游发展状况,改革开放以来，我国旅游业发展规模。旅游入境人数：由1978年的180.92万人次上升为1998 年的6347.84万人次，增34倍；旅游外汇收入：1998年已达到126.02亿美圆，比1978年增长46.9倍，旅游业成为我国外汇收入的重要来源；旅游涉外饭店：由1978年的不足200家发展到1998年的5782家；旅行社：五十年代中期只有国旅、中旅及其十几家分社，1998年发展到6222家。,（2）国内旅游 Domestic Tourism,Until the mid-1980
6、s,domestic tourism hardly existed,China gives priority to inbound tourism for its foreign exchange earnings;To meet the growing demand for leisure travel among Chinas own citizens and to encourage personal consumption for economic growth,the central government has issued a number of policies to prom
7、ote domestic tourism.In 1992,weeklong holidays were first introduced;In 1995,a five-day work week was introduced;Starting in 1999,three weeklong holidays were established around May 1(May Day/Labor Day),October 1(National Day),and the lunar Spring Festival of Chinese New Year.,中国公民国内旅游发展迅速,旅游类型：以观光为
8、主同时开始产生度假需求。,假日经济（节日经济）：黄金周 五一、十一、春节。,目前，中国旅游业的发展是一手抓国际旅游，一手抓国内旅游，从以国际旅游为主改变为国际与国内旅游并重。,Characteristics of domestic tourism,The average length of stay by domestic travelers was four to six days;Purpose.The majority of domestic visitors were traveling for leisure,recreation and holidays,or visiting f
9、riends and relatives;More than 90%of domestic visitors chose to arrange their trips by themselves;Occupation.More than one-third visitors are the executives and professionals.,（3）出境旅游 Outbound Tourism,中国公民的出境旅游悄然兴起1992年出境、出国旅游人数 293万；1993年出境、出国旅游人数 374万；1994年出境、出国旅游人数 373万；1995年出境、出国旅游人数 471万世界旅游组织预
10、测2020年，中国将成为第四大旅游输出国。,Outbound Tourism,Parallel with the development of both incoming and domestic tourism,control of outbound travel has been relaxed,and some Southeast and East Asian countries have become popular destinations for Chinese visitors.The number of outbound visitors has been increasing
11、 with each year;The number of open destinations is growing now.CNTA has approved 76 overseas tours destinations by the end of last month.As a result,Chinas tourism accounts will increasingly be more balanced,with tourist flows in both directions.Nowadays,equal attention is paid to both international
12、 and domestic tourism in terms of their contribution to local and regional social and economic development within China.,Main Destinations of Outbound Travelers in 2000,Hong Kong Special Administrative Region,Macao Special Administrative Region,Thailand,Russia,Japan,The Republic of Korea,The United
13、States,Singapore,The Democratic Republic of Korea,Australia.,二、旅游学的研究对象和课程性质,1、旅游学的研究对象旅游活动。即研究旅游者、旅游业以及双方活动对旅游接待地区社会文化、经济和环境影响的科学。,、课程性质旅游学概论是本学科的一门专业基础课，必修课。它是为所有课程打基础的一门先修课。,三、旅游学科的研究以及本课的内容简介,、旅游学科研究状况,对事物的认识受其客观表现程度的限制。从世界范围来讲，对旅游的研究已有近百年的历史了，它总是与每一阶段上旅游的发展程度有关。在旅游的发展过程中，人们首先注意到的是旅游领域中的经济现象，在旅游
14、经济领域完成了很有价值的学术研究；二战之后出现了旅游社会学、环境学、心理学、法学等分支学科，对旅游的研究由单纯的经济研究发展为对社会的研究。,旅游学,基本理论学科：经济学、社会学、心理学、法学；（分别从不同的侧面研究旅游活动）,应用学科：旅行社管理、酒店管理等。,旅游学,旅游活动,旅游者活动,旅游社会学,旅游心理学,旅游人类学,旅游行为学,供求关系,旅游经济学旅游美学旅游生态学旅游史学旅游地理学,旅游产业活动,旅游管理学,旅游会计学,旅游规划学,旅游营销学,支持学科,、旅游概论课程的研究内容及与其它课程的关系,四、旅游学的研究方法,1、以马克思主义为指导,运用马克思主义哲学和政治经济学 的观点
15、分析旅游现象。如：用主次矛盾和矛盾的主次方面关系原理分析旅游性质。,2、从实际出发，理论联系实际的方法。应立足中国国情，不能照搬他人成功的经验。如：建饭店、开发旅游资源方面应突出中国的特色。,3、树立市场经济的观念。如：现代旅游是商品经济高度发展的产物。,4、用比较对比的方法进行学习。如：中、意古迹资源开发的对比，意大利的经验可以借鉴。,研究方法：Tourism commonly is approached through a variety of methods.However,there is little or no agreement on how the study of touri
16、sm should be undertaken.The following are several methodsthat have been used.Institutional ApproachProduct ApproachHistorical ApproachManagerial ApproachEconomic ApproachSociological ApproachGeographical ApproachInterdisciplinary ApproachesThe Systems Approach,五、Career Possibilities,AirlinesBus Comp
17、aniesCruise CompaniesRailroadsRental Car CompaniesHotel,Motels,and ResortsTravel AgenciesTour CompaniesFood Service,Tourism EducationTourism ResearchTravel CommunicationsRecreation and LeisureAttractionsTourist Offices and Information CentersConvention and Visitor BureausMeeting Planners,Career Path
18、s Within the Tourism Industry,Paths within education system and industryPaths into industry _,Sample Occupations,Values&Interests,Accommodations,Hotel Owner,Hotel Manager,Operations Chambermaid,Entry Chambermaid,Tour&Travel,Tour Bus Line Owner,Tour Bus Line Mgr.,Tour Bus Driver,Ticket Agent,Attracti
19、ons,Amusement Park G.M.,Director of Special Attractions,Operations Ride Operator,Entry Ride Operator,Food&Beverage,Restaurant Owner,Restaurant Manager,Asst Executive Housekeeper,Superintendent of Bus Maintenance,Amusement Park Supervisor,Maitre D,Bartender,Food&Beverage Server,Entrepreneur,Manager,Supervisor,Operations,Entry Level,Predominant Values and InterestsPeopleQualityChallengeFlexibilityNovelty/Change,People,Pre-employment,Personal Worth Work,思考题,1、国外旅游研究进展情况如何？阅读旅游学刊1996年1-4期国外旅游研究进展连载2、旅游学科体系应如何构建？3、旅游学的研究对象是什么？,
