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1、形容词、副词及其比较级、最高级,1.形容词的修饰与位置,一般来说，从构词法角度来看，后缀“ly”往往是副词，但有的以“ly”结尾的词是形容词而不是副词，这点要注意；形容词一般可以在句子中做定语，表语等成份，但有些形容词在句子中只能做表语和只能做前置定语，这些形容词在修饰时有一定的特殊性。,1.1 以-ly结尾的是形容词而不是副词 costly 昂贵的 lonely 孤独的 deadly 死一般的 lively 活泼的 friendly 友好的 silly 傻气的 kindly 热心肠的 likely 可能的 leisurely 悠闲的 ugly 长得丑的 brotherly 兄弟般的 mont
2、hly 每月的 earthly 尘世的,1.2 以“a”开头的很多形容词只能做表语afraid 害怕的 alike 相象的 awake 醒着的 alone 单独的，惟一的 alive 活着的 ashamed 羞愧的 asleep 睡着的 aware 意识到的、察觉到的 well 健康的 content 满意的 unable 无能的,1.3只作前置定语的形容词,earthen 泥土做的 daily 每日 latter 后面的golden 金子般的 inner 里面的 little 小的 silken 丝一般的 outer 外面的 live 活的 wooden 木制 yearly 每年的 elde
3、r 年长的 woolen 毛 former 前任的 mere 仅 only 惟一的 sheer 纯粹的 very 恰好的 monthly 每月的 weekly 每周的,1.4下列动词既是实义动词又是系动词，注意用做系动词时，要求形容词做表语:remain，keep，become,get,grow,go,come,turn,stay,stand,run,prove,seem,appear,look 如：It seems great to do so.,2.形容词与副词的 比较级与最高级,2.1做比较级题目时，学生应把握：1）形容词和副词比较级的形式是否和比较连词对应出现，即是否符合原级比较及比较
4、级的结构。,Do you enjoy listening to records?I find records are often _,or better than an actual performance.A as good as B as good C good D good as 在这里as good as 比较连词与better than比较连词同时出现时候，不能省略任何一个介词。答案为A,2)比较的成分是否属于同类事物或同类概念，既是说比较要具有可比性。,The number of registered participants in this years marathon was
5、half _.A of last years B those of last years C of those of last year D that of last years,（前后相比的应该是今年和去年注册参加的人数“the number of”故代替它的应该是单数指示代词“that”，而不能选择B，those是指代participants，不是同类对比，答案为D。,3)比较级与倍数词关系及其位置,原级结构中可插入表达倍数的词，表示为“为.若干倍”,当与有表示倍数比较的词在一起时候等，他们的位置是，倍数词+asas,或倍数词+morethan，但again一般放在原级词之后，即“as+原
6、级again+as”.如,Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills people each year _ than automobile accidents.A seven more times B seven times more C over seven times D seven times,“Do you regret paying_ as five hundred dollars for the painting?”“No,I would gladly have paid for it.”A twice so muc
7、h B twice as much C as much twice D so much twice,4）下列词和短语不用比较级形式却表示比较概念：,inferior,minor,senior,prior,prefer to,superior,major,junior,preferable,differ from,compared with,in comparison with,different from,rather than.,如:Their watch is _ to all the other watches on the market.A superior B advantageou
8、s C super D beneficial,5）“比较级and+比较级”或“more and more/less and less+原级”以及“ever,steadily,daily等副词比较级”结构表示“越来越”的意思，与这类结构搭配的常用动词有grow,get,become等。前面两种情况更多地出现在进行时态中，注意的是这三种情况引导的比较级后面都不需要用than.如：,Things are getting worse and worse.As I spoke to him he became less and less angry.Her health was becoming dai
9、ly worse.The road got ever worse until there was no road at all=the road got worse and worse.,6)比较级前面可以用even,still,yet,all the(more)等修饰语用以加强语气，表示“更加”的意思。如：Today it is even colder than yesterday.I have yet more exciting news for you.,7)有关比较级的特殊句型：,A):not so much as 需要注意的：从结构上来看，notso much as 可以有两种结构：
10、not A so much as B 或not so much A as B;从意思来看，该句型的基本含义为:“与其说A倒不如说B”,或者“是B，而不是A”。但在实际翻译中十分灵活。A和B两个被比较的平行结构，如：同为介词短语、动词不定式、名词短语或其他平行结构。,The conveniences that American desire reflect not so much a leisurely lifestyle as a busy lifestyle in which even minutes of time are too valuable to be wasted.此处平行结构是
11、两个名词短语：a leisurely lifestyle 和a busy lifestyle，两者都作reflect的宾语。译文：美国人所渴望的种种便利设施，与其说是反映了一种休闲的生活方式，倒不如说是反映了一种忙碌的生活方式，正因为忙碌，所以每分钟都很宝贵而不容浪费。,The great use of a school education is not so much to teach you things as to teach you the art of learning.评析：这里被比较的是两个不定式：to teach you things 和to teach you the art
12、 of learning.译文：学校教育的伟大作用不在于教会你多少东西，而在于教会你学习的技巧。,The great thing in this world is not so much where we stand as in what direction we are moving.人生的意义不在于你目前身在何处，而在于你心向何方。He does not respect learning and prefers“sport”.The problem set for society is not the virtue of the type so much as its adequacy f
13、or its function.他不重视学习，只喜欢“消遣”。社会要回答的问题并不是这类人物有无美德，而是他是否胜任其职务。,B)no/not any morethan两者一样都不,如：The heart is _ intelligent than the stomach,for they are both controlled by the brain.A not so B not much C much more D no more 心脏和胃两者都不具有智力，他们都受大脑控制。答案为D,no/not any lessthan两者一样,都,注意基本上与no/not any morethan意
14、思相反 如：She is no less beautiful than her sister.她和她姐姐一样漂亮,（just）as，so 正如，也（用倒装结构）,Just as the soil is a part of the earth,_ the atmosphere.A as it is B the same is C so is D and so is,Just as dark clouds cannot long hide the sun,so no lies can cover up the fact.乌云遮不住太阳，谎言掩盖不了事实。Just as food nourishes
15、 the body,so do books enrich the mind.食物滋养身体，书本丰富心灵。,Just 也可以省去，比如，As you sow,so will you reap/so you will reap.种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。As land is improved by sowing it with various seeds,so is the mind by exercising it with different studies.土壤因播种不同的种子而改良，智力用各科的学习来提高。,E)more A than B 与其说是B不如说是A less A than B 与其说
16、是A不如说是B如:It is even more a picture than a poem.这与其说是一首诗，倒不如说是一幅画。It is less a picture than a poem.这与其说是幅画，倒不如说是首诗。,F)用作前置修饰语的more than，less than,no more than/nothing more than 如：We will be more than happy(=very happy)to help you.我们会很高兴帮助你。The children were less than happy about having a party.孩子们对举行
17、聚会并不那么开心。,He is no more than a child.他不过是个孩子。He was regarded as nothing more than(=only)an amateur.他仅仅被看作业余爱好者。,2.2 比较范围,1）最高级比较范围用介词in,over,of,among。in,(all)over用于在某一范围内的比较，如：in China,all over the world.of,among用于在同一群体内同类事物的比较，如：among the teachers,of the four dresses.,如：_ all visible lights,red lig
18、ht has the longest and violet the shortest wavelength.A Among B Of C For D To,2)比较级形式表示最高级意义时，比较对象的范围应用：,any other+单数名词 other+复数名词 the others anyone/anything else 上述词是用于将比较级结构转变成最高级意义的关键词语，切不可遗漏，尤其是other，否则会造成逻辑混乱的错误。如不能说：John runs faster than anyone.注意与汉语表达的不同。,3）most可以用来修饰形容词或副词，意思相当于very，用法区分单复数，
19、但不能用定冠词the如：a most interesting book，most expensive restaurants要注意与“the+形容词最高级of+名词”的结构表示的最高级的区别,He spoke in the warmest of voices.They have been most kind to me.Basketball is the most popular of sports in this country.Chinese is the most difficult of language.Chinese is a most difficult language.,3
20、不用比较级和最高级 的形容词,3.1表示颜色的有：white,black3.2表示形态的有：round,square,oval,circular,triangular(三角形)，level3.3表示性质和特征的有：atomic,economic,scientific,sonic,golden,silvery,woolen,earthen,silent,full,empty,sure,dead,deaf,blind,lame,rainy,3.4表示状态作表语的有：afraid,asleep,alive,ashamed,alone,aware,alike 3.5 表示时间、空间和方位的有：dail
21、y,weekly,monthly,annual,present,front,back,forward,backward,east,west,south,north,left,right,final,3.6.表示极限、主次、等级的有：maximum,minimum,utmost,main,major,chief，minor,superior,inferior,senior,junior,super,favorite 3.7含有绝对概念的有：absolute,entire,whole,total,perfect,excellent,thorough,complete.,4.平行结构与比较级,平行结
22、构很多情况下是由形容词或副词的比较级或者暗含比较意味的连词引导的。如：The ideal listener stays both inside and outside the music at the moment it is played and enjoys it almost as much as the composer does at the moment he composes.评析：此处does代替enjoys,表示对音乐的欣赏，as much as表示“同等程度上”译文：一个真正懂音乐的听众应该是在听音乐时，既置身于音乐其中，又可游离于音乐之外，他对音乐的欣赏程度，几乎等同于作
23、曲家本人在创作该曲子时的欣赏程度。,大多数情况下平行结构都是具有一定的比较含义的有的是递进对比:not onlybut(also);preferto;rather than有的是同类对比：and;but；or；both and；eitheror;neithernor.,平行结构测试时候注意以下几点：,4.1注意比较结构中相比较的内容在语法形式上是否相同。如：It is better to die ones feet than _.A living on ones knees B live on ones knees C on ones knees D to live on ones knees
24、,4.2其他具有并列或比较意义的短语也可引导平行结构 1）rather than,let alone 虽不是并列连词，但在结构上连接两个语法形式相同的成分。如：We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style_ in a personal style.A rather than B other than C better than D less than,For the new country to survive,_ for its people to enjoy prosperity,new e
25、conomic policies will be required.A to name a few B let alone C not to speak D lets say,2）如果平行的两个成分在形式上是介词短语，而且介词相同，一般说来第二个介词不要省略。如：At times,more care goes into the composition of newspaper and magazine advertisements than into the writing of the features and editorials.,Exercise,1.The little man wa
26、s _ more than one meter fifty tall.（1995-1-49）（1997-1-36）A.nearly B.quite C.hardly D.almost,2.If tap water were as dangerous as some people think _ would be getting sick.（1998-1-41）A.a lot of more us B.more a lot of us C.a lot of us more D.a lot more of us,3.Indeed,almost every scientist now finds i
27、t impossible to read all the works relevant to his own subject,_ extensively outside of it.(1993年1月六级题）A.much more to read B.much less to read C.much less reading D.still more reading,4.The individual TV viewer invariably senses that he or she is _ an anonymous,statistically insignificant part of a
28、huge and diverse audience.(2001年考研题)A.everything except B.anything but C.no less than D.nothing more than,5.The population of many Alaska cities has _ doubled in the past three years.(托福题)A.larger than B.more than C.as great as D.as many as,答案,1.C 那个小个子男人仅仅只有一米五高。“hardly more than”意为“仅仅”2.D 如果自来水真像某
29、些人所想的那样危险,我们当中早就有更多的人生病了。a lot,much,far,even等表程度副词以及一些表示数量的词修饰形容词或副词比较级时，应该在比较级的前面。3.B 事实上，几乎所有的科学家都发现，现在连与自己的学科相关的著作都读不完，更不用说去广泛阅读自己学科之外的东西了。much less 或 still less 用于否定句中，其意为“更不用说，何况”,4.D 在大量形形色色的观众中，每一个个体的电视观众都感到自己不过是其中一个匿名的部分。从统计角度来看，不过是微不足道的一部分。nothing more than“仅仅，不过”5.B 在过去三年中，阿拉斯加的许多城市的人口已经翻了一番多。,Break Time,
