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1、Diseases of the Biliary Tract,Liu BinAssociate Professor and Vice-chairman Department of General SurgeryXuzhou Medical College Hospital,胆道疾病,(P559),ANATOMY,Intrahepatic Biliary Tract Extrahepatic Biliary Tract The gallbladderOddis sphincter,ANATOMY,Intrahepatic Biliary Tract,毛细胆管,小叶间胆管,肝段胆管,肝叶胆管,左右肝
2、管,三级 二级 一级,Anatomy of the Biliary System and its Relationship to Surrounding Structures,左右肝管 The left and right hepatic ducts左:2.5-4cm,右:1-3cm肝总管 The common hepatic duct长:2-4cm,cm副肝管:,胆总管(The common bile duct)长:7-9cm,cm,1cm病理分段:十二指肠上段、后段、胰腺段、十二指肠壁内段,胆管、门静脉和肝动脉的关系,Anatomy of the Biliary System and it
3、s Relationship to Surrounding Structures,胆囊(The gallbladder)分底、体、颈三部(fundus,body,and neck)。胆囊管(The cystic duct),Sheath of GlissonPouch of HartmannValves of HeisterTriangle of Calot Papilla of VaterSphincter of Oddi,ANATOMY,Artery术中注意:胆囊A、胆管A走行与分布VeinLymph肿瘤转移Nerve胆心反射,Biliary Physiology,胆汁的分泌、成分和功能:
4、分泌:肝细胞、胆管细胞,量?成分:97%为水,胆汁酸、胆盐、胆固醇、卵磷脂(phospholipid)功能:?,800-1200ml/日,乳化脂肪、抑制细菌、刺激肠蠕动、中和胃酸。,Biliary Physiology,Regulation of bile secretion 促胰液素、CCK:胃酸、脂肪、蛋白质的刺激。Metabolism of bile:胆固醇的溶解:胆盐、磷酯酰胆碱微胶粒(micelles)胆固醇磷脂泡:磷酯+胆固醇胆盐池的稳定:肠肝循环,肠肝循环,Admirand and Small Triangle,Biliary Physiology,Metabolism of b
5、ilirubin 胆红素的溶解:胆红素+葡萄糖醛酸结合胆红素肝脏代谢异常胆道细菌感染,Biliary Physiology,Physiological function of bile duct-regulation of bile discharge,1.18kPa,0.98kPa,3.83kPa,0.79kPa,1.18kPa,Biliary Physiology,Physiological function of gall bladderConcentration and storage of bileDischarge bileSecretion,解剖生理概要重点内容,胆管、门静脉和肝
6、动脉的关系胆总管:cm,1cm病理Triangle of Calot 胆汁的功能:胆固醇、胆红素的溶解,Diagnostic Approaches,US:B-type Ultrasonography 首选Diagnosis of gallstone:强回声光团+声影Differentiation of joundic:胆管扩张Detection of gallbladder functionOther biliary illnessIntraoperative US:干扰小,胆石超声图像,Diagnostic Approaches,Conventional RadiologyKUB film:
7、钙化结石15%,瓷化胆囊,胆道积气Oral cholecystography:功能测定、充盈缺损Veinal cholangiography:胆管显影,Diagnostic Approaches,Special RadiologyPTC:黄疸鉴别、PTCD ERCP:乳头部病变、定性诊断、造影CT、MRI(MRCP)Intra-or postoprative cholangiography,PTC影像,Diagnostic Approaches,Endoscopic Examinations 胆道镜检查术中、术后诊断、治疗十二指肠引流,本节重点内容,胆道疾病的首选检查方法BUS、CT、PTC、
8、PTCD、ERCP、MRI、MRCP,Liu BinSurgeon in Chief and Vice-Chairman Division of General Surgery,胆石病,Cholelithiasis,胆石病 Cholelithiasis,常见病、多发病结石分类胆固醇结石(Cholesterol Gallstones):80%位于胆囊胆色素结石(Pigment Gallstones):主要发生于胆管混合性结石:胆囊60%、胆管40%,胆石分类,胆囊结石Cholecystolithiasis、Gall stone,结石性质发病年龄、性别(4F:Forty,Female,Fatty,
9、Fertility)发病机制:胆汁胆固醇过饱和促成核因子:均相成核、异相成核胆囊功能,胆囊结石Cholecystolithiasis、Gall stone,Clinical presentations:静止性结石(silent stone,asymptomatic)有症状性结石胃肠道症状胆绞痛Mirrizi syndrome胆囊积液其他:继发性胆管结石、胰腺炎、胆石性肠梗阻、癌变。,胆囊结石Cholecystolithiasis、Gall stone,Diagnosis病史体征影像学确诊:首选BUS 诊断率96%以上强回声光团+声影+移动性.CT、MRI、胆囊造影,胆囊结石Cholecysto
10、lithiasis、Gall stone,Treatment 首选胆囊切除指征:有症状、有并发症无症状者,可观察,其手术指征为:胆囊无功能、结石较大、老年人心肺功能不良、合并糖尿病,胆囊结石Cholecystolithiasis、Gall stone,Treatment 手术方法开腹手术(Open Cholecystectomy)腹腔镜手术(Laparoscopic cholecystectomy)胆管探查指征术前术中发现胆管结石或其他病变有黄疸或胆管炎、胰腺炎表现胆管扩张1.0cm非手术治疗:碎石、溶石、排石。,胆囊切除术,Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy,Lapar
11、oscopic Cholecystectomy,胆管结石Choledocholithiasis,原发性:胆色素或混合性结石继发性:胆固醇结石肝外胆管结石:CBD远端肝内胆管结石:左外叶、右后叶多见,肝外胆管结石,Pathology:梗阻+感染胆管梗阻:不全性、完全性近端扩张、壁增厚、胆汁淤滞继发感染:组织充血、水肿、化脓、糜烂、溃破,脓毒症肝细胞坏死、胆源性肝脓肿、胆汁性肝硬化胆源性胰腺炎,肝外胆管结石,Clinical presentationsCharcot 三联症(Clinical triad of Charcot)腹痛:部位、性质寒战高热:黄疸:间歇性、波动性影响因素:梗阻程度、感染、
12、有无胆囊体征:胆囊肿大、腹膜刺激征,肝外胆管结石,Lab examinations:WBC、Bilirubin、SGPT、AKPRadiology Findings:BUS 首选CT、MRIPTCERCP,肝外胆管结石,DiagnosisCharcot三联症+影像学检查Differentiation壶腹癌和胰头癌肾绞痛肠绞痛,肝外胆管结石,Management 手术治疗为主手术原则取尽结石解除梗阻去除病灶通畅引流,肝外胆管结石-手术方法,CBD切开取石+T管引流术适应症:胆管无狭窄术中检查:造影、BUS、胆道镜术后注意事项妥善固定引流通畅拔管指征:时间、临床症状、引流情况、造影、夹管试验,T
13、型管、Y型管,肝外胆管结石-手术方法,胆肠吻合术适应症:CBD扩张、远端狭窄、泥沙样结石不易取尽Roux-en-Y吻合术(+抗返流措施)CBD十二指肠吻合术,肝外胆管结石-手术方法,Oddi 括约肌成型术:CBD扩张轻经内镜下括约肌切开取石术:,肝内胆管结石Hepatolithiasis,Etiology 感染、胆汁淤滞、胆道蛔虫Pathology部位:左叶、右后叶多见肝内胆管狭窄、狭窄近端扩张胆管炎:慢性增生、肉芽肿、化脓性肝胆管癌,肝内胆管结石Hepatolithiasis,Clinical presentations合并肝外胆管结石表现无症状或肝区不适AOSC、黄疸不显胆源性肝脓肿胆管支
14、气管瘘胆汁性肝硬化、胆管癌,肝内胆管结石Hepatolithiasis,DiagnosisBUSCTPTC 特征狭窄、扩张、结石影部分胆管不显影,肝内胆管结石 Hepatolithiasis,Management:手术为主原则:取尽结石、解除梗阻、去除病灶、通畅引流高位胆管切开及取石术胆肠内引流术肝叶切除术中西结合治疗残石的处理:胆道镜、激光、微爆破、溶石,本节重点内容,胆石分类及部位胆囊结石的临床表现、典型表现胆囊结石手术指征及胆总管探查指征肝外胆管结石的典型表现:Charcot三联症肝内外胆管结石的手术原则及方法、适应症T型管的观察及拔除指征。,胆道感染Infection of bilia
15、ry tract,Liu BinDivision of HPB Surgery,胆道感染Infection of biliary tract,胆囊炎 Cholecystitis、胆管炎 Cholangitis急性、亚急性、慢性,常与胆石合并存在、互为因果急性胆囊炎 Cholecystitis Acute calculous cholecystitis 95%Acute acalculous cholecystitis 5%,Acute Calculous Cholecystitis,Etiology胆囊管梗阻、结石损伤、胆盐刺激细菌感染:G-、厌氧菌Pathology急性单纯性胆囊炎急性化脓性
16、胆囊炎坏疽性胆囊炎胆囊穿孔并发胆管炎、胰腺炎、消化道内瘘、胆石性肠梗阻,Acute Calculous Cholecystitis,Clinical presentations女性多见典型表现:疼痛:突发性、诱因、阵发性-持续性、放射性痛、夜间痛寒战高热(黄疸)体征:腹膜刺激征、Murphy sign(+)、肿大的胆囊,Acute Calculous Cholecystitis,Laboratory examinationWBC、SGPT、AKP、Bilirubin、amylaseRadiological examination BUS:胆囊增大、壁增厚(双边、夹层)胆囊内结石光团CT、MRI
17、,Acute Calculous Cholecystitis,Diagnosis and differentiation胃十二指肠穿孔急性胰腺炎高位阑尾炎肝脓肿结肠肝曲癌右侧肺炎、胸膜炎,Acute Calculous Cholecystitis,Treatment非手术治疗禁食输液、纠正水、电解质及酸碱平衡抗生素:广谱、联合解痉止痛:并存病处理、术前准备,Acute Calculous Cholecystitis,Operative treatment时机:发病72小时内非手术治疗无效且病情恶化有并发症:胆囊穿孔、弥漫性腹膜炎、化脓性胆管炎、急性坏死性胰腺炎手术方法:胆囊切除、胆囊造口手术指
18、征:局部、全身情况、术者技术,Acute Acalculus Cholecystitis,Incidence:4-8%Etiology严重创伤、烧伤、手术后:低血压危重病人:脓毒症长时间的TPN:CCK下降,胆汁淤积Pathology同结石性胆囊炎,坏死、穿孔率高,Acute Acalculus Cholecystitis,Clinical manifestations男:女=1.5:1表现同结石性胆囊炎易被原发病掩盖,提高认识和警惕Management一经诊断、早期手术:切除或造口难以耐受手术者:经皮穿刺引流病情较轻者:严密观察下非手术治疗,Chronic cholecystitis,Eti
19、ology急性胆囊炎的结果结石的反复刺激Pathology炎性细胞浸润纤维组织增生增厚、萎缩、瘢痕,Chronic cholecystitis,Clinical presentations不典型胆绞痛史消化道症状右上腹和肩背部隐痛Signs:胆囊区轻压痛,Chronic cholecystitis,DiagnosisBUS:胆囊缩小、壁增厚,排空功能减退或消失。胆囊内结石。口服胆囊造影:显影差、收缩功能降低Differentiations胃十二指肠溃疡胃炎肝病,Acute Obstructive Suppurative Cholangitis,AOSC,Acute Cholangitis of
20、 Severe Type,ACSTEtiology最常见原因:胆管结石,76-88.5%胆管狭窄,8.7-11%胆管、壶腹部肿瘤原发性硬化性胆管炎胆肠吻合术后、经T管造影、PTC术后,Acute Obstructive Suppurative Cholangitis,AOSC,Pathology基本病理改变:胆道梗阻+胆管内化脓性感染 胆管:内压升高、胆管扩张、管壁增厚、炎性细胞浸润、糜烂、溃疡肝脏:充血肿大、细胞肿胀变性、淤胆、肝细胞坏死、多发性肝脓肿全身性化脓性感染、多器官功能损害 胆血反流:胆内压1.96kPa(20cmH2O),Acute Obstructive Suppurative
21、 Cholangitis,AOSC,Clinical presentationsReynolds 五联症:Charcot三联症+休克、中枢神经系统受抑制表现畏寒、发热:39-40C或以上疼痛:依梗阻部位而异黄疸:肝内胆管一侧梗阻可不出现神经系统症状:淡漠、嗜睡、神智不清、昏迷休克:,Acute Obstructive Suppurative Cholangitis,AOSC,Clinical presentationsT39-40 C、P120次/分、BP下降腹膜刺激征、肝肿大、压痛WBC20109/L、PL降低、PT延长、肝肾功能损害、体液失衡BUS:梗阻部位、性质CT、MRI(MRCP),
22、Acute Obstructive Suppurative Cholangitis,AOSC,Treatment原则:紧急手术解除胆道梗阻并引流、及早而有效地降低胆管内压力非手术治疗:治疗手段(观察6h)及术前准备抗生素:足量、有效、广谱纠正水、电解质紊乱纠正休克、低氧血症对症治疗,Acute Obstructive Suppurative Cholangitis,AOSC,Treatment手术治疗:简单、有效胆总管切开减压、T管引流肝脓肿处理单纯胆囊造口不宜采用非手术方法置减压引流PTCDERCP-ENBD(endoscopic nasobiliary drainage),本节重点内容,急
23、性胆囊炎的诊断及鉴别诊断急性胆囊炎的手术时机及方法选择AOSC的典型表现及治疗原则,Biliary ascariasis,多发于青少年和儿童农村多见Etiology and pathology蛔虫喜碱厌酸,胃肠功能紊乱时上行钻孔习性机械刺激-胆绞痛、胰腺炎细菌逆行感染细菌残骸-胆结石,Biliary ascariasis,Clinical manifestations突发性、剑突下、阵发性、钻顶样、剧烈绞痛,右肩部放射痛可突然缓解、间歇期正常(胆管炎表现)体征轻微BUS:平行强光带。ERCP:,Biliary ascariasis,Diagnosis特点:症状与体征不相称+BUS,Biliar
24、y ascariasis,Treatment非手术疗法:解痉止痛利胆驱蛔:乌梅汤、食醋、30%硫酸镁 驱虫剂:驱蛔灵、左旋咪唑 消炎利胆:抗感染内镜治疗,Biliary ascariasis,Treatment手术治疗手术指征积极治疗3-5天无缓解蛔虫较多或合并结石进入胆囊合并严重并发症手术方式:CBD切开取虫+T管引流,胆道肿瘤Tumor of biliary tract,胆囊息肉样病变(polypoid lesions of gallbladder)-微小隆起性病变肿瘤性:腺瘤、腺癌,其他少见非肿瘤性;炎性、胆固醇性、腺肌性增生诊断:BUS手术指征:疑为恶性或有明显临床症状,胆道肿瘤Tum
25、or of biliary tract,Differentiation of benign and malignant tumor 良性 恶性大小 小于1cm 大于1cm增长速度 慢 快数目 多发 单发形状 乳头状、蒂细长 不规则、基底宽BUS 强回声 低回声,胆固醇息肉声像图特征为:1,呈球形、桑葚状或乳头状,有蒂或基底较窄;2,一般多发,可见于胆囊任何部位;3,体积小,通常内径小于10mm,4,多为强回声表现,不随体位而移动。,胆囊腺肌瘤样增生(adenomyomatous hyperplasia)胆囊粘膜上皮及其平滑肌层增生,肌肉间可见多数由柱状细胞构成的大小腺腔,细胞无异型性。HE10
26、0,Carcinoma of Gallbladder,胆道系统常见的恶性肿瘤,占肝外胆道癌的25%,胆囊切除的1%左右女性多见,男:女=1:1.98发病高峰年龄60-70岁Etiology70-98%合并胆囊结石腺瘤恶变腺肌性增生、黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎、瓷化胆囊,Carcinoma of Gallbladder,Pathology体、底部多见80%为腺癌,其他:未分化癌、鳞状细胞癌、混合性癌转移途径:淋巴、静脉、种植、神经、胆管,Carcinoma of Gallbladder,ClassificationNevin分期I 期:粘膜内原位癌II 期:侵犯粘膜和肌层III期:侵犯胆囊壁全层IV期:
27、侵犯胆囊壁全层并周围淋巴结转移V 期:侵犯肝和(或)转移至其他脏器,Carcinoma of Gallbladder,Classification of UICC I期:侵犯粘膜或肌层(T1N0M0)II期:侵犯囊壁全层(T2N0M0)III期:侵犯肝2cm(T4N0M0,TXN1M0)IVB期:远处淋巴或脏器转移(TXN2M0,TXN0M1),Carcinoma of Gallbladder,Clinical presentations and classification早期:非浸润期,未穿透胆囊壁无特殊症状中期:早期浸润,侵犯浆膜或胆囊床可发生淋巴结转移腹痛或放射痛晚期:晚期浸润,广泛转
28、移腹痛、黄疸、腹部包块、腹水,Carcinoma of Gallbladder,Lab examinationsCEA、CA-19-9、CA-125可阳性,无特异性Radiological examination BUS、CT:胆囊壁不均匀增厚,腔内不均质肿块,肝转移、淋巴转移征象,胆囊癌(结节型)。CT增强扫描示腔内明显强化的肿瘤结节。,胆囊癌(厚壁型)。CT增强示胆囊壁广泛不规则增厚。,胆囊癌超声图像,胆囊癌(肿块型)。胆囊内不规则肿块,邻近肝脏受累。,Carcinoma of Gallbladder,Treatment手术为主,方法根据病期单纯胆囊切除术:Nevin I期、UICC I期
29、胆囊癌根治术:Nevin II、III、IV期、UICC I期局部肝切除+淋巴清扫扩大根治术:肝切除、胰十二指肠切除门静脉切除重建姑息性手术:晚期伴有黄疸者,Carcinoma of Gallbladder,Prognosis 生存期:多数6个月,1年生存期11.8%,五年生存期为4.1%Precaution早期胆囊切除中年以上、萎缩性胆囊炎、有症状的胆囊结石、结石较大、疑有恶变的胆囊息肉,Carcinoma of Bile Duct,指肝外胆管癌Etiology胆管结石原发性硬化性胆管炎先天性胆管扩张症华支睾吸虫感染、慢性炎性肠病,Carcinoma of Bile Duct,Patholo
30、gy上1/3占50-75%,中1/3占10-25%,下1/3占10-20%大体形态:乳头状癌、结节状癌、弥漫性癌组织学类型:腺癌(高、中、低分化)、鳞状,The modified Bismuth-Corlette Classification,Type I,Type IV,Type IIIb,Type IIIa,Type II,Carcinoma of Bile Duct,Clinical presentations and diagnosis60岁以上多发黄疸:90%以上病人,无痛性、进行性,少数呈波动性皮肤瘙痒尿色深黄、大便呈陶土色右上腹隐痛胆管炎症状,Carcinoma of Bile
31、Duct,Signs肝肿大、触痛脾肿大、腹水门静脉受侵犯胆囊肿大胆囊管开口以下,Clinical Presentation,Physical examination.,Lab examinations,AKP、SGPT、BIL升高、CA19-9、CA125、CEA升高BUS、CT、MRI、PTC、ERCP,MRCP,Carcinoma of Bile Duct,Treatment手术治疗上段胆管癌:切除后行胆肠吻合术切除范围:肝外胆管、胆囊及胆囊管、肝十二指肠韧带内脂肪及淋巴结,(部分肝脏)。中段胆管癌:切除后行胆肠吻合术下段胆管癌:胰十二指肠切除术,Carcinoma of Bile Duc
32、t,姑息治疗梗阻以上胆管-空肠Roux-en-Y吻合置管胆肠转流术通过肿瘤置支撑管引流术经PTC、ERCP置入内支架放疗和化疗:疗效不佳,本节重点内容,胆囊息肉的手术指征胆囊癌、胆管癌的临床诊断,ANATOMY,Extrahepatic Biliary Tract左右肝管 The left and right hepatic ducts左:2.5-4cm,右:1-3cm肝总管 The common hepatic duct长:2-4cm,cm副肝管:与肝动脉、门静脉前后、分叉关系。,胆管、门静脉和肝动脉的关系,ANATOMY,ANATOMY,Extrahepatic Biliary Tract胆总管(The common bile duct)长:7-9cm,cm,1cm病理分段:十二指肠上段、后段、胰腺段、十二指 肠壁内段胆囊(The gallbladder)分底、体、颈三部(fundus,body,and neck)。胆囊管(The cystic duct),