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1、软件产品研发理论培训,陕西嵘德电子产品研发部,理论培训内容,软件工程基础理论,软件需求分析,软件总体设计,软件详细设计,软件测试,软件工程基础理论,软件工程的基本原理如下：采用分阶段的生命周期计划严格管理坚持进行阶段评审实行严格的产品控制采用现代的程序设计技术结果应能清楚的审查开发小组应该少而精软件工程具有不断改进的必要性,1,软件工程基础理论,生命周期的各个阶段,2,软件工程基础理论,各个阶段的主要任务,3,软件工程基础理论,技术评审和管理复审A、评审的时机选择-每个阶段结束前。B、管理评审的主要任务：针对每个重要的里程碑、工程项目的成本、投资回收、项目进度进行评审。C、完整的技术评审的六个
2、步骤：准备-简要介绍情况-阅读被审查的文档-开审查会议-返工-复查。D、技术评审和管理复审，需要注意软件错误的积累和放大效应。,4,软件工程基础理论,关于调研和问题定义1、管理者对管理业务的目标什么？管理者的管理需求是什么？管理者单位有哪些部门参与本次的信息化建设，各自部门的作用什么？2、当前的管理业务系统是如何运行的？当前管理业务系统的组织结构、输入输出过程、资源利用情况和日常数据处理的情况是什么？当前业务系统需要优化改造的地方是哪些？3、管理者单位要求做成什么样的系统？做到什么程度？具体的要求（功能、性能、可靠性、安全性、保密性、界面、资源使用、成本、进度）是什么？,5,软件工程基础理论,
3、4、调研方法：a、会谈、询问要围绕软件目标提出问题；b、调研前准备好调查表，调研表尽可能详尽；c、注意收集客户使用的各种表格、有关的工作责任、工作流程、工作规范、相关的数据标准、业务标准的相关文字资料；d、调研过程中注意采用情景分析的诱导方式用户叙述需求；5、调研的基本策略：a、首先要确定用户的软件开发目标，确定系统的范围，确定要访问的部门和人员，要了解业务，在基本范围内展开调研；b、以业务为主线，搞清楚每个环节的流程关系、涉及部门、输入输出项；c、以部门为基础搞清现有业务、要填写的表薄册文档报表等，其数据来源及去向；d、是否有新技术和方法可以改进工作，用户提出的需求用现有技术是否能实现。,6
4、,软件需求分析,需求分析的基本概念需求分析的任务：提出完整、准确、清晰、具体的业务要求，这些要求包括：系统的功能性要求、性能要求、运行将来可能提出的要求。需求分析的过程：采用结构化的分析方法，面向数据流自顶向下逐步分解求精的进行需求分析。需求分析文档系统规格说明书的书写，主要描述系统的目标、系统的概貌、功能要求、性能要求、运行要求和将来可能提出的要求,1,软件需求分析,概念模型和规范化，常用的概念性数据模型的方法-E-R模型，表示实体和实体之间的联系。,2,软件需求分析,需求分析图形工具：层次方框图、warnier图、ipo图。层次方框图，用树形结构的一系列多层次矩形框描述数据的层次结构；这种
5、模式非常适合于需求分析阶段的需要，系统分析员从对顶层的信息分类开始，沿着每条路径反复细化，直到确定了数据结构的全部细节为止。warnier图，表明信息的逻辑组织，它可以指出一类信息或一条信息是重复出现的，也可以表示特定的信息在某一类信息中有条件的出现。IPO是指结构化设计中变换型结构的输入（Input）、加工（Processing）、输出（Output），在需求分析阶段主要用于主要算法的描述；该工具主要用于详细设计阶段。,3,软件需求分析,层次方框图图示,4,软件需求分析,warnier图图示,5,软件需求分析,IPO图图示,6,软件需求分析,验证软件需求分析的正确性，需要对四个方面进行验证，
6、一致性、完整性、现实性、有效性。对于一致性的验证，当采用软件需求规格说明书是用形式化的需求陈述语言的时候，可以用软件工具验证需求的一致性；否则只能采用人工方式验证，该种方式容易出现遗漏。现实性的验证，主要是分析现有的软、硬件技术是否可以实现系统的目标。有效性的验证，主要是从用户使用的角度出发来验证。,7,总体设计,总体设计的两个阶段，第一阶段，系统设计，主要确定系统的具体实现方案；第二阶段，结构设计，确定软件的结构。系统设计阶段涉及的主要事务：系统流程图、系统组成的物理元素清单、实现系统的进度计划。结构设计设计主要事务是功能分解。总体设计的主要任务，提出各种可能的实现方案，从中选出最佳的方案。
7、,1,总体设计,数据库设计的四个步骤：模式设计-子模式设计-完整性和安全性设计-优化。模式设计的目的是确定物理数据库结构，模式设计主要的问题是处理具体的数据库管理系统的结构约束。子模式是用户的使用数据视图。优化主要的目的是改进模式和子模式以优化数据的存取。总体设计时必须注意提高软件的可测试性。,2,总体设计,该阶段需要完成的文档，如下：系统说明书，采用系统流程图描述系统的构成方案，用层次图或结构图描述软件的结构，用IPO图描述模块的算法、模块间的关系。用户手册，修改用户需求阶段的初步手册。测试计划，包括测试策略、测试方案、预期的测试结果、测试进度计划等。详细的实现计划数据库设计的结果，包括数据
8、库管理系统的选择及模式、子模式、完整性、安全性等,3,总体设计,总体设计中需要重点,4,详细设计,1,详细设计,2,详细设计,3,详细设计,4,软件测试,1,软件测试,2,软件测试,3,软件测试,4,软件测试,5,软件测试,6,Click to edit title style,ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content&Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.,ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content&Contents mall developed by Guild
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