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1、非谓语动词,非谓语动词：不能单独作谓语，但是可以帮助构成谓语。非谓语动词包括：doing,done,to do 分词：Doing 主动，进行Being done 被动，进行Having done 主动完成，（不作定语）Having been done 被动，完成，（不作定语）Done 被动，完成1)分词作定语（doing，being done,done）如果被修饰词和分词中的动词之间的关系是主动关系，就用doing 作定语，如果被修饰词和分词中的动词之间的关系是被动关系，就用done 作定语。The book written by Lu Xun is very impressive.(writ
2、e)The meeting being held now is about environmental protection.(hold)The meeting held yesterday was about environmental protection.(hold)The children playing by the riverside are my sisters and brothers.(play)2)分词作状语分词作状语，句子的主语就是分词的逻辑主语（意思上的主语），分析句子的主语和分词中的动词之间的主被动关系，如果是主动关系，要用现在分词作状语，如果是被动关系要用过去分词作
3、定语,Seen from the top of the hill,the village looks even smaller.Seeing the village from the top of the hill,we find it even smaller.A.Seeing B.SeenHaving done 和having been done 表示它们自身的动作发生在句子的谓语动词之前。Having struggled to look for a job for half a year,he finally took a position in a restaurant.,Doing
4、动名词一般作主语，宾语，表语，定语1）作主语Listening to teachers in class is very important.动名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。2）动名词作宾语（放在介词或者是及物动词后面）只能加doing做宾语的及物动词和动词短语Enjoy,finish,miss(错过)，excuse(原谅)，admit(承认)，avoid(避免)，imagine(想象），appreciate(感激，欣赏)，escape(逃避)，postpone 推迟，dislike（不喜欢），Give up,put off,put up with(容忍，忍受)，get down to(开始认
5、真做某事)，set about(着手)，make contributions to,contribute to,look forward to,devote to.,object to(反对)，be opposed to,pay attention to,3)动名词作表语My job is taking care of children.Seeing is believing.4)动名词作定语（表示物的用途）A swimming pool 游泳池A walking stick 拐杖A swimming capA sleeping car 卧铺车厢（用于睡觉的车厢）(动名词作定语)a sleep
6、ing boy（现在分词作定语）,_C_down.A.To come in and sit B.Coming in and sit C.Come and sit 祈使句就是动词原形开头的句子。祈使句+and/or+简单句Work hard and you will be admitted to your ideal university.If you work hard,you will be admitted to you ideal university.Hurry up or you will be late.If you dont hurry up,you will be late.,
7、动词不定式To do 主动，将来，目的To be done 被动，将来，目的To be doing 主动，进行To have done 主动，完成To have been done 被动，完成1）动词不定式作定语动词不定式作定语与被修饰词之间有三种关系I have some water to drink.Drink some water 动词不定式中的动词和前面的名词可以构成动宾或介宾关系，就是动词不定式作定语I have a room to live in.Live in a room.被修饰词和动词不定式之间是主谓关系：He was the first man to travel arou
8、nd the world.被修饰词和动词不定式之间是同位语关系：He has the ability to solve the problem by himself.The chance to do sth The opportunity to do sth,The meeting to be held next week is about environmental protection.(hold)比较：The meeting being held now is about environmental protection.(hold)The meeting held yesterday
9、was about environmental protection.(hold)2）动词不定式作状语目的和结果状语 To finish his homework,he had to stay up late.He hurried to the station,only to find the train had left.Only+to do 作结果状语，表示出乎意料的结果比较：现在分词作结果状语，表示自然而然的结果。A terrible earthquake broke out last night,causing many deaths.3)动词不定式做主语（谓语动词用单数）,表语，宾语
10、To see is to believe.只能加to do 不定式做宾语的动词Refuse to do sth Decide to do sth Demand to do sth Agree to do sth,既能加to do 有能加doing做宾语的动词，意思基本没有区别的：Like to do/like doing sth Start to do/start doing Hate to do sth/hate doing sth Love to do/love doing sth 既能加to do 有能加doing做宾语的动词，意思基本有区别的：Stop to do Stop doing
11、 forget to do Forget doing Remember to do Remember doing Regret to do Regret doing Mean to do 打算做某事Mean doing 意味着做某事Cant help to do 不能帮忙做某事Cant help doing 忍不住做某事,Try to do sth 努力做某事Try doing 尝试做某事,Pretend to do sth Pretend to be doing Pretend to have done Claim to have doneTo have done 主动，完成和To have
12、 been done 被动，完成 表示它们自身的动作发生在谓语动词之前It is said that he is an honest man.He is said to be an honest man.It is said that he has passed the driving test.He is said to have passed the driving test.,Keep+宾语+宾补Keep sb doing sth Keep sb/sth done Keep+sb/sth+adj.She kept him waiting in the heavy rain.She kep
13、t her mouth closed.Have+宾语+宾补 have sb do Have sb doing Have sth done Make+宾语+宾补Make sb do Make sth/sb done Ask sb to do sth He asked me to help him.Advise sb to do Allow sb to do See sb do See sb doing With+宾语+宾补（doing,done,to do表示动作没做）With so much work to do,he cant go to the cinema with us.他有这么多工作
14、要做，他不能和我们去看电影了。With his work done,he went to bed.With his mother looking after his child,he kept on playing computer games.,There be+主语+doing/done（定语）There are some children playing by the riverside.There are no fish left in the river.(leave留下)All roads lead to Rome.Path,Find+宾语+宾补Find+sb/sth+to be
15、Find sb/sth doing Find sb/sth done Find it+adj./n+for sb to sth The children weigh+重量Engage Be engaged in doing sth 忙于做某事Be engaged to sb 与某人订婚The line is engaged.线路忙。占线。,状语从句的省略If,unless,though,although,while,once+doing/done 省略的前提是主从句主语一致，才能省略。If I am not tired from workTiring 令人感到累的（修饰物）Tired 感到累的
16、（指人）,Surprised at the news,he stopped eating.He was surprised.Bite bit bitten 咬,There are some details that I feel it necessary to share with you.Firstly,Qingdao is worth a visit/visiting（Qingdao is worthy of being visitedQingdao is worthy to be visited,）considering that it is known for its attracti
17、ve scenery,such as the blue sea,the beaches,the architecture of different styles and so on.表示原因的连词：considering that 鉴于，考虑到，seeing that 鉴于，考虑到，in that 因为，在于Secondly,In order to avoid the sea of people and enjoy yourself more,youd better come to Qingdao before the end of June,when the beaches are not crowded and the sea water is very clean.I do believe that you will have a wonderful time there.As for how long you will stay there,Its up to you.I am longing to see you soon.If there is something still unclear for you,dont hesitate to ask me about it.,
