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1、非谓语动词（复习）,非谓语动词性质：它具有动词的特点，但在句子中起着名词、形容词、副词的作用，充当主语、表语、定语、宾语、宾语补足语、状语的作用，即：除谓语以外一切成分。,过去分词,不定式,非谓语动词,动名词,现在分词,非谓语动词功能比较,动词不定式的基本形式,被动语态,一般式,进行式,完成式,to be done,to be doing,to have done,to have been done,动词不定式,To do that sort of thing is foolish。,I want to see you this evening.,All you have to do is t
2、o finish it quickly.,We found a house to live in.,She came here to study English.,I warned the patient not to eat cold water after the operation.,主语,宾语,表语,定语,状语,宾补,不定式运用口诀 本领最多不定式，主、表、宾、补、定和状。样样成分都能干，只有谓语它不敢。大家千万要当心，有时它把句型改，作主宾时用“it”,自己在后把身藏。六个感官三使役，宾补要把to甩开；疑问词后接上它，宾语从句可充当；逻辑主语不定式，不定式前for/of sb.;to
3、前not是否定，各种用法区别开。,例1：To help each other is good._to help each other.互相帮助是好的。例2：_to understand him.我发现了解他很困难。,It is good,I find it difficult,不定式在六个感官动词feel,listen to,hear,see,watch,notice,三个使役动词let,have,make等后作宾补时,to要省略。如例1：Now,let me go.（go前省掉了to）例2：I saw her run into the classroom.（run前的to省掉了）比较She
4、was seen _ the classroom.,to run into,疑问词后接上它，宾语从句可充当；例1.The farmers didnt know what to do.The farmers didnt know.例2.Please tell me how to get to the zoo.Please tell me.,what they should do,how I can get to the zoo,不定式在以下形容词后:easy,difficult,hard,heavy,light,cheap,expensive,good,nice,safe,dangerous,i
5、mportant,interesting,pleasant,(im)possible,fun等。This question is difficult _(answer).Do you think him easy_(work)with?这时用主动形式表被动意思。,to answer,to work,动词不定式省略to 的情况归纳,*1 当动词不定式作宾语补足语时，如动词是 make,let,have 或 look at,see,watch,observe,hear,listen to,feel、等，不定式不带to.,*2.在下列结构后 had better,would rather,would
6、 ratherthan,cannot but（不得不，必然，不能不）,cant help but 等,*3.Why.或 why not 表建议,4.在介词 but,except 之后，如果其前有 实义动词do 的某种形式，不定式不带to,反之须带to.（记忆口诀）,*5 不定式作表语时，如果be动词前有do/did/does时，to可以省去。,注意1：不定式动词在介词but，except，后面时，如果这些介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式，那么，这些介词后的不定式不带to，否则要带to。,She could do nothing but _(cry),I have no choice but _
7、(go),注意2：作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。,He is looking for a room _(live),There is nothing(worry),Please give me a knife(cut),cry,to go,to live in,to worry about,to cut with,注意3：当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可以用主动语态，也可用被动语态，但其意义有所不同。,比较：,Have you anything to send?B)Have y
8、ou anything to be sent?,你有什么东西要寄吗?(不定式to send的动作执行者是you),你有什么要(我或别人)寄的东西吗?(不定式to be sent的动作执行者是已被省略的me或someone else),作简短回答或避免不必要的重复时，动词不定式常常省去to 后面的动词，只保留to。,A:Would you like to come to my party?,Mary wanted to use my bike,but I asked her not to(use my bike).,B:Yes,Id love to(come to your party).,Ma
9、ry想用我的自行车，但我叫她别用。,注意4：,D,A,D,(1)如果谓语表示的动作(情况)发生时，不定式表示的动作正在进行，这时不定式就要用进行式。,Tom and Martin pretended _their homework when the teacher came into the classroom.（假装正在做作业）,(2)如果不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前，要用完成式。,She is said _thirty novels this year.据说她已读了30本小说。,to be doing,to have read,不定式的语态不应忽略,当不定式的逻辑上的主语是这不定式所表示
10、的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动形式。不定式的被动形式有两种：一般式和完成式。,1.It is an honor for me _to your party.(invite)2.After graduation,he asked _to work in the countryside.(sent),3.This novel was said _into French.(translate)4.He was the first student_by The teacher.(punish),to be invited,to be sent,to have been translated,to
11、 have been punished,一、动名词的形式,巧记跟动名词的口诀：,避免错过少延期，建议完成多练习，喜欢想象禁不住，承认否定与妒忌，逃脱冒险莫原谅，忍受保持不在意。,avoid,miss,delay;suggest,finish,practice;enjoy,imagine,resist(cant help);admit,deny envy;escape,risk,pardon;stand,keep,mind,注意事项：,.,注意：动名词（短语）做主语常用于下列结构：a.Its no use sending him over.Its too late already.Its no
12、good talking a lot without doing anything.Its a waste of time arguing about it.b.Theres no joking about such matters.Theres no saying what hell be doing next.Theres no telling what hes going to do.,而在Its important/Its necessary 这类句型中，只能用不定式如：Its important to learn foreign languages.Its quite necessa
13、ry to read it many times.,注意2：在need,want,deserve等后，可用动名词的主动式表示被动含义，或用不定式的被动式，意义上无差别。但用动名词较为普遍，（这时主语一般是物），如：The door needs_.(paint),painting/to be painted.,动名词的完成形式与被动形式,如果要表示动名词代表的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，通常用动名词的完成形式，如：I regret _her advice.(我后悔没听她的建议）,当一个动名词逻辑上的主语所表示的是这动作的承受者时，这个动名词一般要用被动形式，如：He did it witho
14、ut_.(ask)The little boy didnt mind _(leave)at home.They couldnt stand _(treat)like that.,not having taken,being asked,being left,being treated,动名词的复合结构,动名词的复合结构就是前面带有代词或名词的动名词结构。有时为了明确动名词所表示的动作的执行者，可以在动名词之前加上一个物主代词或名词所有格，来表示动名词逻辑上的主语。有时也可以用人称代词宾格或名词普通格，不过，这主要用于口语中。如：She wont hear of us leaving the v
15、illage.Do you object to Li Pings joining the physics group?注：如果不是在句子的开头，这个结构常用名词的普通格或人称代词宾格，如：I dont like the idea of us/our not helping at all.I dont mind Jane buying another one.注：如果动名词的逻辑主语是表示无生命的东西的名词，或不定代词，就只能用普通格，不能用所有格，如：Is there any hope of your team winning the match?The boy was alarmed by
16、someone knocking at the door.,1.Do you mind opening the door?（我）2.Going there saved us a good deal of trouble.（Tom）3.Being late again made the teacher angry.（他）,Do you mind me/my opening,Toms going there saved us a good,His being late again made,1._to the meeting surprised all of the boards.A.Mike c
17、oming B.Mike came C.Mike coming D.Mikes coming 2.Its no use _ that you didnt know the rules.A.you pretend B.you pretending C.your pretending D.your pretend,D,C,动名词与不定式的不同含义：1)be afraid to do 不敢、害怕、胆怯去 做某事be afraid of doing 担心、恐怕出现She was afraid _(wake)her husband up,for he had bad temper.She was afr
18、aid _(of wake)her husband,for he was ill.2)forget,remember,try,mean,stop,.3)permit,allow,forbid,advise,admit,to wake,of waking,4)cant help doing sth.cant help(to)do sth.cant help but do sth.不得不，忍不住1.I couldnt help_(think)of my childhood when I saw the picture.2.Im sorry I cant help_(lend)you the mon
19、ey,for Im short of it nowadays.3.I cant help but_(cry).,thinking,lend,cry,情不自禁,不能帮忙做.,分 词分词：分词相当于形容词、副词。作表语、定语、宾语补足语和状语。分词可分为现在分词、过去分词。,现在分词的基本形式,主动语态,被动语态,一般式,完成式,过去分词的基本形式：done,独立主格结构（所谓独立主格结构，分词的逻辑主语不是句子主语，而是有自己的逻辑主语时，叫独立主格结构。）A)1.Today _(be)Sunday,the library doesnt open.=Because today _(be)Sund
20、ay,2.There _(be)no buses,we had to walk home.,being,being,is,3.The signal _(give),the bus started.4.Weather _(permit),well visit the Great Wall.5.A teacher from England _(teach)us English,were sure to learn it well.6.With him _(give)us a lead,our team is to win.7.With the worker _(lead),the Young Pi
21、oneers went through the forest and started towards the mountain village.8.he went home with his work _(finish).,given,permitting,teaching,giving,leading,finished,9.他迟到了,老师很生气.,(用动名词的复合结构)（作主语）_,(用分词的独立结构),His being late made the teacher angry.,The teacher was angry at his/him being late.,He being la
22、te,the teacher was angry.,作表语,（1）动名词My job is teaching.=Teaching is my job.Her full-time job is laying eggs.=Laying eggs is her full-time job.,（2）现在分词The play is exciting.Exciting is the play.The story he told us was very interesting.Interesting was the story he told us.,动名词作表语是对主语内容的解释.,现在分词作表语则表示主
23、语的性质与特征,也可以表示进行与主动.,a washing machine a machine for washinga swimming pool a pool for swimming This is a new washing machine.,作定语,性质或用途。,动名词作定语表示_,作定语,现在分词作定语表示_.如果是单词，放在被修饰的名词前；如果是短语，就放在被修饰的名词之后。a developing country a country which is developinga sleeping boy a boy who is sleepingThe man talking wi
24、th my father is Mr.Wang.China is a developing country.,动作正在进行。,eg.He attends the meeting _in the room now.He attended the meeting _yesterday.（hold）He will attend the meeting _tomorrow.,1.从时态上看，现在分词表示正在进行的动作 过去分词表示已经完成的动作，to do表示将来的动作。,定语,being held,held,to be held,eg.I found him cooking supper.I fou
25、nd supper cooked when I got home.It is true I saw Henry cook supper.,现在分词与宾语为主动关系，强调动作正在进行；过去分词与宾语为被动关系，强调动作已经完成；to do只单纯表示一个事实，强调动作的全过程。,补语,作状语时的区别：,分词 表示时间、原因、条件、方式、伴随情况等等,They worked hard to pay for the necklace.I went to see him only to find him out.,to do表示1.目的;2.结果表示出人预料的情况或结果。常用only强调。,目的,结果,
26、现在分词doing表示自然而然的结果,1.He returned home _(find)the house broken into.2.His father died,_(leave)him nothing but debts.,to find,leaving,1._is a good of exercise for both the young and the old.A.The walk B.Walking C.To walk D.Walk2.When and where to build the new power station_yet.A.is not decided B.are
27、not decided C.has not decided D.have not decided3.Is_necessary to change trains at Beijing?A.thisB.thatC.it D.he,Non-infinitive,B,C,C,4.Our father often told us in the past that _is believing.A.to see B.seeing C.see D.to be seen5.She pretended_the letter I wrote the day before yesterday.A.not to rec
28、eive B.not receiving C.not to hear from D.having not received6.I cant imagine_that with such a famous author.A.work B.to work C.to be working D.working,7.She reached the top of the hill and stopped_on a big rock by the side of the path.A.to have rested B.resting C.to rest D.rest8.Do you consider_any
29、 good attempting many scientific experiments?A.there B.it C.this D.that10.There was a terrible noise_the sudden burst of light.A.followed B.following C.to be followed D.being followed,11Mrs.Smith warned her husband_after drinking again and again.A.never to drive B.to never drive C.never driving D.ne
30、ver rive12.They knew her very well.They had seen her_up from childhood.A.grow B.grew C.was growing D.to grow13.Believe it or not,he was seen_upstairs just now.A.to go B.to going C.having gone D.go,14.It was so cold that they kept the fire _all night.A.to burn B.burn C.burning D.burned15.The murderer
31、 was brought in,with his hands _behind his back.A.being tied B.having tied C.to be tied D.tied16.To master a foreign language,_.A.a lot of practice is needed B.it needs a lot of practice C.practice is in need of D.one needs a lot of practice,17._a reply,he decided to write a sixth letter.A.Not recei
32、ving B.Not to receive C.Not having received D.Having not received18.Little Jim should love _to the theatre this evening.A.to be taken B.to take C.being taken D.taking19.What do you think of the book?Oh,excellent.Its worth _a second time.A.to read B.to be read C.reading D.being read,20.The library ne
33、eds _,but itll have to wait until Sunday.A.cleaning B.be cleaned C.clean D.being cleaned,She appeared _ the lady before.A.to not see B.not to see C.not to have seen D.to have not seen.2.From the date _ on the letter,I decided that it was written several days ago.A.marking B.marked C.to be marked D.having been marked3.-Do you have anything more _,sir?-No,you can have a rest or do sth.else.A.typing B.to be typed C.typed D.to type,
